orion-standard training manual

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12012 Version 17April

Contents

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7

1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation ............................................................ ............................................... 10

1.3 Overview of the User Interface ........................................................ ................................................................. .............. 11

1.4 Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart ......................................................................................................... ...... 12

1.5 Graphic Editor - General Principles ............................................................. .............................................................. ...... 131.5.1 Selecting single and / or multiple members ................................................................................................................ 131.5.2 Update - Editing a member .......................................................................................................................................... 141.5.3 DeletionSingle / Multiple members ......................................................................................................................... 141.5.4 DeletionSelective deletion from a group of members ......................................................... .................................... 151.5.5 Object Snapping (Osnaps) ............................................................. ................................................................. .............. 151.5.6 Basic View/Zoom functions ........................................................... ................................................................. .............. 16

2.0 Building the Model ................................................................................................................. 17

2.1 Getting StartedProject Parameters & Settings ........................................................................................................... 192.1.1 Exercise aims ................................................................................................................................................................ 192.1.2 Launching Orion ........................................................................................................................................................... 192.1.3 Creating a New Project ................................................................................................................................................ 202.1.4 Settings Centre ........................................................ ................................................................. .................................... 202.1.5 Drawing Sheet Selection .............................................................................................................................................. 212.1.6 Inserting Storey Height ................................................................................................................................................ 22

2.2 Creating Axes .................................................................................................................................................................. 232.2.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 232.2.2 Establishing Axis Directions and Labels ............................................................... ......................................................... 23

2.2.3 Osnap methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 252.2.4 Pick methods ........................................................... ................................................................. .................................... 252.2.5 Editing Axes ............................................................. ................................................................. .................................... 252.2.6 Selecting/Stretching Multiple Axes .......................................................... .............................................................. ...... 272.2.7 Creating Axes Individually ............................................................................................................................................ 28

2.3 Creating Columns ....................................................... ................................................................. .................................... 292.3.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 292.3.2 The Properties and Options with Columns .................................................................................................................. 292.3.3 Creating Rectangular Columns ............................................................................................................ ......................... 322.3.4 Inserting Multiple Columns ................................................................................................................. ......................... 342.3.5 Creating Circular Columns ............................................................ ................................................................. .............. 382.3.6 Using the Polyline Column Editor ............................................................. .............................................................. ...... 38

2.4 Creating Shear Walls ....................................................................................................................................................... 402.4.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 402.4.2 Overview of Options .................................................................................................................................................... 402.4.3 Creating a Core Wall .................................................................................................................................................... 42

2.5 Creating Beams ............................................................................................................................................................... 432.5.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 432.5.2 Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams.......................................................................................................................... 432.5.3 Inserting the rest of the 1st Storey Beams ......................................................... .......................................................... 47

2.6 Creating Slabs ................................................................................................................................................................. 492.6.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 49

2.6.2 Creating 2 Way Spanning Slabs ..................................................................................... ............................................... 492.6.3 Setting Slab Types Automatically ................................................................................................................................. 53


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2.6.4 Creating Cantilever Slabs ............................................................................................................................................. 542.6.5 Additional Slab Information ......................................................................................................................................... 56

2.7 Member Re-Labelling ..................................................................................................................................................... 572.7.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 572.7.2 Changing the member labels ....................................................................................................................................... 57

2.8 Using Tables to Edit Multiple Members ......................................................................................................................... 582.8.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 582.8.2 Changing Properties of Multiple Members ................................................................................................................. 582.8.3 Changing Properties of One Member in the table only ............................................................................................... 59

2.9 Wall Loads and Additional Beam Loads ............................................................. ............................................................. 602.9.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 602.9.2 Apply Beam Wall Loads ................................................................................................................................................ 602.9.3 Apply Additional Beam Loads ...................................................................................................................................... 62

2.10 Generating a 3D View of the Model and Creating Additional Storeys ........................................................................... 652.10.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 652.10.2 Generating/Manipulating a 3D View ........................................................................................................................... 65

