osha notes(atiya)
DESCRIPTION
OSHATRANSCRIPT
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BFC43501: OSHA
OSHA-HAZARD
INSIDEN
[1] DEFINISION:
Insiden ialah Satu yang tidak dijangka atau
peristiwa yang tidak terancang disebabkan oleh
punca-punca tertentu yang mana
mengakibatkan:
bahaya fizikal (kecederaan, keuzuran atau penyakit) kepada individu
Kerosakan kepada harta kerugian gabungan kesemuanya
[2] TYPES:
Minor Incident
luka Major Incident
menyebabkan kecederaan atau kerosakan kepada peralatan atau harta
jatuh tangga, Tumpahan bahan kimia berbahaya
Long Term
Kehilangan pendengaran, penyakit akibat daripada pendedahan kepada bahan kimia
Near miss
Satu kejadian yang tidak menyebabkan kecederaan atau kerosakan kepada harta
tetapi mempunyai potensi untuk ke arah itu
Berkongsi punca yang sama seperti kemalangan. Ia hanya kerana peluang
bahawa tiada bahaya atau kerosakan yang
berlaku
Memerlukan perhatian yang sama seperti kemalangan
HAZARD KIMIA
[1] ASBESTOS
a. Ciri-ciri Khusus
Asbestos - merupakan nama generik bagi sebatian magnesium silikat yang terhasil
secara semulajadi
2 kumpulan: serpentin (Krisotil) dan amfibol (Amosit dan Krosidolit)
Tahan haba
Mempunyai daya ketegangan dan fleksibiliti yang tinggi
Penebat yang baik
b. Jenis-jenis Asbestos
Krisotil
Krosidolit
Amosit
c. Cara Pendedahan
Penyedutan (Inhalation) gentian: jenis, saiz, dos jangkamasa pendedahan tindak-balas biologi sistem pernafasan
Pengingesan
(Ingestion - minor)
d. Perundangan Berkaitan
Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Proses Asbestos) 1986
Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan
Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia
Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
e. Kegunaan Asbestos
Bahan pembinaan
Bahan geseran (brek kereta)
Bahan penebat
Paip air
f. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Pekerja kilang pembuatan barangan asbestos
Pekerja yang terlibat dengan penggunaan asbestos - pembuatan kapal, loji minyak,
pembinaan dan sebagainya
g. Kesan Kesihatan
Asbestosis
Kanser paru-paru
Mesotelioma (Kaser lapisan paru-paru)
Paru-paru berair
Barah - gaster, ginjal
h. Langkah Kawalan
pengharaman krosidolit
Proses dan amalan kerja
Kawalan kejuruteraan
Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE)
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i. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan (Exposure Monitoring)
Pemeriksaan perubatan (Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)
- Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan, merokok)
- Pemeriksaan klinikal
- X-ray dada
- Ujian fungsi paru-paru
Perlindungan Pemindahan Perubatan (Medical Removal Protection)
[2] HABUK GALIAN (MINERAL DUST)
a. Ciri-ciri Khusus
Habuk galian silika, arang batu, kaolin, kuarza dan
lain-lain
Silika (silikon dioksida) Bentuk bebas : kuarza, kristobalit,
tridimit
Sebatian (silikat): asbestos, kaolin
b. Cara Pendedahan
Penyedutan (Inhalation) jenis habuk galian saiz habuk galian jangkamasa pendedahan intensiti habuk galian di zon pernafasan
c. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Perlombongan
Kuari
Kerja melibatkan batu-batan mengandungi silika
Kerja melebur (penyediaan pasir dan pembagasan pasir (sand blasting)
d. Perundangan Berkaitan
Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian) 1989
Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan
Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia
Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
e. Kesan Kesihatan
Pneumokoniosis Fibrosis paru-paru disebabkan oleh
inhalasi habuk galian
Barah paru-paru
Kegagalan paru-paru
Risiko penyakit batuk kering
f. Langkah Kawalan
Penghapusan / Penggantian
Kawalan kejuruteraan: semburan air, pengalihudaraan ekzos setempat (LEV)
Kawalan pentadbiran: tatacara kerja, kebersihan, higien, bilik penyalinan, almari,
tanda amaran
Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) respirator, pakaian jenis yang betul, bersesuaian,
disenggara dengan baik, dibersihkan
g. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan (Exposure Monitoring)
Pemeriksaan perubatan (oleh Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)
Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan, merokok) Pemeriksaan klinikal X-ray dada Ujian fungsi paru-paru
Ujian tapisan batuk kering Perlindungan Pemindahan Perubatan
(Medical Removal Protection)
[3] TIMAH HITAM (LEAD)
a. Ciri-ciri Khusus
Dua jenis Plumbum bukan organik - digunakan
sebagai bahan logam, aloi dan campuran
bahan kimia
Plumbum organik - digunakan sebagai bahan aditif minyak untuk pembakaran
dalaman
b. Cara Pendedahan
Penyedutan (Inhalation) saiz partikel, dos partikel jangkamasa dan frekuensi pendedahan
Pengingesan / penyerapan (Ingestion) kurang kebersihan diri dan tatacara kerja
yang tidak cermat
merokok ketika bekerja
c. Perundangan Berkaitan
Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Timah Hitam) 1984
Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan
Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia
Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
d. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Kilang bateri kereta
Plastik PVC (Pb - `stabilizer)
Cat dan percetakan (Pb - pigmen)
Pembuatan kaca
Aloi plumbum (lapisan paip dan kabel)
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e. Kesan Kesihatan
Anemia
Sistem reproduksi - mandul, keguguran
Kegagalan ginjal
Darah tinggi
Sistem saraf - perubahan tingkahlaku, neuropati
f. Langkah Kawalan
Penghapusan / Penggantian
Kawalan kejuruteraan
Kawalan pentadbiran Maklumat, arahan, dan latihan Kemudahan bilik salinan, membasuh/
dobi , dan pembersihan diri
Tempat makan, minum dan merokok diasingkan
Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) Semburan air; vakum dan lain-lain Respirator, pakaian Jenis yang betul, bersesuaian, disenggara
dengan baik dan dibersihkan
g. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan (Exposure Monitoring)
Pemeriksaan perubatan (Oleh Doktor Kesihatan Pekerjaan)
Sejarah (pekerjaan, perubatan) Pemeriksaan klinikal: anemia, darah
tinggi,
sistem saraf Hemoglobin, fungsi ginjal Ujian darah plumbum
Perlidungan pemindahan perubatan (Medical Removal Protection)
[4] PELARUT ORGANIK
a. Ciri-ciri Khusus
Pelarut organik adalah bahan kimia dalam bentuk cecair yang mempunyai keupayaan
melarutkan bahan organik yang tidak larut
air.
