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OT Evening Series November 6, 2014 Kristin Ries, OTD, OTR/L

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Page 1: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

OT Evening SeriesNovember 6, 2014

Kristin Ries, OTD, OTR/L

Page 2: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Review motor learning principles related to intensive upper extremity treatment options

Understand use of the ArmeoSpring, including indications/contraindications, episodes of care, and outcomes

Describe a case study 

Page 3: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Motor learning: Motor control principles put into practice in order to teach movement for retention during occupational performance   (Obrien & Lewin, 2009)

Practice Feedback Active Involvement Novelty Verbal Instruction Modeling and demonstration Mental rehearsal

Page 4: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

“Therapies first focus on preserving the remaining areas of motor control, and then later refine motor control…”

Two of the most well‐supported therapies used in stroke and CP include CIMT and robot‐assisted movement practice

(Delgado, 2013)

RestorationRestoration RecruitmentRecruitment RetrainingRetraining

Page 5: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Task Specific Training: practice context‐specific motor tasks and receive some sort of feedback TST as a core element of several interventions which may include equipment or virtual environments Focus on training of functional tasks rather than only on the impairment(s) Promotes neural plasticity Repetition PLUS specific skill learning   (Delgado, 

2013) 

Page 6: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Repetition and consistent practice Repetition plays a role in promoting and maintaining brain changes

Specific motor training fMRI has shown that TST, in comparison to traditional stroke rehab, results in long‐lasting cortical reorganization Increased intensity alone does not account for the differences between traditional and task‐specific training (Delgado, 2013)

Page 7: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Upper extremity

Functional Intensive Training/therapy

Includes: Armeo CIMT Intensive Bimanual therapies

Adjunctive therapies Aquatic therapy NMES FES cycle Kinesiotape Splinting

Page 8: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Improved awareness Visual Attention Sensory awareness

Skill Acquisition Strengthening and improved range of motion Facilitation of new motions through sustained attention and effort

Functional, Everyday Practice and Success Participation in functional activities first in virtual reality environment

Generalization of new skills to ADLs, play, school…

Page 9: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Minimal size requirements for Armeo

Baseline strength Consider targeted skill Dexterity? Bimanual assist? Frequency of use? Severity of spasticity? Etc.

If too high functioning…

If too low functioning…

Page 10: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Specialized arm orthosis that provides support for the arm as it moves against gravity No robotic component

As a user moves, the exoskeleton measures arm movement and hand grasp as the patient interacts with computer games

Page 11: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Passive

Gravity‐A

ssisted

Armeo

Spring

Armeo

Spring

Robo

tic

11

Page 12: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Initial set up Adjust length of upper arm and forearm orthoses

Adjust gravity compensation of upper arm and forearm  

Set up workspace Choose therapy plan activities

Facilitate participation Adjust workspace and/or difficulty level

Tactile cueing or gentle restraint to non‐affected arm

Decrease gravity compensation

Page 13: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Increase time of participation

Work towards improved speed and accuracy in virtual reality activities

Decrease gravity compensation

Increase workspace to encourage increased range of motion

Page 14: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

MAY BE INDICATED FOR PATIENTS WHO

Have at least minimal voluntary control of upper extremity muscles

Can be fit in the upper arm and forearm orthoses

Would benefit from intensive therapies to improve upper extremity range of motion, strength and/or functional use Increased repetitions and 

training for longer duration

BENEFITS OF USE

Motivation from virtual reality environment Increased repetitions

Intensive nature of treatment Reinforcement and 

refinement of movement combined with functional therapy activities

Page 15: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Contraindications Unable to meet size requirements

Upper extremity fractures, osteoporosis

Pronounced, fixed contractures Open skin lesions Paraesthesia Shoulder joint subluxation/instability

Severe spontaneous (uncontrolled) movements

Precautions Significant upper extremity spasticity

Cognitive deficits Limited cause/effect level cognition

Aggressive or self harming behaviors

Recently healed incisions

Page 16: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Diagnoses Cerebral Palsy Acquired brain injury

▪ Anoxic, CVA, traumatic

Spinal cord injury ▪ Incomplete

Transverse myelitis Brachial plexus injury Guillain‐Barre Syndrome

Inpatients and outpatients

Ages 4‐15 years old

Internal referrals Therapist and physician 

Page 17: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Evaluation and baseline assessment

• Outcome Measures

Armeo Treatment

• Intensive treatment

Re‐evaluate• Transition to traditional OT

• Continue Armeo• Discharge

Page 18: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Body structure and function Range of motion Strength testing Active Movement Scale Observe participation in activity of daily living

Length of forearm and upper arm

Activities and participation Visual and cognitive screen Pediatric Motor Activity Log 

(PMAL) Canadian Occupational 

Performance Measure (COPM) for goal setting

MACS classification tool Child Hand Use Experience 

Questionnaire (CHEQ) Participation and 

Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM‐CY)

Page 19: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Gravity supported arm exercise using the ArmeoSpring can improve arm movement after severe hemiparesis 

(Housman et al., 2009)

3‐D weight support, instant visual feedback, and virtual reality software are associated with sustained gains at 6‐months when compared with conventional approach

Page 20: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. 