2.10.3 Inserting Additional Floors ........................................................................................................................................... 672.10.4 Copying Floor Data to Other Floors ............................................................................................................................. 682.10.5 Moving between Storeys ............................................................................................................................................. 682.10.6 Editing the Roof ........................................................................................................................................................... 692.10.7 Editing the Storey Height ............................................................................................................................................. 692.10.8 Specifying Imposed Load Reductions for Each Floor ................................................................................................... 70

3.0 Analysing the Structure ........................................................................................................... 71

3.1 Pre-Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 733.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 733.1.2 Pre-Analysis Tab - Parameters, Loading and Materials ............................................................................................... 733.1.3 Model Options TabModel Analysis Settings ............................................................................................................ 80

3.2 Performing the Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 823.2.1 Checking the notional lateral loads ............................................................................................................................. 84

3.3 Post-Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 863.3.1 Cross Checking the Analysis Result .............................................................................................................................. 863.3.2 Model and Analysis Results Display ............................................................................................................................. 883.3.3 Analysis Output Reports (for information only) .......................................................................................................... 92

4.0 Beam Reinforcement .............................................................................................................. 97

4.1 Beam Reinforcement Design .......................................................................................................................................... 994.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................... 994.1.2 Beam Design Settings and Parameters ........................................................................................................................ 99

4.2 Designing all Beams using Batch Mode .......................................................................................................................... 994.2.1 Graphical Review of Passing / Failing Members ........................................................................................................ 101

4.3 Interactive Beam Design ............................................................................................................................................... 1024.3.1 Utilisation Ratios ........................................................................................................................................................ 1024.3.2 The Axis and Beam Information Editor ...................................................................................................................... 1034.3.3 The Reinforcement Data Screen ................................................................................................................................ 1044.3.4 Beam Detail Drawings ................................................................................................................................................ 1044.3.5 Standard Bar Patterns ................................................................................................................................................ 1054.3.6 Modifying the Number and Size of Bars .................................................................................................................... 1064.3.7 Bar Layers ................................................................................................................................................................... 1064.3.8 Modifying bar curtailment ......................................................................................................................................... 1084.3.9 Beam Loading and Force Diagrams ................................................................ ............................................................ 108

4.4 Creating the Beam Elevation Drawings ........................................................................................................................ 110


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4.4.1 Putting All Beams onto a Single Sheet Automatically .................................................................................... ............ 110

5.0 Column and Wall Reinforcement........................................................................................... 111

5.1 Column &b Wall Reinforcement Design ....................................................................................................................... 1135.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 1135.1.2 Column Design Settings and Parameters .................................................................................................... ............... 113

5.2 Designing all Columns using Batch Mode ........................................................................ ............................................. 1135.2.1 Creating a Column Schedule ...................................................................................................................................... 1155.2.2 Creating a Column Output Report ............................................................................................................................. 1165.2.3 Creating a Foundation Loads Report.......................................................................................................................... 118

5.3 Interactive Column Design ............................................................... ................................................................. ............ 1195.3.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 1195.3.2 Understanding the Column Design Editor.................................................................................................................. 1195.3.3 Designing Rectangular Column .................................................................................................................................. 1215.3.4 Column Slenderness ........................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 1235.3.5 Column Interaction Diagrams .................................................................................................................................... 1245.3.6 Fixing the Bar Layout .......................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 125

5.3.7 Link Arrangement ............................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 1265.3.8 Shear Design............................................................................................................................................................... 1275.3.9 Biaxial bending vs. BS 8.1.1.0-Cl 3.8.4.5 design ......................................................................................................... 127

5.4 Designing a Wall............................................................................................................................................................ 128

6.0 Slab Design ........................................................................................................................... 133

6.1 Slab Design and Detailing.............................................................................................................................................. 1356.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 1356.1.2 Slab Design Settings ................................................................................................................................................... 1356.1.3 Member and Steel Bar Label Templates (Additional Info. Only)................................................................................ 136

6.2 Create Slab Reinforcement Strips ................................................................................................................................. 137