Pelarut organik bersifat larut lemak, mudah meruap dan mudah meletup di dalam suhu
bilik.
b. Cara Pendedahan
Pendedahan biasanya berlaku secara kontak kepada kulit (absorption) dan penyedutan
(inhalation).
Ia masuk ke dalam badan melalui penyerapan kulit dan penyedutan wasap
(fume) pelarut organik.
c. Perundangan Berkaitan
Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan
Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia
Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
d. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Pelarut organik digunakan dengan meluas di industri.
Ia digunakan di dalam cat, dakwat, aktiviti pembersihan minyak di mesin dan juga
pembersihan gam di barangan perabut.
Ia turut digunakan untuk aktiviti percetakan.
e. Kesan Kesihatan
Keradangan pada mata, hidung, tekak dan paru-paru.
Dermatitis.
Kesan narkosis kepada otak (pening kepala, loya, mengantuk, berasa lemah dan tidak
sedarkan diri)
Sebahagian pelarut organik adalah toksik kepada sum-sum tulang, hati, ginjal dan
sistem saraf.
Benzena boleh menyebabkan barah sistem darah iaitu leukemia.
f. Langkah Kawalan
Penghapusan / Penggantian
Kawalan kejuruteraan Semburan air; vakum dan lain-lain
Kawalan pentadbiran Maklumat, arahan, dan latihan Kemudahan bilik salinan,
membasuh/dobi , dan pembersihan diri
Tempat makan, minum dan merokok diasingkan
Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (PPE) Respirator, pakaian Jenis yang betul, bersesuaian, disenggara
dengan baik dan dibersihkan
g. Pengawasan Kesihatan (Health Surveillance)
Pengawasan perubatan yang dilakukan adalah mengikut jenis pelarut organik yang
terdedah.
Setiap pelarut organik memberikan kesan mudarat yang berbeza. Kesan mudarat boleh
diperolehi dari Risalah Data Keselamatan
Kimia (CSDS).
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Di antara ujian yang boleh dilakukan ialah: Soal selidik pelarut organik Ujian khusus terhadap organ sasaran
keracunan
seperti ujian darah bagi fungsi hati dan ginjal
Ujian sistem saraf seperti ujian kelajuan saraf,
ujian tingkahlaku neuro dan sebagainya. Ujian air kencing atau darah bagi pelarut
organik
yang terdedah.
[5] RACUN MAKHLUK PEROSAK
a. Ialah sebarang sebatian atau campuran yang
digunakan untuk mencegah, memusnahkan,
menjauhkan sebarang makhluk perosak.
b. Pendedahan
Petani
Pekerja Kilang
Pekerja Kesihatan dan Penyelidik
Orang Awam
c. Bagaimana Racun Makhluk Perosak
Memasuki Tubuh
Melalui:
Pengingesan (Ingestion)
Penyedutan (Inhalation)
Penyerapan Kulit (Skin Absorption)
d. Pengelasan Racun Perosak
Pengelasan Mengikut Kegunaannya Racun serangga Racun rumpai Racun tikus
e. Pengelasan Mengikut Ketoksikannya
Kelas 1a Tahap ketoksikan sangat tinggi dan berbahaya-hitam
Kelas 1b Tahap ketoksikan yang tinggi-merah
Kelas 2 Tahap ketoksikan yang sederhana-kuning
Kelas 3 Tahap ketoksikan yang rendah-biru
Kelas 4 Tahap ketoksikan yang sangat rendah-putih
f. Tanda-tanda Keracunan
Kesan Jangka Pendek Tanda Umum Kulit dan Kuku Mata Mulut, Perut dan Usus Sistem Pernafasan Sistem Saraf Pusat Lain-Lain
Kesan Jangka Panjang Alahan pada kulit dan kerosakan kuku Barah Kemandulan
h. Langkah Pencegahan
Sebelum Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak
PPE yang sesuai Baca dan patuhi arahan di label Bancuh racun mengikut sukatan yang
ditetapkan
Pilih alat sembur yang bersesuaian dengan racun yang digunakan
PPE dan peralatan semburan dalam keadaan yang baik
Semasa Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak
Jangan merokok, makan atau minum semasa menyembur racun
Jangan meracun ke arah yang bertentangan dengan arah tiupan angin
Pastikan tiada orang menghampiri ketika meracun
Alat penyembur yang tersumbat jangan ditiup
Selepas Menggunakan Racun Makhluk Perosak
Peralatan meracun, pakaian, PPE yang digunakan hendaklah dibasuh dan
disimpan di tempat yang selamat
Segera mandi dengan menggunakan air dan sabun yang banyak
Rekodkan segala penggunaan racun dalam buku yang khas
Bekas racun yang digunakan hendaklah dibuang di tempat yang betul
Pengguna racun perosak hendaklah mengetahui kaedah rawatan kecemasan
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HAZARD BIOLOGI
[1] Pengenalpastian agen-agen biologi yang
menyebabkan penyakit Legionnaire,
Hepatitis B dan HIV
[2] Industri-industri seperti pertanian, penjagaan
kesihatan, bioteknologi, penyelidikan dan
makmal klinikal
[3] Agen Biologi
Meliputi organisma hidup seperti virus dan bakteria yang berkeupayaan
mengeluarkan bahan toksik dan
menyebabkan penyakit
[4] Agen Etiologi
Agen yang menyebabkan kejadian penyakit
[5] Infeksi
Serangan organisma pathogenik yang samada menyebabkan penyakit atau
tidak
[6] Bio-Keselamatan
Satu bidang sains yang mengekalkan ketidaksambungan rantaian jangkitan
[7] Agen
