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![Page 1: Osteoporosis and Nutrition Module 4 · PDF fileOsteoporosis and Nutrition Module 4 ... •This presentation is mainly based upon a slide ... menopause Elders P et al.,](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030420/5aa6ecbe7f8b9aee748b5fa2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Osteoporosis and Nutrition Module 4
Speaking of Bones Osteoporosis For Health
Professionals
Susan J Whiting
University of Saskatchewan
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the 3 critical nutrients for bone: calcium, vitamin D and protein
– Recommendations for these have recently changed
• Appreciate bone is a living tissue and other nutrients are needed
– Their impact depends on one’s baseline diet
• Intend to use dietary recommendations such as CFG or DASH as these are bone healthy except vitamin D
– A vitamin D supplement always necessary
– These diets are low sodium, high potassium
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Acknowledgments and Conflict of Interest
• This presentation is mainly based upon a slide kit* in development through funding by Yoplait France, and the following experts have reviewed its content: – Pr. Jean-Philippe Bonjour, Division of Bone Diseases, Departement of
Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Genève, Suisse
– Pr. Marius Kraenzlin, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Bale, Suisse
– Dr. Régis Levasseur, Service de Rhumatologie et Pôle Ostéo-articulaire, CHU Angers, France
– Pr. Michelle Warren, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
– Pr. Susan Whiting, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
*Updates by S. Whiting have not been vetted by the group of experts
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Definition of Osteoporosis « …a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass
and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to
fracture »
Consequences: fractures
WHO 1994
Photos: Dempster DW et al., J Bone Miner Res 1986; 1:15. Copyright 1986 © Wiley
Wrist Hip Spine
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Pathophysiology of fragility
fracture risk in elderly
Bone formation
Bone resorption
Risk of
falls
Bone mass
and strength
Protective
response
Fracture risk
- Balance
- Muscle mass
- Neuro-muscular function
Undernutrition + Low level of physical activity
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Calcium
Vitamin D Protein
Importance of essential
nutrients
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Vitamin D metabolism
Inactive form
25(OH)D
Circulating and
measured form
Status indicator
Stimulation of intestinal
calcium absorption
PTH
Hypocalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
IGF-I
UVB light
Diet
7-dehydrocholesterol
Skin
Kidney
1,25(OH)2D
Active form
1-hydroxylase
25α-hydroxylase
Vitamin D
+
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Vitamin D metabolism
Inactive form
25(OH)D
Circulating form
Status indicator
Stimulation of intestinal
calcium absorption
UVB light
Diet
7-dehydrocholesterol
Skin
Kidney
1,25(OH)2D
Active form
1-hydroxylase
25α-hydroxylase
Vitamin D
+
1,25 is made intracellularly
Stimulation of cell growth and
differentiation in other tissues
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Vitamin D metabolism
Inactive form
25(OH)D
Circulating form
Status indicator
Stimulation of intestinal
calcium absorption
UVB light
Diet
7-dehydrocholesterol
Skin
Kidney
1,25(OH)2D
Active form
1-hydroxylase
25α-hydroxylase
Vitamin D
+
1,25 is made intracellularly
Stimulation of cell growth and
differentiation in other tissues
Endocrine
pathway
Autocrine
pathway
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Adults Independent elderly
Elderly in institutions
Hip f racture patients
Seru
l 25(O
H)D
(ng
/ml)
Vitamin D deficiency in
elderly
Double cause of deficiency with age:
Reduced skin synthesis of vitamin D
Insufficient sun exposure
Adapted from Lips P et al., Endocr Rev 2001; 22:477
Se
rum
25
(OH
)D (
ng
/ml)
Osteoporosis Canada 75 nmol/L
IOM 50 nmol/L
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Recent Meta-Analysis of Fracture Risk: NEJM July 5, 2012
• In 11 RCTs involving over 31,000 people, a dose response is seen
• To achieve a significantly reduced HR for fracture reduction, 25(OH)D levels must be over 60 nmol/L
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Recent Meta-Analysis of Fracture Risk: NEJM July 5, 2012
Only when sufficient vitamin D is given ( > 792 IU) to raise levels of 25(OH)D is there a significant effect on fracture risk.