6.2.1 Filtering the Display of Slab Reinforcement (for information only) ........................................................................... 1396.3 Editing the Bar Layout ....................................................................................................... ............................................. 139

6.4 Creating Slab Output ............................................................. ................................................................. ....................... 1416.4.1 Output for an Individual Slab Strip ........................................................... .............................................................. .... 1416.4.2 Creating a Slab Output Report for the Entire Floor.................................................................................................... 141 6.4.3 Table of Quantities ................................................................................................................... .................................. 142

7.0 Flat Slabs .............................................................................................................................. 143

7.1 Flat slabs ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1457.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 145

7.2 Creating the Flat Slabs in the Model ............................................................................................................................. 145

7.2.1 Inserting the Slabs .............................................................. ................................................................. ....................... 1467.3 Creating Slab Loads and Openings .............................................................. ................................................................. . 1487.3.1 Slab Loads................................................................................................................................................................... 1487.3.2 Slab Openings .......................................................... ................................................................. .................................. 150

7.4 Creating Additional Storeys .......................................................................................................................................... 1517.4.1 Storey Information ..................................................................................................................................................... 151

8.0 Building Analysis for Flat Slab ............................................................................................... 153

8.1 Building Analysis for Flat Slabs ......................................................... ................................................................. ............ 1558.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 1558.1.2 Model Options Settings ...................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 1558.1.3

Pre-AnalysisBuilding Model Check ................................................................. ........................................................ 156

8.2 Performing the Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 157


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8.2.1 Building Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 1578.2.2 Checking the notional horizontal forces .................................................................................................................... 158

8.3 Post-Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................. 1598.3.1 Cross Checking the Analysis Result ............................................................................................................................ 1598.3.2 Model and Analysis Results Display ........................................................................................................... ................ 160

9.0 Load Chase Down .................................................................................................................. 163

9.1 Gravity Load Chase Down Using FE Analysis ................................................................................................................ 1659.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 1659.1.2 Finite Element Model Generation Options ................................................................................................................ 165

9.2 Generating/Performing the FE Analysis Model ............................................................................................................ 1699.2.1 Creating the FE mesh for Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 1699.2.2 Performing the Batch FE Load Chase Down............................................................................................................... 171

9.3 Cross checking the Finite Element Results ................................................................................................................... 175

10.0 Flat Slab ................................................................................................................................ 177

10.1 Designing the Flat Slab ................................................................................................................................................. 17910.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 17910.1.2 Finite ElementPost Processing Settings ................................................................................................................. 179

10.2 Floor Analysis Post Processing ...................................................................................................................................... 18010.2.1 Deflection Plots .......................................................................................................................................................... 18010.2.2 Loading and Effects Toolbars ..................................................................................................................................... 18110.2.3 Loading and Effects ........................................................ ................................................................. ........................... 18210.2.4 Setting the Concrete Effective Depth ........................................................................................................................ 18410.2.5 Bottom Steel Reinforcement Provision ..................................................................................................................... 18510.2.6 Creating the User Defined Contours (bottom steel) ............................................................ ...................................... 18610.2.7 Creating the User Defined Contours (top steel) ........................................................................................................ 187

10.3 Exporting and Displaying Contours ......................................................... ................................................................. ..... 189

10.4 Exporting to DXF (for information) ............................................................................................................................... 190

10.5 Designing the Columns/Walls ....................................................................................................................................... 191

11.0 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 193

11.1 Wind Loads ................................................................................................................................................................... 19511.1.1 Specifying Wind Combinations .................................................................................................................................. 19511.1.2 Applying a Single Wind Load to Each Floor ................................................................................................................ 19611.1.3 Applying Wind Loads directly to Columns & Walls .................................................................................................... 200

12.0 Appendix B ........................................................................................................................... 203

12.1 Beam Design Settings and Detailing ............................................................................................................................. 205

