oTar janeliZeapolon TabuaSvilileri TavaZenana iremaSvili

9istoria

saqarTvelos

saqarTvelos istoria

oTar janeliZe

apolon TabuaSvili

leri TavaZe

nana iremaSvili

gamomcemloba `klio~2012

99grifirebulia 2012 wels ganaTlebis

xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

Otar Janelidze, Apolon Tabuashvili, Leri Tavadze, Nana Iremashvili

History of GeorGia

9th Grade Textbook

gamomcemloba `klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamziri 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (995 32) 234 04 30 E-mail: book@klio.ge http://www.klio.ge

avtorTa jgufis xelmZRvaneli da mTavari redaqtori – elene meZmariaSvili

redaqtori – oTar janeliZe

wignze muSaobdnen: oTar janeliZe apolon TabuaSvili leri TavaZe nana iremaSvili (meTodisti)

rukebis avtori – manana SeyilaZe

oTar janeliZe, apolon TabuaSvili, leri TavaZe, nana iremaSvili

saqarTvelos istoria 9

moswavlis wigni

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa – nana esarTia

ISBN 978-9941-415-89-0

© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012© oTar janeliZe, apolon TabuaSvili, leri TavaZe, nana iremaSvili, 2012

kari II

kari I

Sinaarsi

Sesavali .........................................................................................................................................8

saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva .............................................................. 9

uZvelesi xana

Tavi I. preistoria ......................................................................................................................... 14

1.1. pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTvelos teritoriaze ................................................... 141.2. miwaTmoqmedebis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi ...................................................................... 171.3. brinjaos xana saqarTvelos teritoriaze ..................................................................... 21

Tavi II. saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi ............................................................................. 25

2.1. qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba ........................................................................................ 252.2. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebi ................................................................................... 28

Tavi III. antikuri xana .................................................................................................................. 31

3.1. saqarTvelo Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi .................................................................................... 313.2. farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa ................................................................................................ 333.3. saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba Zv.w. III-I saukuneebSi ........................................... 363.4. saqarTvelo I-II saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos aRzeveba............................................. 393.5. saqarTvelo III saukuneSi ..................................................................................................... 433.6. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi ............................................ 453.7. socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi ............... 473.8. antikuri epoqis saqarTvelos warmarTuli panTeoni ................................................. 503.9. antikuri xanis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yofa-cxovreba da kultura ................. 52I Semajamebeli ............................................................................................................................... 55

Sua saukuneebi

Tavi IV. saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi .................................................................................. 58

4.1. qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi .......................................... 584.2. feodalizmis Casaxva saqarTveloSi ................................................................................. 614.3. saqarTvelos politikuri viTareba IV saukunesa da

V saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ............................................................................................... 634.4. vaxtang gorgasali da misi epoqa ....................................................................................... 654.5. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi ..................................................................................................... 684.6. qarTli da egrisi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze .................................................................. 714.7. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi ........................................................................................ 734.8. feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba ........................................................... 754.9. socialuri da ekonomikuri viTareba IV-X saukuneebis saqarTveloSi .................... 784.10. qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba IV-X saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ............................. 814.11. saeklesio da samonastro cxovreba saqarTveloSi .................................................... 834.12. ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi ........................................................................................ 864.13. kultura IV-X saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ..................................................................... 88II Semajamebeli .............................................................................................................................. 91

4 istoria IX

kari III

Tavi V. saqarTvelo XI – XIII s. dasawyisSi............................................................................93

5.1. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis........................................................................ 935.2. bagrat III-is mefoba ............................................................................................................. 965.3. saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierToba XI saukuneSi ........................................................ 995.4. Turq-selCukebi saqarTveloSi. `didi Turqoba~ .......................................................... 1025.5. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi ......................................................................................... 1055.6. daviT aRmaSeneblis brZola Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg. didgoris brZola ........ 1085.7. saqarTvelo demetre I-isa da giorgi III-is dros ........................................................... 1125.8. Tamar mefis saSinao politika ........................................................................................... 1155.9. Tamar mefis sagareo politika .......................................................................................... 1175.10. saqarTvelo – erTiani kavkasiuri saxelmwifo ............................................................ 1205.11. giorgi IV laSa ...................................................................................................................... 1235.12. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da samxedro organizacia