Entiti fizikal, radiologi, kimia ataupun biologi yang boleh menyebabkan kesan
akibat pendedahan
[8] Hos
Perumah di mana agen tinggal [9] Persekitaran
Terdiri daripada benda hidup dan bukan hidup (meliputi biosfera, atmosfera,
litosfera, hidrosfera)
[10] Interaksi Agen, Hos dan Persekitaran
Agen o Vektor, pembawa o Penggantian pathogen o Kerentanan antibiotik o Faktor virulen o Faktor jangkitan o Faktor kematian
Hos o Status kesihatan o Sistem pengurusan o Latihan o Pengawasan o Kesihatan o Penggunaan PPE o Persepsi o Takungan
Persekitaran o Kepadatan penduduk o Sokongan kemudahan o perubatan o Iklim (angin, suhu, indeks o uv) o Sosial, politik dan etika o Rekabentuk kemudahan
[11] Faktor-Faktor Kejadian Penyakit
Agen pathogenik (eg: living microorganism such as a bacterium
Kehadiran takungan (reservoir)
Agen berupaya meninggalkan takungan
Keupayaan agen bergerak di persekitaran
Terdapat kemasukan pada hos baru
Hos bersifat rentan (susceptible)
[12] Ciri-Ciri Agen Biologi
Tiada nilai ambang pendedahan Terdapat di mana-mana dalam persekitaran Dipengaruhi oleh persaingan biologi
[13] Keselamatan Bekerja Dengan Agen Biologi
Pengurusan Program Keselamatan-Bio Kawalan Pentadbiran Pengurungan Fizikal Disinfeksi dan Sterilisasi Kemalangan dan Perancangan Kecemasan Pengangkutan Agen Biologi
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Komunikasi Risiko Biologi
[14] Klasifikasi Kabinet Keselamatan Biologi
Potensi
Bio-
Hazard
Diskripsi
Agen Contoh Kawalan
Tahap i
Tidak
diketahui
boleh
menyebabkan
penyakit
Bacillus
subtilis
Amalan
mikrobiologi
biasa
Tahap ii
Boleh
menyebabkan
penyakit
kepada
manusia
Salmonella
Hepatitis
Label
biohazard
Autoclave
Tahap iii Agen adalah
endogenius
HIV
TB
Rekabentuk
khas
LEV khas
Tahap iv Agen adalah
merbahaya Ebola
Rekabentuk
khas
HAZARD FIZIKAL
[1] BISING
a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus
Bunyi Perubahan tekanan di udara, air dan dalam media tertentu yang dapat dikesan
oleh telinga manusia
Bising Sebarang bunyi yang tidak dikehendaki
Komponen bunyi Frekuensi- satu hertz ialah satu kitaran
gelombang dalam satu saat
Amplitud = kekuatan bunyi = Intensiti bunyi
Jenis bunyi
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b. Perundangan Berkaitan
Peraturan-Peraturan (Pendedahan bising) Kilang dan Jentera 1989: Kandungan utama
Had pendedahan kebisingan yang dibenarkan
Pemantauan pendedahan bunyi Kaedah pematuhan secara kejuruteraan,
pentadbiran dll
Ujian audiometri Kelengkapan pelindung pendengaran Maklumat, arahan dan latihan Pengekalan rekod oleh majikan
Had pendedahan yang dibenarkan Paras bertindak (AL) - 85dB(A) Had pendedahan yang dibenarkan
(PEL)
i. Bunyi berterusan-Untuk 8 jam: 90 dB(A) dan Had siling: 115
dB(A)
ii. Bunyi impuls- Had siling : 140 dB (A)
c. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Aktiviti kuari
Aktiviti perlombongan
Industri tekstil
Aktiviti pembinaan
Aktiviti pertukangan Pembuatan kereta dan sebagainya
d. Kesan Kesihatan
Emosi terganggu dan cepat marah
Masalah komunikasi
Hilang pendengaran dan kecacatan pendengaran
1. Jenis konduksi
i. Pecah gegendang telinga ii. Anjakan tulang osikel di telinga
tengah
2. Jenis sensori-neural
i. Kerosakan sel rerambut telinga dalam Melibatkan kedua-dua telinga
ii. Kepekakan kepada frekuensi yang tinggi
Tinitus
Tekanan psikologi
Peningkatan tekanan darah
e. Langkah Kawalan
Pengurungan proses bising
Minimakan pendedahan o kawalan kejuruteraan o pengubahsuaian proses kerja o kelengkapan pelindungan diri
Kaedah pentadbiran dan amalan kerja selamat
f. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan Oleh orang yang kompeten
Pemeriksaan kesihatan Sejarah: pekerjaan, hobi, perubatan Pemeriksaan telinga
Ujian audiometri -Setahun sekali :
i. Pendedahan bising = > PEL ii. Ujian audiometri asas
menunjukkan kecacatan
pendengaran
iii. Ujian audiometri tahunan Anjakan Ambang
-Standard Sekali setiap dua tahun
i. Pendedahan : 85 - 90 dB (A)
[2] SNARAN
a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus
Pergerakan kuantum tenaga dalam bentuk partikel ataupun sinaran elektromagnet di
mana tenaga tersebut boleh dipindahkan
kepada media yang dilaluinya dan boleh
menyebabkan media yang menyerap tenaga
tersebut mengalami perubahan
Kesan pemindahan tenaga o Pengionan (ionisation) o Pengujaan (Excitation)
Jenis sinaran: ter-ion dan tidak ter-ion
b. Sumber Radiasi
Sinaran ter-ion 1. Semulajadi
Sinaran kosmik, foton, neutron, zarah alfa (), beta ()
Sinaran gamma (dari batu-batan dan tanah)
Radon 2. Buatan (artificial)
Prosedur perubatan (ujian radiologi) Ujian tenaga nuklear Sisa buangan radioaktif
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Sinaran tidak ter-ion Ultraviolet (contoh: kerja pengimpalan) Cahaya nampak (Visible ray) Laser Infra-merah (Infra-red) (contoh: pekerja