12.1.1 The Design Tab ............................................................... ................................................................. ........................... 20512.1.2 The Parameters Tab ................................................................................................................................................... 20612.1.3 The Bar Selection Tab ................................................................................................................................................ 20612.1.4 The Curtailment Tab .................................................................................................................................................. 20812.1.5 The Detailing Tab ....................................................................................................................................................... 20912.1.6 The Layers Tab ........................................................................................................................................................... 21012.1.7 Manually Creating Drawing Sheets ............................................................................................................................ 210

13.0 Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 213

13.1 Column Design Settings and Detailing ............................................................... ........................................................... 21513.1.1 The Design Tab ............................................................... ................................................................. ........................... 21513.1.2 The Steel Bars Tab ...................................................................................................................................................... 216

13.1.3 The Detail Drawings Tab ............................................................................................................................................ 21913.1.4 To Rationalise the Steel Bars in Individual Columns .................................................................................................. 221


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13.2 To Rationalise the Steel Bars in Multiple Columns ....................................................................................................... 222

13.3 Creating the Column Detail Drawings ......................................................... .............................................................. .... 223

14.0 Appendix D ........................................................................................................................... 227

14.1 Foundation Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 229

14.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 22914.1.2 Foundation Design Settings ....................................................................................................................................... 22914.1.3 Choice of Loading Method ......................................................................................................................................... 230

14.2 Pad Footings.................................................................................................................................................................. 23014.2.1 Pad footing design...................................................................................................................................................... 23014.2.2 Pad Footing Details .................................................................................................................................................... 233

14.3 Strip Footings ................................................................................................................................................................ 23514.3.1 Strip Footing Design ................................................................................................................................................... 23514.3.2 Designing the Foundation Beam ................................................................................... ............................................. 238

14.4 Raft Foundation Design ................................................................................................................................................ 240

15.0 Appendix E ........................................................................................................................... 243

15.1 Load Combinations and the Loading Generator ........................................................................................................... 24515.1.1 The Loading Generator .............................................................................................................................................. 245

16.0 Appendix F ........................................................................................................................... 251

16.1 Report Manager ......................................................... ................................................................. .................................. 25316.1.1 Concrete and Form Estimation Reports ..................................................................................................................... 25316.1.2 Report Manager ...................................................... ................................................................. .................................. 254

17.0 Appendix G ........................................................................................................................... 255

17.1 Polyline Column Editor ................................................................................................................................................. 25717.1.1 Creating an L-shaped column. ................................................................. ............................................................... .... 257

18.0 Appendix H ........................................................................................................................... 261

18.1 Slab Design using FE Analysis ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 26318.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 26318.1.2 Creating FE Slab Strips ........................................................ ................................................................. ....................... 26318.1.3 Finite Element Model Generation ............................................................ .............................................................. .... 26518.1.4 FE Analysis Post Processing ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 26618.1.5 Updating the FE Strips with Reinforcement ....................................................... ........................................................ 269

19.0 Appendix I ............................................................................................................................ 271

19.1 Enhancing the General Arrangement Drawings ........................................................................................................... 27319.1.1 Exercise Aims ............................................................................................................................................................. 273

19.1.2 Dimensioning the Grid Spacing ........................................................................................................... ....................... 27319.1.3 Dimensioning up the Cantilever Slabs........................................................................................................................ 27619.1.4 Shrinking Axes and Setting Unused Axes to Ghost .................................................................. .................................. 27719.1.5 Creating Slab Section Views ............................................................................... ........................................................ 278

20.0 Appendix J ............................................................................................................................ 281

20.1 Orion Data File Structure and Project Settings ............................................................................................................. 283 20.1.1 Project Settings .......................................................................................................................................................... 284


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7

Introduction

Background

2012 Version 17.0April

1.0Introduction


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Introduction

Background


1.1 BackgroundOrion is developed for the analysis, design and drafting of Concrete Building Stuctures. Unlike general purpose structural

analysis programs, Orion is concentrated on accurate analysis, fast data preparation, automated reinforced concrete design

and automated preparation of engineering drawings and details.Building systems have the following common structural features:

Geometry of a building system generally formed principly by horizontal beams and vertical columns.