A virtual reality program improved quality of reaching in children with CP, especially in children with normal cognition and good cooperation.

Training effects were generally retained for longer after the intervention

(Galvin et al., 2011)

(Chen et al., 2007)

Page 21: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Cerebral Palsy (Fluet et al., 2010) Massed practice interventions based on motor learning principles emphasize the repetitive practice of goal‐oriented tasks as a more effective approach for children with CP vs. a traditional neuro‐developmental approach.  

Page 22: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Chronic Stroke (Colomer et al., 2012)

Robotic systems, such as ArmeoSpring®, promote the active, systematic, and intensive repetition of specific movements

Armeo®Spring is an effective tool for rehabilitating the affected arm in patients with hemiparesis secondary to stroke, even in the chronic stage.

Improvements remained stable 4 months after intervention

Spinal Cord Injury (Zariffa et al., 2012)

Most studies have focused on use of the Armeo in post‐stroke patient populations

This pilot study showed few functional benefits in the limbs receiving Armeo training compared with the limbs not receiving robotic training

For patients with some hand function at baseline, significant improvements were noted in strength and sensibility 

Page 23: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

ArmeoSpring® is one option for an intensive therapeutic modality to improve upper extremity strength, range of motion and functional use Armeo should be used in combination with traditional therapies 

Page 24: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

15 year old male status post CVA PMH positive for ADHD and Asperger Syndrome  Inpatient rehab at Gillette from 2/25/10‐4/9/10

Several episodes of outpatient OT care Splinting, upper extremity FES cycle, Bioness, traditional OT, ArmeoSpring ®

ArmeoSpring ® Episode of care 7/29/13‐9/27/13

Page 25: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

OT Treatment: total of 16 sessions 3x/week for 5.5 weeks for 60 minute sessions

Average time on Armeo= 38 minutes

Home exercise program and functional activity

Continued with Bioness and splinting outside of therapy

Page 26: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

EVALUATION

COPM  Performance score 10/4=2.5 Satisfaction score 0/4=0

MMT Wrist flexion 3/5 Wrist extension 2‐/5

AROM Lacking full active shoulder 

flexion, abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion, wrist extension/flexion

DISCHARGE

COPM Performance score 28/4=7 Satisfaction score 25/4=6.25

MMT Wrist flexion 4‐/5 Wrist extension 3/5

AROM Shoulder abduction improved 

from 35 to 145 degrees Elbow flexion improved from 

42 to 125 degrees Full wrist flexion and extension

Page 27: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Questions?

Kristin [email protected]

Page 28: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Chen, Y., Kang, L., Chuang T., Doong, J., Lee, S., Tsai, M.,…Sung, W. (2007). Use of virtual reality to improve upper‐extremity control in children with cerebral palsy: A single‐subject design. Physical Therapy, 87(11): 1441‐1457.

Colomer, C., Baldovi, A., Torrome, S., Navarro, M. Moliner, B., Ferri, J., Noe, E. (2012). Use ofArmeoSpring during the chronic phase of stroke. Study in mild to moderate cases of hemiparesis. Neurologia, 28(5): 261‐267.

Delgado, M. (2013, October). Task specific training based on neural capacity ofpatients with spastic CP. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Symposium. Lectureconducted from Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Fluet, G., Qiu, Q., Kelly, D., Parikh. H., Ramirez, D., Saleh, S., & Adamovich, S. (2010). Interfacing a haptic robotic system with complex virtual environments to treat impaired upper extremity motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Neurorehabiitation, 13(5), 335‐345.

Page 29: OT 6, OTD, OTR/L - Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Virtual reality creates environment for high intensity practice and positive feedback. A virtual reality program improved

Galvin, J., McDonald, R., Catroppa, C., & Anderson, V. (2011). Doesintervention using virtual reality improve upper limb function in childrenwith neurological impairment: A systematic review of the evidence. BrainInjury, 25(5), 435‐442.

Housman, S.J., Scott, K.M., & Reinkensmeyer, D.J. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of gravity‐support, computer‐enhanced arm exercise for individuals with severe hemiparesis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(5), 505‐514.

O’brien, J. & Lewin, J. (2009). Translating motor control and motor learning theory into occupational therapy practice for children and youth. OT Practice, 14(1), CE1‐CE8.

Zariffa, J., Kapadia, N., Kramer, J., Taylor, P., Alizadeh‐Meghrazi, M., Zivanovic, V.,…Steeves, J. (2012). Spinal Cord, 50(3), 220‐226.