XI-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi .................................................................................... 1265.13. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba. qalaqebi XI-XIII saukuneebSi .................... 1295.14. socialuri jgufebis uflebrivi mdgomareoba.

mosaxleobis yofa-cxovreba XI-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi................................ 1335.15. saqarTvelos kultura XI-XIII saukuneebSi .................................................................... 136

Tavi VI. saqarTvelo XIII-XV saukuneebSi .............................................................................. 140

6.1. rusudanis mefoba (1222-1245) ............................................................................................ 1406.2. monRolTa mier saqarTvelos aRwera. qveynis daSla ................................................... 1436.3. qarTvelebi monRolTa laSqrobebSi. demetre II Tavdadebuli ................................. 1466.4. giorgi brwyinvales mefoba da saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgena ........................... 1496.5. Temur-lengis Semosevebi .................................................................................................... 1526.6. aleqsandre I didi (1412-1442) ............................................................................................ 1556.7. saTavadoTa sistemis Camoyalibeba. qarTuli kultura da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba XIV-XV saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ............................... 1586.8. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad ..................................................................... 162III Semajamebeli ............................................................................................................................. 165

Sua saukuneebidan axali droisaken

Tavi VII. saqarTvelo XV-XVIII s. pirvel naxevarSi .......................................................... 168

7.1. saqarTvelo XV saukunis miwurulsa XVI saukunis dasawyisSi .................................... 1687.2. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi ................................................................................ 1717.3. qarTlis samefo XVI saukuneSi ........................................................................................... 1737.4. kaxeTis samefo XVI saukuneSi ............................................................................................. 1767.5. samcxe-saaTabago XVI saukuneSi ......................................................................................... 1787.6. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukunis dasawyisSi ....................................................... 1807.7. qarTveli xalxis brZola Sah abasis winaaRmdeg ............................................................ 1827.8. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi ............................................. 1857.9. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukunis II naxevarSi. baxtrionis ajanyeba ............... 1877.10. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukuneSi ............................................................................. 1897.11. qarTuli kultura XVI-XVII saukuneebSi ........................................................................ 1927.12. vaxtang VI-is mefoba ........................................................................................................... 1957.13. `osmaloba~ da `yizilbaSoba~ ........................................................................................... 1997.14. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ........................................................... 2017.15. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da qalaqebi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi .......... 203

5

kari V

kari IV

7.16. samarTali, socialuri garemo da yofa-cxovreba XVI-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ................................................................................ 207

IV Semajamebeli ............................................................................................................................. 211

Tavi VIII. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi ............................................................. 213

8.1. qarTlisa da kaxeTis qristiani mefeebi – Teimuraz II da erekle II ........................... 2138.2. erekle II-is reformebi ........................................................................................................ 2168.3. solomon I ................................................................................................................................ 2208.4. ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omi da saqarTvelo ............................................. 2228.5. georgievskis traqtati ....................................................................................................... 2258.6. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebsa da

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi .................................................................................................... 2288.7. aRa-mahmad xanis Semoseva .................................................................................................... 2318.8. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba.1801 wlis manifesti ................................................ 2358.9. qarTuli kultura da politikuri azris

ganviTareba XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi .................................................................... 239V Semajamebeli .............................................................................................................................. 243

Aaxali dro

Tavi IX. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba 1802-1832 wlebSi...................... 246

9.1. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba .................................................................................... 2469.2.1802 wlis kaxeTis TavadTa SeTqmuleba ............................................................................ 2499.3. avtokefaliis gauqmeba ........................................................................................................ 2519.4. qarTlis mTianeTis 1804 wlis ajanyeba ............................................................................ 2539.5. imereTis samefos dapyroba ................................................................................................ 2579.6. 1812 wlis ajanyeba kaxeTSi ................................................................................................. 2609.7. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba .......................................................................................................... 263

Tavi X. ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi .................................................................. 266

10.1. ruseTis imperiis eqspansiis Sedegebi saqarTveloSi ................................................ 26610.2. XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis ruseTis kavkasiuri omebi da saqarTvelo .......... 27010.3. cvlilebebi ruseTis imperiis koloniuri mmarTvelobis

sistemaSi – mTavarmarTeblobidan mefisnacvlobisaken ......................................... 274

Tavi XI. saqarTvelo XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ...................................................... 277