Most of the time, the column and beam elements have similar cross-sections so that standard section types can be formed.

The in-plane stiffness of the floor slabs is considered to be high, forming rigid diaphragms at each floor level.

Applied loads are either in vertical (dead and imposed loads) or horizontal (wind, soil pressure or earthquake) directions.

There will often be repetition (in whole or in part) of floor layouts from one level to the next.

General arrangement drawings (GAs) are somewhat stylised, but given the constrained area of application outlined above,

the system allows the model to be described by the development of GA drawings at each floor level. Even that process is

further simplified since beams etc are dealt with as coherant objects, not just lines. The more simplistic centre line analysis

model is automatically created in background at the same time. For example, in reality, 300 wide beams and 400 square

columns along an external elevation may be arranged with the outside faces flush which would mean that their true centre

lines are not aligned. It would be common practice to ignore this degree of mis-alignment for analysis purposes. Orion will

not un-necessarily complicate the analysis model.

In additiondifferent preferences can be held and automatically used for analysis and design purposes. For example, beam

flanges can be ignored in the analysis but then utilised for reinforcement design (sagging moments only) without any re-

modelling.

In summary, an Orion model allows you to

Create GA drawings

Design the Floor Slabs, and de-compose floor loads onto beams.

Analyse the building frame

Design continuous beams, columns. walls, and foundations (pad, strip and raft)

Automatically generate RC detail drawings.

Note that analysis and design results are represented so that the reports look like a "Building Output" by classifying the

members as columns, walls, slabs and beams with the same notations used in the floor plans.


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Introduction

Important Notes Regarding This Documentation


1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation

This document is primarily intended to accompany a formal training course. However, it has been decided that it will be

distributed with the software as an alternative means of getting started. If you are using this document and have notattended a course you will still find it very informative but we ask that you note the following:

Each part builds on the last so you need to work from start to finish.

In many places the notes will simply say Set up the options/settings like this. Within the notes there is little

discussion of what effect alternative selections would have. This is the sort of additional information that would be

covered during discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions.

The introduction above gives an indication that you will need to develop an appreciation of the distinction between

physical, analysis, and design models. Once again, this is the sort of additional information that would be covered

during discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions.

In particular, time should be put aside towards the end of the formal training to allow you to further discuss theabove and also investigate how you can set up Orion so that it works as closely as possible in accordance with your

standards/requirements.


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Introduction

Overview of the User Interface


1.3 Overview of the User Interface

Some of the various components of the user interface are shown below:

Members

Toolbar

Structure

Tree

Layer

Toolbar

3D ViewPlan View

Form Plan, Detail and

Design Status tabs

Plan/3D View tabs


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Introduction

Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart


1.4 Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart

The following flow chart demonstrates the typical procedure, for analysis and design within Orion. These options are fully

described in the Orion Engineers Handbook

4.1 Beam Design

NO

YES

3a For Flat Slab Construction

Use FE Floor Analysis to create

sub frames per floor, and chase

gravity (only) loads down through

the structure.

These Gravity Loads replace those

from the Buildin Anal sis

4.2 Column/Wall Design 4.3 Slab Design

3. Run Building Analysis

Generates gravity and lateral

design forces for column/walls

and beams

If a Flat Slab?

(or sub frame

approach)

2. Derive Beam Loads

Yield Lines

or

FE decomposition for Beam Loads

Slab design based on tabulated code coefficients1. Build the Model


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Introduction

Graphic Editor - General Principles


1.5 Graphic Editor - General Principles

In a formal training course your tutor will demonstrate these methods to you. If youre working through the notes

independently, you should just read this section and then return to it as necessary when you need to use thefeatures/methods it describes.

1.5.1 Selecting single and / or multiple members

Several entity selection options are available to select single and/or multiple elements for editing. Only visible objects can be

selected using one of the selection methods. The entity selection options are located in the "Edit" drop down and toolbar.