dalam pembuatan besi)
Gelombang mikro (microwaves) Gelombang radio (radiowaves)
c. Perundangan Berkaitan
Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984
Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984 - Peraturan Perlindungan Sinaran (Perlesenan)
1986
Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom 1984 - Peraturan Perlidungan Sinaran (Asas
Standard Keselamatan) 1988
d. Jenis Pendedahan
Pekerjaan Aktiviti pengimpalan, pembuatan besi,
peleburan, pekerja ujian diagnostik
radiologi, percetakan, komunikasi,
tentera
Perubatan Pesakit: tujuan penyiasatan dan rawatan
penyakit
Komuniti Daripada sumber semulajadi
e. Kesan Kesihatan
Sinaran Ter-Ion Barah Mutagenesis Sindrom sistem saraf pusat Sindrom gastro-usus Kerosakan kanta mata
Kulit terbakar Kehilangan rambut Ketidaksuburan Kerencatan mental dan tumbesaran
kepada kanak-kanak dan kecacatan
anggota
Sinaran Tidak Ter-Ion Kerosakan mata (pengimpal) Kemusnahan kulit (UV and infra-red) Kulit terbakar (laser) Kesan panas (gelombang mikro)
f. Langkah Kawalan
Tiga prinsip asas Justifikasi
o Sebarang kegunaan tidak dibenarkan melainkan ia benar-benar perlu
Perlindungan yang optima o Konsep ALARA (As Low As
Reasonably Achievable), masa,
jarak, perlindungan (shielding)
Had dos (dan risiko) o Tidak melebihi dari pendedahan
yang dibenarkan
Program Perlindungan Sinaran .Penilaian risiko terhadap peralatan baru Pengurangan pendedahan yang optima:
masa, jarak, perlindungan (shielding) pengurungan, pengasingan, kawalan
kejuruteraan
Memantau kadar dos radiasi Prosedur Operasi Standard yang bertulis Latihan juru X-ray, pegawai
perlindungan sinaran
Penyengaraan dan pemerhatian Audit keselamatan sinaran Pelan kecemasan
Komunikasi risiko
g. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan individu (contoh: film badge) tempat kerja (contoh: ionizing chamber)
Pemeriksaan kesihatan Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan) Pemeriksaan klinikal Perlindungan pemindahan perubatan
[3] GETARAN
a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus
Getaran - ia merujuk kepada pergerakan objek pepejal (solid) di mana amplitud dan
frekuensi yang dihasilkan mendatangkan
mudarat kepada orang yang terdedah
kepadanya.
Organ manusia mempunyai frekuensi yang tersendiri. Apabila badan manusia
mempunyai kontak dengan getaran; dan
frekuensi getaran itu bersamaan dengan
frekuensi sesuatu organ, maka organ itu
akan turut bergetar.
Jenis getaran Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-
body vibration-WBV)- Getaran biasanya
dipindahkan ke badan melalui punggung
atau kaki
Getaran tangan-lengan (Hand-arm vibration - HAV)-Getaran dipindahkan
melalui tangan akibat penggunan
peralatan yang bergetar. Faktor risiko:
tenaga genggaman, tenaga menolak,
lama masa dan frekuensi penggunaan
alat, kedudukan postur, suhu
persekitaran.
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b. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-body vibration) - Pekerja kapal, pemandu lori, bas dan traktor
Getaran tangan-lengan (Hand-arm vibration) - Pekerja yang menggunakan peralatan
bergetar dengan tangan contoh: alat
pengisar, gergaji, alat gerudi
c. Perundangan Berkaitan
AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk menggalakkan suatu persekitaran pekerjaan
bagi orang-orang yang sedang berkerja yang
disesuaikan dengan keperluan fizikal dan
psikologi mereka
d. Kesan Kesihatan
Getaran keseluruhan badan (Whole-body vibration)
Mata kabur Loya, muntah, pening, sakit belakang Boleh menyebabkan kerosakan paru-
paru dan kegagalan jantung
Getaran Tangan-Lengan (Hand-Arm Vibration)
Merosakkan aliran darah periferi, saraf periferi dan sistem muskuloskeletal
Sindrom getaran tangan-lengan (hand-arm vibration syndrome): jari kelihatan
pucat; rasa kebas dan sakit
Carpal tunnel syndrome
e. Langkah Kawalan
Penaksiran risiko sebelum membeli peralatan bergetar
Penghapusan hazard : peralatan automatik atau menggunakan robot
Penggantian : alat kurang getaran / anti-getaran
Pengurangan pendedahan getaran- Kurangkan masa berkerja dengan alat
bergetar
Latihan, maklumat dan arahan
Penyenggaran perlatan secara berkala
f. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan Pengukuran magnitud getaran (contoh:
accelerometer)
Pemeriksaan perubatan Sejarah (perubatan, pekerjaan,
pendedahan getaran )
Pengredan gejala kesan vaskular dan sensorineural
Penilaian objektif o Contoh: ujian provokosi kesejukan,
kekuatan genggaman, ujian ambang
vibrotaktil
[4] TEKANAN
a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus
Laut dan tempat tinggi adalah persekitaran yang tidak sesuai untuk manusia.
Kebanyakan masalah perubatan berkaitan aktiviti penyelaman dan pendakian tempat
tinggi berpunca dari tekanan.