11.1. ruseTis omebi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da saqarTvelo ................................... 27711.2. samTavroebis gauqmeba ....................................................................................................... 28011.3. Tergdaleulebi .................................................................................................................. 28311.4. ilias epoqa ........................................................................................................................... 28611.5. batonymobis gauqmeba. XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi .......................... 28911.6. qarTuli kultura XIX saukuneSi: ganaTleba, mecniereba, literatura, presa ... 29311.7. XIX saukunis qarTuli xelovneba .................................................................................... 296 VI Semajamebeli ............................................................................................................................ 299

saqarTvelo XX saukunesa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi

Tavi XII. revoluciuri moZraoba ruseTSi da saqarTvelo ...................................... 302

12.1. politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi ............................................................................. 30612.2. saqarTvelo 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi ................................................ 30612.3. pirveli msoflio omi da erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi ..................................... 309

6 istoria IX

12.4. ruseTis 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia. oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da saqarTvelo ................................................................... 313

12.5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ........................... 315

Tavi XIII. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ...................................................... 318

13.1. saSinao politika.konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba .............................................. 31813.2. brZola teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis ...................................................................... 32213.3. sagareo politika. saqarTvelo da erTa liga. urTierToba ruseTTan ................. 32613.4. qarTuli kultura 1900-1921 wlebSi .............................................................................. 330VII Semajamebeli ............................................................................................................................ 334

Tavi XIV. saqarTvelo 1921-1945 wlebSi ................................................................................. 336

14.1. brZola saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi ......33614.2. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Camoyalibeba .......................... 33914.3. sabWoTa reJimi saqarTveloSi 1920-30-ian wlebSi ...................................................... 34314.4. politikuri represiebi XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi .............................................. 34714.5. meore msoflio omi da saqarTvelo ................................................................................ 350

Tavi XV. saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi (XX saukunis meore naxevari) ............................................. 353

15.1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saprotesto gamosvlebi 1956 da 1978 wlebSi ............ 35315.2. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba ..................................................................................... 357

Tavi XVI. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo ................................................................................. 361

16.1. damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ..... 36116.2. brZola separtizmis winaaRmdeg ..................................................................................... 36516.3. vardebis revolucia .......................................................................................................... 36816.4. saqarTvelos integracia evrostruqturebSi ............................................................. 37116.5. qarTuli kultura XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ......................................................... 374VIII Semajamebeli ........................................................................................................................... 378qronologiuri cxrili .............................................................................................................. 379

102 istoria IX

sakvanZo sityvebi:

Turq-selCukebi saqarTveloSi. ` `didi Turqoba~

mTavari kiTxva: ra safrTxes uqmnida `didi Turqoba~ saqarTvelos?

Turq-selCukebi sulTani manaskertis brZola `didi Turqoba~

Turq selCukebis gamoCena saqarTveloSi

XI saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis bagrat IV-s, li-parit baRvaSis damarcxebis Semdeg, kaxeT-hereTis Semosaer-Teblad brZolis dawyebis SesaZlebloba mieca. marTlac, mefem TiTqmis mTeli kaxeT-hereTi daikava, magram saboloo warmate-bas xeli Turq-selCukTa Semosevam SeuSala, riTic kaxeTis mefe aRsarTanma isargebla da dakarguli poziciebi kvlav daibruna.

„matiane qarTlisai“ 1068 wels Turq-selCukTa Semosevis Sesaxeb

da iyo qarTlSi puri da Rvino friadi. dayo (sulTanma) eqvsi kvira da dai-wyo aoxreba da adamianebis xocva da gadavida misi marbieli laSqari argveTs. daxoces da tyved waiyvanes qristianTa didi raodenoba. qarTli iyo saSineli sanaxavi: mooxrda eklesiebi, aq Cadga TurqTa laSqari...

bagrat mefe gadamwyvet brZolas moerida, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gama-grda da saomar samzadiss Seudga. bagratis mebrZolTa mcire razmebi mters moulodnelad Tavs esxmodnen. zamTris moaxlovebisTanave, Turqebi aiyarnen da mtkvris qvemo dinebisken wavidnen.

1071 wels Turq-selCukebma manaskertis brZolaSi bizantielebi daamar-cxes da aRmosavleTis provinciebis daTmoba aiZules. saqarTvelo selCuke-bis winaaRmdeg mokavSiris gareSe darCa.

selCukTa sulTani bagratisagan xarks moiTxovda. bagrati diplomatiu-rad moqmedebda, saCuqrebiT datvirTul mociqulebs ugzavnida da xarks ar kisrulobda. amasobaSi, 1072 wels, SeTqmulebma alf arslani mokles. imave wels bagrat IV-c gardaicvala.