Available entity selection options are:

Select Entity Option

After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, a single element can be selected by simply picking a

point on the entity.

To select a second, and further, object(s) you can press the CTRLkey while picking entities successively. If a selected elementis picked again, then it will be de-selected.

Window/Crossing Selections

After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, multiple elements can be selected by enclosing them in a

selection window. A selection window is a rectangular area that is defined in the drawing area by dragging two opposite

corners.

Two types of window selection are available. "Select Entity (Window)"option selects entities that are entirely within the

selection area. "Select Entity (Crossing)"option select entities within and entities crossing the edges of the selection area.

"Select Entity (Window)" is performed by clicking and dragging from left to right as shown below.

"Select Entity (Window)" selects Column 1C1 only.

"Select Entity (Crossing)" is performed by clicking and dragging from right to left: By reversing the 1st

and 2nd

points in the

diagram above, Axes "A" and "1", Column 1C1, Beams 1B1 and 1B4 and Slab 1S1 would be selected.

Fence Selection

Fence is a line that selects all entities that it crosses.

To perform "Select Entity (Fence)" hold down the SHIFTkey and drag a line that crosses all elements that are intended for

the selection set.

This option is useful when a set of non-orthogonal entities are to be selected.

1st

Point

2nd

Point


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Introduction



"Select Entity (Fence)" selects Axes "A" and "B".

1.5.2 Update - Editing a member

For example, in order to edit an existing beam:

1. Select an existing beam.

2.

Right mouse click and choose Properties

3. Change the values/settings as required

4.

Press the "Update" button in the properties window.

The same process applies to all element types. You can edit multiple beams/columns/walls etc by selecting the elements you

need to edit and following the same steps as above. You can edit all elements of a particular element type by using the

member tables from the Member drop down menu.

1.5.3 DeletionSingle / Multiple members

To delete an element, you must first select it and then do one of the following:

1.

Press the "Delete" button on your keyboard

2. Right mouse click and choose Delete from the context menu.

1stPoint

2n

Point


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1.5.4 DeletionSelective deletion from a group of members

For example, in order to delete all the slabs from within a selection window:

1. Perform a window selection (as described earlier) to select an area of a model

2.

Press the "Delete" button on your keyboard or right mouse click and choose

Delete

3.

From the "Element Filters" check "Slabs" only

4.

Click OK

This will just delete the selected slabs and will leave all other selected elements in the

model.

1.5.5 Object Snapping (Osnaps)

The cursor can be made to snap on to the endpoint, midpoint of an

individual line or intersection of two lines etc. to assist in creating axes,

dimensioning or other positioning commands. You can set the default

settings by selecting Object Snap Settings from under the Edit drop

down menu.


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1.5.6 Basic View/Zoom functions

The Graphical Editor provides several ways to control the display of the drawing in the drawing area. You can zoom to change

the magnification or pan to reposition the view in the drawing area. All display control options are located in the "View" drop

down and the toolbar.

The following options are available:

Regen

The "Regen" command re-generates all drawing entities using stored geometry information. This command is slightly time

consuming than the redraw function.

Zoom Window

You can quickly zoom in on an area by picking the opposite corners of the zoom window defining it.

After selecting the "Zoom Window" option, specify the opposite corners of the zoom window in the drawing area by dragging

two points.

Zoom Previous

All zoom operations are stored. So, anytime, a previous display can be recalled using the "Zoom Previous" option.

Zoom Extents

"Zoom Extents" displays a view that includes all objects in the current storey at the highest magnification that will fit in the

drawing area.

Zoom Limits

"Zoom Limits" displays a view that includes all objects contained within the active sheet borders at the highest magnification

that will fit in the drawing area.

Pan

After selecting the "Pan" option, you can pan the drawing image to a new location by left clicking and dragging from one

point to another.

This function can also be achieved by depressing the scroll wheel on your mouse and then moving the cursor around the

screen.