Pada paras laut tekanan = 1 atm
Setiap 10 meter kedalaman tekanan meningkat 1 atm
Pada 20 meter kedalaman tekanan = 3 atm
Di tempat tinggi; peningkatan tekanan adalah tidak berkadar langsung dengan
ketinggian.
Semakin tinggi; semakin kurang tekanan
Teori Boyle: Tekanan berkadar tidak langsung dengan isipadu
Teori Henry: Jumlah gas yang terlarut di dalam cecair adalah berkadar secara
langsung dengan tekanan separa (partial
pressure) gas tersebut (konsep in-gassing
dan out-gassing)
b. Perundangan Berkaitan
AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk memastikan keselamatan, kesihatan dan
kebajikan orang-orang yang sedang berkerja
terhadap risiko kepada keselamatan atau
kesihatan yang berbangkit daripada aktiviti
orang-orang yang sedang berkerja.
c. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Penyelam
Askar laut
Rekreasi (scuba)
Pemotong balak di bawah air
Pencari mutiara Pendaki gunung Juruterbang
d. Kesan Kesihatan
Barotrauma Kemusnahan tisu organ yang
mengandungi udara akibat perubahan
tekanan persitaran (contoh: telinga
tengah, sinus, paru-paru)
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BFC43501: OSHA
Gejala Telinga sakit, berdarah Susah bernafas Rasa tercekik Pening, mengantuk Khayal dan pengurangan daya
pemikiran
Sakit sendi, lemah otot, kebas Ruam dan gatal Tidak sedarkan diri Perubahan personaliti Sawan
Penyakit dekompresi (Decompression sickness)-Pembentukan buih (bubble) di
dalam darah dan tisu ketika kembali ke
persekitaran tekanan yang rendah
e. Langkah Kawalan
Latihan, maklumat dan arahan -Latihan keselamatan (termasuk memahami proses
penyakit)
Prosedur Standard Amalan keselamatan Peralatan Pemeriksaan perubatan
Peralatan Kaedah penggunaan yang betul Penyengaraan
f. PENGAWASAN PERUBATAN
Pemilihan pekerja (contoh: penyelam)-Pemeriksaan perubatan sebelum berkerja
Pemeriksaan perubatan berkala Tahunan Pengekalan rekod kecederaan penyelam
Penilaian klinikal Ujian kecergasan Ujian audiometri Ujian fungsi paru-paru Ujian neuro-tingkahlaku
[5] TEGASAN HABA
a. Ciri-Ciri Khusus
Mekanisma homeostatik suhu badan Variasi diurnal : 0.5-1.0 C Suhu rehat asas = 37.2 C; julat fisiologi
perubahan suhu adalah rendah (35-41
C).
Tegasan haba : Pengumpulan haba di dalam badan yang melebihi keupayaan badan
untuk mengeluarkannya.
Faktor menentukan risiko: Ciri pekerja Kerja yang dilakukan Persekitaran
b. FAKTOR RISIKO: CIRI PEKERJA
Umur
Jantina
Obesiti
Ubat-ubatan
Penyakit
Faktor pemakanan
c. Perundangan Berkaitan
AKKP 1994 (umum) Tujuan: Untuk menggalakkan suatu persekitaran pekerjaan
bagi orang-orang yang sedang berkerja yang
disesuaikan dengan keperluan fizikal dan
psikologi mereka
d. Pekerjaan Berisiko
Kilang besi
Peleburan
Mesin dandang
Pembinaan
Tentera
Ahli sukan professional
e. Kesan Kesihatan
Sistem saraf pusat
Aktiviti otot dan kapasiti kerja
Kawalan peredaran darah
Mekanisma perpeluhan
Perubahan keseimbanagan elektrolit badan
Perubahan endokrin
Ruam panas Kekejangan
Keletihan melampau
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BFC43501: OSHA
Strok haba- Kerosakan organ
f. Langkah Kawalan
Dasar dan prosedur operasi selamat (SOP)
Langkah kejuruteraan Pengalihudaraan Pengadangan / pengasingan
Kelengkapan Pelindung Diri (pakaian dan peralatan)
Latihan dan pendidikan Hazard tegasan haba Gejala dan tanda Prosedur pertolongan cemas Kesan ubat-ubatan Tanggungjawab pekerja
Pengurangan pendedahan Hadkan pendedahan dan waktu bekerja Rehat yang mencukupi, hidrasi dan masa
menyejukkan badan yang mencukupi
Jadualkan waktu bekerja pada masa kurang panas
Mengurangkan aktiviti fizikal
Program aklimatisasi (acclimatization programme)
Amalan buddy system
Bekalan air sejuk mencukupi (10 15oC)- minum : 150 200 mL / 15 20 minit
g. Pengawasan Kesihatan
Pemantauan pendedahan (contoh: Suhu Bebuli Basah Glob (WBGT))
Berkerja mengikut had pendedahan yang dibenarkan
Pemantauan perubatan Mengenalpasti kumpulan berisiko -
obesiti
Sejarah (pekerjaan, perubatan) penyakit kulit, ubat-ubatan, sejarah dehidrasi,
strok haba, obesiti
Pemeriksaan klinikal Perlindungan pemindahan perubatan Rekod
OSHA HIRARC
[1] Purpose of HIRARC
To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards);
To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the circumstances
of a particular case and the possible severity that
could come from it (the risks); and
To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the
risks are adequately controlled at all times.
[2] Planning of HIRARC Activities
For situation where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
Uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and
Before implementing corrective or preventive measures.
By organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.
It should be the duty of the employer to assign trained personnel to lead a team of employees
associated with one particular process or activity
to conduct HIRARC.
[3] Process of HIRARC
Classify work activities;
Identify hazard;
Conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating or
estimating - likelihood of occurrence, and
severity of hazard
Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).
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BFC43501: OSHA
[4] Classify work activities
geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;
stages in production/service process;
not too big e.g. building a car;
not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
Defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the door.