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Effect of vitamin D on the
risk of falls Fall prevention by 1000 IU vitamin D2 supplementation
in women with a history of falling in the previous year
Prince RL et al., Arch Int Med 2008; 168:103
0
10
20
30
40
First fall in summer/autumn
First fall in winter/spring
27.2 %
35.8 %
27.8 %
25.2 %
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of su
bje
cts
Placebo + calcium citrate
Ergocalciferol + calcium citrate
p<0.05
In 2011 the European Food Safety Authority has approved a health claim for 800 IU of vitamin D for falls prevention in persons > 60 y
Vitamin D2 (1 000 IU)
+ calcium citrate (1g/d)
Placebo + calcium (1g/d)
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2010 Osteoporosis Canada Recommendations for Vitamin D
Recommended intake for low-risk and younger adults are 10-25 μg (400–1000 IU) daily
Recommended intake for high-risk and older adults are 20–50 μg (800–2000 IU) daily For individuals being treated for osteoporosis, vitamin D
status should be assessed by serum measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D after 3 months of vitamin D supplementation
To ensure levels are at or above 75 nmol/L
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How to reach these
recommendations ? 3 sources of vitamin D
Supplementation Sun exposure Diet
Independent and cumulative effect
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Foods with vitamin D
Unlike calcium, few foods contain vitamin D in significant amounts
Difficult to reach daily recommended intake via diet alone
salmon
Butter or margarine liver
eggs sardines in oil meat
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Godar et al., Dermato-Endocrinology 3:4, 243-250; October/November/December 2011
Decline in previtamin D3 synthesis in skin with age
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Calcium
Vitamin D Protein
Importance of essential
nutrients
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Calcium during growth
Gender
Bone gain
Physical activity
Genetics
Menarcheal age
Skeletal sites
Spontaneous calcium intake
Other nutrients Pubertal stage
Bonjour JP et al., Le Rhumatologue 2009; 70:19
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Calcium attenuates bone
loss in women Lumbar BMD
Mean %
chan
ge (
1 S
EM
)
menopause
Elders P et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73:533
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
Early peri Late peri Early post Late post
controls
1000 mg Ca supplements / day
2000 mg Ca supplements / day
Methodology: 248 women 46-55 y 25(OH)D levels similar
~ 18 ng/ml)
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2010 Osteoporosis Canada Recommendations for calcium
Recommended intake for younger adults is 1000 mg daily
Recommended intake for older adults is 1200 mg daily
– New evidence suggests intake does not need to be higher than these recommendations
– Excess intake may lead to kidney stones
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Examples of equivalence
for 300 mg of calcium
1 cabbage of 850 g
1 kg of oranges
300 g of soft white cheese
250 ml of milk
5 baguettes
4 kg of beef
2 yogurts
50 g of Saint Nectaire
30 g of Emmental
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2010 Osteoporosis Canada Recommendations for calcium
Recommended intake for younger adults is 1000 mg daily
Recommended intake for older adults is 1200 mg daily
– New evidence suggests intake does not need to be higher than these recommendations
– Excess intake may lead to kidney stones
Keep total intake below Upper Level of 2000 mg
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Calcium and Heart Disease Risk What is the evidence?
In the journal Heart 2012: data from ~24,000 men and women in Germany, 35-64 y, tracked for an average of 11 years as part of a European cancer and nutrition study.
What was reported in Abstract (underlining added):
Associations for stroke risk and CVD mortality were overall null. In comparison with non-users of any supplements, users of calcium supplements had a statistically significantly increased MI risk (HR:1.86 95% CI 1.17 - 2.96), which was more pronounced for calcium supplement only users (HR: 2.39; 95% CI 1.12-5.12)
Kuanrong Li et al. Heart 98:920-925
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Calcium Supplements and Heart Disease? What was reported:
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Calcium Is a Threshold Nutrient: More than adequate is not better
Response (c) to increasing intake from C to D is almost immeasurable compared to (b)
D
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ch
an
ge
in B
MD
s (%
pe
r ye
ar)
Total Ca consumed (mg/d) SEM
Placebo
Ca supplement
694 16
1 238 56
1 175 64
36 31 4136
Spontaneous Ca intake< Median: 855 mg/d >
1805 54
Supplementation is effective up to
an intake threshold
Bonjour JP et al., J Clin Invest ; 99:1287
Example in prepubertal girls with high and low calcium intake
Spontaneous calcium intake Median: 855 mg/d
< >
Ch
an
ges in
BM
D (
% p
er
year)
* p < 0.01
*
Duration: 48 weeks
1 805
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Calcium
Vitamin D Protein
Importance of essential
nutrients
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Protein intake reduces
fracture risk
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
RR
of
hip
fra
ctu
re
Quartiles of total protein intakes
Low intake High intakeLow intake High intake
Protein intake and hip fracture in post-menopausal women
Munger et al., Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:147
RR
of
hip
fra
ctu
re
Quartiles of total protein intake
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-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 6 12
Ch
an
ge
in B
MD
of
pro
xim
al fe
mu
r (%
)
Time (months)
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
p=0.029
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 6 12
Ch
an
ge
in B
MD
of
pro
xim
al fe
mu
r (%
)
Time (months)
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
