Osmoregulation & Excretion

• Osmosis between organisms and environment

• Stenohaline: can't tolerate extreme changes in external osmolarity

• Euryhaline: can survive changes

Osmoregulation

Osmoconformers• Are iso-osmotic with their environment

Osmoregulators• Can control their internal osmolarity

independent of their environment

Nitrogenous Waste

Excretory Processes

Flatworms

Earthworms

Insects

HumansExcretory Organs

Kidneys

Types of Nephrons

Nephron Organization

Blood Filtrate to Urine

Kidney Summation• Requires a lot of energy• Helps to conserve more water, and essential

nutrients

Managing Osmoregulatory Function of Kidney

• Nervous system and endocrine system help manage kidneys

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Gout• Uric acid build-up in joints• Symptoms:

o sudden joint paino acute joint tenderness and redness

• Causes:o body makes too much uric acido body is unable to dispose of uric acid

• Treatmento painkillerso Daily use of allopurinol or probenecid (decreases uric acid

levels in your blood)

Kidney Stones• solid mass of small crystals• Symptoms:

o Pain in belly area, side of back, groino blood in urineo nausea

• Causes:o build-up of substance in urine which creates crystals that turn into

stones

• Treatments:o medication o Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsyo Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Works CitedReece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Biology. Boston, MA: Cummings, 2011. Print.

"Kidney Stones." PubMed Health. A.D.A.M, Inc, 9/16/11. Web. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001493/>.

A.D.A.M. "Gout - Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors." Gout. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 June 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001459/>.