[5] Hazard identification
The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is,
those tasks posing significant risks to the health
and safety of employees as well as highlighting
those hazards pertaining to certain equipment
due to energy sources, working conditions or
activities performed. Hazards can be divided
into three main groups, health hazards, safety
hazards, and environmental hazards.
[6] Analyze and estimate risk
Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity of the credible accident/event sequences
in order to determine magnitude and to priorities
identified hazards. It can be done by qualitative,
quantitative or semi quantitative method.
A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the magnitude of potential severity and the
likelihood that those severities will occur.
Likelihood of an occurrence
Severity of hazard
[7] Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make
decision on risk control.
For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting result
in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the distribution of the risk
throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
[8] Control
Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not
pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an
area or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work. Hazards should be controlled at
their source (where the problem is created).
Types of Control Engineering control
Redesign Isolation Automation Barriers Dilution
Administrative controls Safe work procedures Supervision and Job rotations and other procedures can
reduce the time that workers are
exposed to a hazard.
Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs
Hygiene Personal protective equipment
Workers must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly.
The employer and workers must understand the limitations of the
personal protective equipment.
The employer is expected to require workers to use their equipment
whenever it is needed.
Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly.
[9] Monitoring controls
is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
are all new hazards being identified?
are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
are accident reports being analyzed?
are any other measures required?
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BFC43501: OSHA
OSHA-HIRARC EXAMPLE
Activity List Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control.
Chemical
Transferred
Explosion could happen
Chemical discharge
Chemical spilled
Death
Serious injury
Property damages
Transfer the chemical in a
suitable place / equipment
Smoking Cigarette butt could drop
Explosion could happen
Chemical suction
Death
Skin disease
Pneumonia
Put No smoking signboard
Public
walkways
Chemical emissions to public
Chemical could spilled
Death
Skin disease
Pneumonia
Close the walkways to
public temporary
Carry Chemical could spilled
Chemical could drop
Explosion could happen
Skin disease
Serious injury
Death and property
damages
Carry with suitable tools
Temporary
storage
Explosion could happen Death Put in close storage
Animal nearby Could harm the animal
Chemical could spread through
animal
Death and spread to
another place
No animal allowed
Chemical
laboratory not
suitable at urban
area
Chemical pollution Death
Diseases
Relocated laboratory
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BFC43501: OSHA
OSHA-ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
CONTENT ANALYSIS FORM
Course Name : Occupational Safety and Health
Course Code : BFC 4111
Pre-requisite : nil
Goal/s : This course is to provide knowledge in occupational safety and health in
construction industry
Total Lessons : Five
Title Topic Risk Assessment
Lesson Breakdown
Lesson Sub Topic Learning Area Learning Outcome/s
1
Hierarchy of
Risk Control
Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Control
Administrative Control
Personal Protective
Equipment
Ideal solution.
Most effective strategy and
should always be attempted
first.
May mean discontinuing
dangerous work practices or
removing dangerous
substances/equipment.
e.g., using machine to do repetitive manual
activity, discontinuing a noisy
machine/process or completely removing
asbestos from workplace.
Upon completion of this sub-topic, the
student will be able to:
determine the best method of dealing with a
hazard is to eliminate it.
Once the hazard has been eliminated the
potential for harm has gone.
2 Substitution
Replacing the hazard with
one that presents lower (and
more manageable) risk.
e.g., replacing glass with plastic, using a less
hazardous chemical or vacuuming rather
than sweeping.
This involves substituting a dangerous
process or substance with one that is not as
dangerous.
This may not be as satisfactory as
elimination as there may still be a risk (even
if it is reduced).
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BFC43501: OSHA
3 Isolation
Isolating or separating the
hazard from the person, or the
person from the hazard.
e.g., enclosing or guarding dangerous
equipment, placing barriers around a spill
until cleaned up, or using remote-controlled
handling equipment for hazardous processes.
Separate or isolate the hazard from people.
This method has its problems in that the
hazard has not been removed.
The guard or separation device is always at
risk of being removed or circumvented.
4
Engineering
Control
Requires thinking about ways
work could be done
differently to make work
safer, such as rearranging
aspects of workplace,
modifying equipment,
combining tasks, changing
procedures to eliminate
hazardous steps, changing
sequence of tasks in job
and/or reducing frequency of
performing dangerous task.
e.g., using a trolley to move heavy loads,
placing guards on moving parts of
machinery, controlling chemicals through
ventilation, or modifying exhaust systems to
reduce noise.
design, isolation at source, barricade,
guarding,
5
Administrative
Control
Reduction of exposure to risk
through use of procedures or
instruction
e.g., job rotation to reduce exposure;
instruction and training in safe work
procedures; or limited entry/time in
hazardous areas.
Administrative solutions usually involve
modification
of the likelihood of an accident happening.
This can be
done by reducing the number of people
exposed to the
danger reducing the amount of time exposed
and providing
training to those people who are exposed to
the hazard.
6 PPE
Worn by people as final
barrier between themselves
and the hazard.
Success dependent on PPE
being chosen correctly; worn;
worn correctly; used
correctly; and maintained in
good condition.
Often more expensive in long
term when costs of
maintenance, supervision and
(potentially more)
injuries/diseases taken into
account.
e.g., ear muffs and ear plugs; respirators;
goggles; masks; hard hats.
Provision of personal protective equipment
should only be
considered when all other control methods
are impractical,
or to increase control when used with
another method higher
up in the Hierarchy of Control.
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BFC43501: OSHA
Prepared by: Verify by: Approved by:
Name: Name: Name:
Position: Position: Position:
Date: Date: Date:
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BFC43501: OSHA
Incident Investigation Form (SU-17B)
Injury
Incident
Both injury and incident
Close call / near hit
The SLAC supervisor / UTR / POC of the area where the event occurred must complete this form and submit it within 3 business
days as indicated below. Be as specific as possible and include drawings, photos, additional narrative, as needed.