5.4.

wyaro 2

daxaze sqema: ̀ vici, minda vicode, viswavle~. pirvel grafaSi Ca-were is, rac ukve ici Turq-selCukTYa Sesaxeb, II grafaSi Cawere, ra gsurs icode Turq-selCukTa saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb. mesame grafa `viswavle~ Seavse gakveTilis bolos.

Sua aziidan wamosuli Turq-selCukTa momTabare tomebi max-lobel aRmosavleTs Seesivnen. XI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi maT daipyres irani, bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTis sasazRvro provinciebi da samxreT kavkasiis mniSvnelovani nawili. 1064 wels Turq-selCukTa sulTani alf arslani (1063-1072) didi jariT saqarTvelos sazRvrebs samxreTidan moadga, qveynaSi Se-moiWra da axalqalaqi daarbia. 1068 wels, is kvlav SemoiWra sa-qarTveloSi, amjerad hereTidan.

davaleba 1

a) daadgine, wyaro 2-is mixedviT, saqarTvelos romeli regionebi daarbies Turq-selCukebma 1068 wels?

b) ivaraude, ra safrTxis winaSe dadga saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba momTa-bare Turq-selCukTa tomebis Semosevis Sedegad?

g) moZebne wyaro 2-Si fraza, Tu rogor ebrZodnen Turq-selCukebi qristianebs da maT sakulto nagebobebs.

davaleba 2

wyaro 1. bagrat IV-is sawinamZRvro jvari

103

`didi Turqoba~

male Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma mefe axali sirTulis wina-Se daayena. momdevno sulTanma maliqSahma (1072-1092) saqarTve-loze Tavdasxmebi ganaaxla. Tavdapirvelad, giorgi II selCukebs winaaRmdegobas uwevda da 1074 wels farcxisTan maTi jari daa-marcxa kidec, Tumca Zalebi aSkarad uTanasworo iyo.

selCukTa Semosevebi grZeldeboda. 1080 wels TurqTa axa-li didi jari saqarTvelosken daiZra. mefe giorgi II Turqebs SeebrZola, magram damarcxda da dasavleT saqarTvelos Seaf-ara Tavi. Turqebi mTel saqarTvelos moedvnen. mravali qalaqi da sofeli ganadgurda. eklesia-monastrebi nangrevebad iqca. mosaxleobis didi nawili TurqebTan brZolaSi gawyda, nawili tyved Cavarda. gadarCenilebi mTebSi gaixiznen. Turqebi dap-yrobil teritoriebs ojaxebiTa da jogebiT ikavebdnen da ayva-vebul baR-venaxebsa Tu yanebs saZovrebad aqcevdnen. maT saqar-TveloSi TavianTi tradiciuli momTabare-mejoguri cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba daiwyes.

am movlenas qarTveli mematiane `did Turqobas~ uwodebs. selCukebi saqarTveloSi zamTramde rCebodnen, zamTris moax-loebisas ki qveyanas tovebdnen, gamozafxulebisTanave isev sa-qarTveloSi brundebodnen. ase grZeldeboda zedized ramdeni-me wlis ganmavlobaSi.

XII saukunis qarTveli anonimi istorikosi Turq-selCukTa saqarTveloSi Semosevis Sesaxeb

asisforni, klarjeTi zRvis piramde, SavSveTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argveTi, samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aivso TurqebiT. ganad-gurda am mxareebSi yovelive. da erT dRes dawves quTaTisi, arta-nuji da udabnoni klarjeTisa. darCnen qveyanaSi Turqebi Tovlis mosvlamde, moWames qveyana da moswyvites. da es iyo pirveli da didi Turqoba, rameTu qoronikoni iyo samasi (1080 w.). xolo Tu mTiuleTs an simagreebSi sadmes vinme darCa mosaxleobisagan, zamTris siciviT, usaxl-karobiT da SimSiliT daixoca.

a) gadmoeci Seni sityvebiT wyaro 4-is Sinaarsi. b) aRwere Turq-selCukebis saqarTveloSi Semosevis Sedegebi.