p=0.029
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
Protein attenuates proximal
femur bone loss
Schürch M et al., Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:801
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 6 12
Ch
an
ge
in B
MD
of
pro
xim
al fe
mu
r (%
)Time (months)
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
p=0.029
Protein supplements (20 g.d-1) + calcium + vit D
Placebo (calcium + vit D only)
Methodology:
Protein supplement (20 g/d) + calcium + vit D
Isocaloric placebo (calcium + vit D only)
Patients with recent hip fracture
Mean age: 80.7 7.4 years
Duration: 6 months
Placebo and treatment: 550 mg Ca/d
+ 200 000 IU vit D (one time)
Number of hospital stays reduced by 21 days
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Functional consequences
of sarcopenia on bone
Negative consequences of insufficient
protein intake in the elderly
Adapted from Rosenberg IH, Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50:1231
Decreased mobility
Catabolism
Anabolism
Protein balance
Increased risk of falling
Increased risk of fracture
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-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
***p < 0.01
Increased milk consumption improves
bone biomarkers in women
Bonjour JP et al., Brit J Nutr 2008;1
Change in b
one b
iom
ark
ers
(%)
PTH CTX P1NP OC BAP IGF-1
*** ***
***
***
Methodology:
Duration: 2 x 6 weeks
2 groups in cross-over: Ca intake 600 mg vs.1 200 mg (600 mg + ½ l of milk)
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Protein Recommendations
• For bone, intake should be at least 1 g/kg
• In 2002, OC Guidelines were ““Maintain adequate protein”
• OC is willing to accept the recommendation of 1 g/kg (compared to RDA of 0.8 g/kg)
• Protein is not the “bad” nutrient for bone unless calcium intakes are low
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No effect of diet acid-ash on
calcium balance
Fenton TR and al., J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:1835-1840
Promotion of an “alkaline diet” to prevent calcium loss is not justified
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
-50 -25 0 25 50
Chang
e o
f calc
ium
bala
nce
(mm
ol/d
ay)
Change of net acid excretion (mEq/day)
Roughead 05 Roughead 03
Kerstetter 06 Dahl 95 Kerstetter 06
Kerstetter 06 Kerstetter 06
Spence 05
There is no relationship between a change in net acid excretion and a net loss of whole body calcium.
R² = 0.003
p = 0.38
Change of net acid excretion (mEq/d) Ch
an
ge
of
ca
lciu
m b
ala
nc
e (
mm
ol/
d) 1
0
-1
-2
-3
-50 -25 0 25 50
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Vegetarian, vegan diets
and bone health
Vegans diets, lacking milk products or appropriate alternatives, are low in calcium, protein, and vitamin D as well as other nutrients important for bone growth and bone maintenance
The vegan diet requires a plant-based milk substitute or a supplement in order to provide sufficient calcium
Protein may be limited and of poor quality unless there is an effort to
select pulses (beans), nuts, and other protein foods
Ho-Pham LT et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:943 Janelle KC, Barr SI. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95:180
New SA, Osteoporos Int 2004; 15:679
Vegetarian diets
Vegan diets
Lacto-vegetarian diets provide sufficient calcium
and protein
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Magnesium
Vitamin K
Polyphenols
Manganese Phosphorus
Vitamin C
Zinc
Potassium Fibre
Carotenes Phytoestrogens
There are potential benefits of
many nutrients and food
constituents
Vitamin B12
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5 nutrients have received a positive opinion from EFSA on having evidence for a cause-
effect relationship related to bone
Magnesium
Vitamin K Manganese*
Phosphorus*
Zinc*
* EFSA ruled No current evidence for a deficiency in the population – no health claim approved
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39
Some nutrients and food
constituents, in excess, may be
harmful to bone health • Nutrients behave in a U-shape manner, giving rise to deficiencies when
not present in sufficient amounts and to toxicities when present in excess.
• This concept is illustrated in the following figure, where the risk of adverse effects is zero when intakes are below the Upper level (UL).
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40
When ingested in excess, these otherwise beneficial components appear to affect bone
metabolism
Vitamin A#
Alcohol
Sodium*
Caffeine
# UL =3000 mcg retinol * UL = 2300 mg Na
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Some populations are at risk of deficiencies in nutrients that may affect bone health
• Strict vegans: in addition to calcium, vitamin D and
protein – B12, zinc
• People on restrictive diet: in addition to calcium, vitamin
D and protein – B12, zinc (if restrict meat), vitamin C,
carotenes, potassium if restrict fruit & vegetables.
• Frail elderly people with low appetite: potentially low in
all bone healthy nutrients
• Those with an alcohol problem: potentially low in all
bone healthy nutrients
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All of the food groups are needed to provide all of the bone healthy nutrients
Nutrient Fruit & Vegetables
Whole Grains Dairy Meat & Alternatives
Calcium √ √
Vitamin D √
Protein √ √
Vitamin K √ √
Magnesium √
Manganese √
Zinc √ √
Phosphorus √ √ √
Vitamin C √
Carotenes √
B12 √ √
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• A study of dietary patterns in Canadian men and women over 50 y indicated that a nutrient dense diet was protective against incident low-trauma fractures in women:
Dietary pattern research: consume a bone healthy
diet
Langsetmo et al., Am J Clin Nutr2011;93:192–9
whole grains)
*
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Canada’s Food Guide ensures adequate calcium and protein, and most other nutrients
+ recommends a vitamin D supplement
Following the Food Guide Ensures Bone Health