PNR #
Injury incidents: Ensure that the injured party goes to SLAC Medical to
complete an Employee First Report of Injury Form SU-17A within 24 hours
of the incident. If the injured party is a non-employee, the supervisor / UTR
/ POC completes the SU-17A if the non-employee does not. Submit this
completed form to the SLAC workers compensation administrator, Human
Resources Department, Mailstop 11.
For additional information, see http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/hr/wc/.
Non-injury incidents: Send original to the ES&H incident investigation
program manager, ES&H Division, Mailstop 84. (For additional information,
see the ES&H Manual, Chapter 28, Incident Investigation: http://www-
group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/general/incident/policies.htm )
Non-injury accident involving a government-owned vehicle: report
directly to SLAC Site Security (ext. 5555) and do not complete this form.
SUPERVISOR CONTACT INFORMATION
Supervisor / investigator / UTR / POC name:
Title: Directorate / dept: Ext: Mailstop:
Date of incident: (mo/day/yr) Time of incident:
a.m.
p.m.
Time of first knowledge of incident::
Date of report:
Subcontractor involved? If yes, name and contact information..
INJURED PARTY
If no injury, check
box and skip this
section.
No injury
Injured partys name: Injured partys contact information:
Injury description:
WITNESSES AND/OR WITNESS STATEMENT
Witnesses (name and contact information)
Witness statement attached? Yes
No
PROPERTY DAMAGE
List property / material damaged (use control numbers if available):
Nature of damage:
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BFC43501: OSHA
Object / substance inflicting damage:
Approximate cost:
THE INCIDENT
Required analysis type (to be determined by incident investigation program manager)
Root cause analysis Apparent cause
Describe what happened.
Investigate scene of incident or conditions. Describe who was involved, when and where the incident happened, what happened, and how.
(In addition, check events and substandard conditions boxes on next page.)
Why did it happen?
What actually caused the illness, injury, or incident?
List immediate actions taken and results.
What should be done to prevent a recurrence?
Use descriptive constructive statements (such as: worker should wear safety glasses; worker needs training in lifting techniques; a ladder should have
been used.
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BFC43501: OSHA
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS TRACKING SYSTEM ITEMS
List action(s) that have or will be taken to prevent a recurrence. By whom Scheduled date Actual end date
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION (JHAM) REVIEW
Is there a JHAM or non-routine JHAM that applies to the task being performed when the injury or incident occurred?
If yes, review the JHAM, answer the following questions, and attach a copy to this report.
If no, please explain why the JHAM did not include the task.
Were hazards sufficiently identified? If not, please explain.
Were identified controls adequate and implemented? If not, please explain.
Were the identified controls not implemented? If not, please explain. No
AREA HAZARD ANALYSIS (AHA) REVIEW
Is an AHA available for this area?
If yes, review the AHA, answer the following questions, and attach a copy to this report.
If not, please explain.
Was the AHA available and reviewed by the injured party?
Is the AHA adequate for the hazards? If not, please explain.
Were adequate controls in place?
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BFC43501: OSHA
OCCURRENCE REPORTING AND PROCESSING SYSTEM (ORPS)
ORPS reportable? (If yes, FMD completes this section, if no skip to authorizing signatures) ORPS #
ORPS title:
System/building/equipment: Plant area:
Date discovered: Time discovered:
Notifications (name, date, time, organization)
Date categorized Time categorized
a.m.
p.m.
FMD (name and signature) Significance category
ORPS reporting criteria
Group:
Subgroup:
Sequence:
Group:
Subgroup:
Sequence:
Group:
Subgroup:
Sequence:
Cause codes (List all that apply. See Workbook for Occurrence Reporting, Appendix F) Integrated Safety and Environment Management System
(ISEMS) review (Select step(s) that should be reviewed to
prevent a similar incident.)
Scope of work
Hazard analysis
Hazard control development and implementation
Work performed within controls
Continuous improvement feedback
Not applicable (as determined by management review)
AUTHORIZING SIGNATURES
(Print and sign.)
Completed by (name, title) (date)
Reviewed by (name, directorate ES&H Coordinator) (date)
Investigation approved by (name, Incident Review and Assistance Team chair)
(date)
Investigation approved by (name, ES&H Director / ES&H Deputy Director)
(date)
Reviewed by (name, Associate Lab Director) (date)
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BFC43501: OSHA
MEMORANDUM
To : Mr Andrew Neary
General Manager, SURIA KLCC
From : Major (R) Mohd Rahim Wahab
Corporate Safety
Date : 2nd
May 2001
Our ref : KLCC/CS/MM/05/010
Subject :FATAL AND SERIOUS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT OCCURRED AT
LEVEL 3, 1 AND CONCOURSE, SURIA KLCC ON 26TH
APRIL 2001 (THURSDAY)
1. Date of Accident/Incident
26th April 2001 (Thursday).
2. Time of Accident
Approximately 0030 a.m.
3. Location
Level 3, 1 and concourse, SURIA KLCC, Kuala Lumpur City Centre, 50088 Kuala Lumpur.
4. Nature of Accident
Fell from height.
5. Particulars of the Deceased
a) Name : Mohammed Nurul Islam d) Passport No : C 0907760
b) Age : 32 years e) Nationality : Bangladeshi
c) Address : RZE Site Office f) Marital status : Married
4-2B Tingkat 2 Wisma Sinar
Jln PDS-1-AU-3 Taman Sepakat , 54200, Ampang Selangor
g) Cause of Death : Face and Head fractures (RZE will arrange for the post-mortem report)