giorgi mefem ver SeZlo qveynis mTeli Zalebis mobilizeba da selCukebisaTvis saTanado winaaRmdegobis gaweva. man Turqeb-Tan dazaveba gadawyvita. giorgi II sulTans didi ZRveniT eaxla,

Seadare giorgi II-isa da misi winamorbedebis taqtika ajanyebu-li feodalebis mimarT? romeli migaCnia ufro marTebulad? pasuxi daasabuTe.

wyaro 4

saqarTvelos samefo taxtze giorgi II (1072-1089) avida. mefis gamoucdelobiT feodalebma isargebles. gamefebisTanave mas didebulebi aujanydnen. giorgi II-m ajanyebulebi didi wyalobis fasad Semoiriga.

davaleba 3

davaleba 4

wyaro 3. maliqSahi

104

istoria IX

Seavse cxrili „saqarTvelo – bizantiis urTier Tobis dinamika V-XI saukuneebSi“.

istoriis saintereso furclebi

bizantiuri titulebi da qarTveli mefeebi

bizantiis imperiaSi arsebobda sakariskaco titulebi: kurapa-latis, novelisimosis, sevastosis da kesarosis. es ukanaskneli yvelaze maRal pativad iTvleboda da mas saimperatoro ojaxisa da karis umaRlesi garemocvis wevrebi iRebdnen. qarTvel mefeebs bizantiis imperatorebi sakariskaco titulebs aniWebdnen, ri-Tac xazs usvamdnen maT bizantiaze damokidebulebas. amave dros, kurapalatis pativze maRal tituls qarTvel mefe ebs TiTqmis arasodes aZlevdnen. Turq-selCukebis gaaqtiurebam mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi bizantiis imperiaSi sakariskaco titu lebis gace-mis weszec moaxdina gavlena. bizantielebs qarTvel mefeebTan ukve kargi urTierTobis SenarCuneba surdaT. amitom axla ufro advilad gascemdnen adre Znelad misawvdom titulebs. bizanti-elebma giorgi II-s TanmimdevrobiT mianiWes kurapalatis, novel-isimosis, sevastosis da kesarosis umaRlesi pativic ki.

epoqa

V s.vaxtang

gorgaslis epoqa

VI-VII ss. erismTavrobis

periodi

VIII-IX ss.samefo-

samTavroebis warmoqmnis xana

X s. daviT

kurapalatis epoqa

XI s. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos

mefeebis – bagrat III-is, giorgi I-is, bagrat IV-is,

giorgi II-is periodi

bizantiis politika

saqarTveloSi

morCileba gamoucxada da yovelwliuri xarkic ikisra. sulTani mefes dahpirda, rom qveyanaSi momTabareoba Se-wydeboda, magram Turqebi mosaxleobas Zveleburad ar-bevdnen. amasobaSi, kaxeTis mefe aRsarTani sulTans eax-la da morCilebis niSnad islami miiRo.

qarTveli xalxi fizikuri ganadgurebis safrTxis wi-naSe dadga. amas daerTo stiqiuri ubedureba. 1089 wels didi miwisZvra moxda: `mtvrad iqca maRali mTebi, dain-gra mravali qalaqi da sofeli, daeca eklesiebi da sac-xovrebeli saxlebi~. aseT kritikul momentSi patrio-tulad ganwyobilma saxelmwifo moRvaweebma giorgi II aiZules gadamdgariyo da taxti16 wlis vaJiSvilis davi-TisaTvis daeTmo. giorgi II saxelmwifo saqmeebs CamoSor-da, Tumca, kidev ocdasami weli icocxla.

Turq-selCukebi – Sua aziaSi mcxovrebi sunituri islamis mimdevar tomTa gaerTianeba, romelsac erT-erTi beladis, selCukis saxeli ewoda.

sulTani – mefis tituli zogierT muslimur qveyanaSi.

cnobari

davaleba 6

a) Seafase giorgi II-is gadawyvetileba Turq-selCukTaTvis mor-Cilebis gamocxadebis Taobaze.

b) rogor fiqrob, ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo giorgi II-is tax-tidan gadayeneba?

g) Seavse sqemis `vici, minda vicode, viswavle~ III grafa. mokled Camowere is siaxleebi, rac gakveTilze iswavle.

davaleba 5

wyaro 5. aRmosavluri miniatura Turq-selCu-kebis gamosaxulebiT