6. Particulars of the Injured
a) Name : Mohd Yasser Bin Megat Hamid d) I/C No. : 830713-02-5949
b) Age : 18 years e) Nationality : Malaysian
c) Address : Kg Tanah Merah, Mukim Naga f) Marital status : Bachelor
06000 Jitra Kedah.
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BFC43501: OSHA
7. Witness I :
a) Name : Rusli Bin Mustam d) Passport : 691129
b) Age : 32 years e) Nationality : Indonesian
c) Address : No: 1138 Jln Abu Samah f) Marital Status : Married Kg
Pasir, Ulu Kelang, Selangor
8. Witness II:
a) Name : Ramli Bin Johari d) I/C No. : 630329-01-5133
b) Age : 38 years e) Nationality : Malaysian
c) Address : 4-2B Tingkat 2 Wisma Sinar f) Marital status : Married
Jln PDS-1-AU-3 Taman Sepakat
54200, Ampang Selangor
9. Methodology
This is an internal investigation and was conducted on 28th April 2001 (Saturday) from 10.00 a.m - 3.30 p.m at KLCC
Corporate Safety Office by the following Officers:-
1. Major (R) Mohd Rahim Wahab - KLCC (Holdings) Bhd Corp. Safety Dept. - Chairman
2. Major (R) Anuar Itam - SURIA KLCC Sdn Bhd - Member
3. En. Shuib Ibrahim - KLCC Urusharta Sdn Bhd - Member
The above members also visited the scene of incident at Ampang Mall levels 3, 1 and concourse, SURIA KLCC and
interviewed few workers who worked near-by the incident area.
10. Objective
The objective of the investigation is to find fact and the root cause as to why and how the incident happened and also to
advise SURIA KLCC Management to take corrective action in order to prevent the same incident from recurring.
11. Facts of the Case
The management of SURIA KLCC awarded the work to RZE Construction & Renovation to repair leaked ceiling at level 3
above rotunda adjacent to the escalator where the incident happened.
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BFC43501: OSHA
On 25th April 2001 at about 10.00 p.m. a group of workers from RZE Construction & Renovation were working at level 3
SURIA KLCC. Prior to work commencement, they erected the temporary scaffolding without supervision of a competent
scaffold erector. On completion of one and half frame erection, they extended the scaffolding ledger to enable them to lay a
wood plank on it to be used as a working platform.
At approximately 0030 a.m on 26th April 2001, an incident was reported that 2 workers fell from level 3 to level 1 and
concourse. The deceased known as Mohammed Nurul Islam had fallen and landed on concourse level in Delifrance Cafe
external seating area. He was reported dead.
The injured person on the other hand was Mohd Yasser who fell and hit the escalator external wall and bounced back and
finally landed at level 1 in the rotunda area. He had head injuries and semi conscious and was sent to Hospital Kuala
Lumpur by Red Crescent ambulance for immediate medical treatment and was discharged on the same day.
Police was called in for their necessary action immediately after the incident. DOSH office was informed via JKKP 107
form which was submitted in the morning by the immediate employer (RZE Construction & Renovation). Corporate Safety
department of KLCC (Holdings) Bhd was also informed and requested to conduct the investigation of the incident by
SURIA KLCC.
12. Investigations
a) From interviews conducted on the witnesses and the inspection of the incident areas, the investigation committee
found that the deceased was quite a safety ignorant worker. The deceased was reminded by his colleagues to put on
safety gears before climbing the scaffolding. However, he responded to his colleagues `Kamu semua takut mati
(you all so scared to die). This confirmed that he was not concerned about his personal safety.
b) The extension of half frame of the scaffold was not secured properly with the locking pin. (This caused the top half
frame of the scaffold to tilt).
c) Wooden plank used for working platform was not wide enough to comply with KLCC standard. KLCC standard is
minimum 640 mm wide.
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BFC43501: OSHA
13. Opinions of Investigation Team Members
This incident should not have happened if proper safety precaution had been taken prior to works commencement and
adherence to the procedures laid town in KLCC Safety Rules and Regulations. After installing the scaffold, the deceased
who was the most senior worker in the group, should have ensured the following measures were taken:-
a) Condition of the scaffold and safety of workers working on it.
b) Ensure workers who climb the scaffold shall wear safety belt and secured to a substantial object.
c) Timber planks used as a working platform must be secured and close-boarded minimum 640 mm wide.
14. Recommendations
To prevent the similar incident from recurring, committee recommended to SURIA KLCC Management to take the
following remedial and preventive actions:-
a) SURIA KLCC to send maintenance supervisor and any other relevant personnel to attend scaffolding training with
NIOSH and to register with DOSH. This will enable him to check any deficiency/discrepancies of contractors
scaffolding work.
b) Ensure identified contractors posses Safety Policy and Safe Working Procedure before letter of award is released.
c) Ensure that contractors comply to Work and Hot Work Permit System as practiced by KLCC.
d) All works exposed to risk shall be regularly checked and closely monitored by the contractors competent
supervisors to the related job.
e) Ensure that contractor conduct Safety Induction training for their workers and recorded before the commencement
of works.
f) Ensure contractor provides necessary safety gears (Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) ) to their workers and
record it.
g) Ensure contractor provides insurance coverage for workers.
h) The above requirement shall be included in the Bidders Quotation.
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BFC43501: OSHA
15. Conclusion
Incident can be avoided if proper preventive measures are taken with full cooperation from everyone to prevent the above
incident. KLCC (Holdings) Bhd and SURIA KLCC Management have committed to Zero Loss Time Injury and have for
this purpose produced safety/incident preventive measures in appropriate procedures. However the contractors and workers
shall also implement procedures for their own good otherwise the procedures will remain good only on paper. The middle
management shall regularly promote Safety Awareness Programme for workers by giving them regular safety talk.
By doing this workers will realise the importance of safety and in the end improving their behavior, attitude and mentality
towards safety.
We are of the opinion that this incident occurred due to Human Errors
Prepared and concluded this 30th April 2001.
MAJOR (R) MOHD RAHIM WAHAB
Chairman, Investigation Committee
c.c: Yg Bhg Tan Sri Dato Ir Hj Omar Ibrahim Mr S Sen Gupta
Pn Arlida Ariff
Tn Hj Yusof Johor Ali
Mr Murali Menon
Major (R) Anuar Itam
Major (R) Zainudin Abu Bakar
En Shuib Ibrahim
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BFC43501: OSHA