Zoom In (20%) and Zoom Out (20%)

"Zoom In (20%)" increases the magnification of the current view by 20% and "Zoom Out (20%)" decreases the magnificationby a similar amount. This option can be used to quickly zoom in and out to the centre of the current view.

This function can also be achieved by using the scroll wheel on your mouse. The Zoom will be focussed on wherever the

cursor is placed on the screen.


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Building the Model


2.0Building the Model

Modelling Fundamentals


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Building the Model

Getting StartedProject Parameters & Settings


2.1 Getting StartedProject Parameters & Settings

2.1.1 Exercise aims

Launching Orion software

Entering Project Code

Selecting a Template (Settings Centre)

Selecting Drawing Sheet

Entering Storey Height

Specifying some Program Design Settings

The object of this exercise is to familiarise you on how to start a new project in Orion and how to input some basic project

parameters.

2.1.2 Launching Orion

Open Orionso a screen similar to the following appears.


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Building the Model



2.1.3 Creating a New Project

Click New Project

Enter a Project Code. Type the code as shown using the _ character to denote spaces.

Then ClickOK

This will automatically create a folder called Training_Course_Model_1 beneath the default data folder shown on the

previous page. This will be used for storing all the model data.

2.1.4 Settings Centre

The next window to appear is the Settings Centre. Orion allows you to use Templates which contain preferred settings

and parameters in a range of areas within the program. These can be swapped between projects and used to set up new

projects quickly and easily with the settings you want.

Select UK (BS8110)on the left hand side and click Import.

Note: For the purposes of this course, we will just select one of the default templates. For more information on how to

create and edit templates and how to fully utilise the Settings Centre, please refer to the Orion Helpdocument from

under the Helpmenu.


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Building the Model



2.1.5 Drawing Sheet Selection

Orion has the unique ability to create working drawings from the design data. After having entered the project parameters

the drawing sheet selection dialog box will automatically appear.

Click on the drop down arrowto see the various sheet sizes available, pick A0then clickOK.

Note:You can enter your own sheet size in the width and height box if your required size is not available. You can also

change the drawing and detail scales from this dialog.

Note:The sheet origin (0,0) is located at the lower left corner of the drawing sheet. If after creating your model, you find

it is too close to the edge of the sheet, you can reposition it by clicking on the Sheet Originbutton.


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2.1.6 Inserting Storey Height

The next dialog prompts for the Storey heightfor the 1st

storey

Enter the storey height as 3300mmas shown below then clickOK.

After entering the 1st

storey height, the main drawing area (Graphical Editor) appears.

Orion is now fully open and ready for our model to be created.


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Building the Model

Creating Axes


2.2 Creating Axes

2.2.1 Exercise Aims

Understanding Axis Directions

Using the Orthogonal Axis Generator

Rotating & Stretching Axes

Selecting Multiple Axes

2.2.2 Establishing Axis Directions and Labels

Now we will begin to create the axes.

Pick Orthogonal Axis Generator from the File menu.

Note the text that is displayed at the bottom of the screen. This is prompting you how to proceed.

Hold down the Ctrl key while picking a point in the lower left hand region of the drawing sheet.

After picking the reference point the Orthogonal Axis Generatorscreen should appear.

Fill in the boxes on the Orthogonal Axis Generator as below.

Note: You could now click on the screen to define the co-ordinates of the reference point, however to ensure it has a

sensible (i.e. whole number) offset from the origin hold down the Ctrl key on your keyboard while picking a reference

point.


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Click on OK, the axes should appear as follows.

Plan View in Orion 2D Model

X axis (0 degrees)

Y axis (90 degrees)Dir 1 - +/- 45 degrees

of the X axis

Dir 2 +/- 45 degrees

of the Y axisDir 1

Dir 2

Note:The Orthogonal Axis Generator will create Direction 1axes horizontallyand give them Alphabetical labels,

Direction 2axes will be created verticallywith numeric labels. It is worthwhile maintaining a convention so that the same

axis directions are applied in all models. We would suggest all axes within +/- 45 degrees of the horizontal be assigned

direction 1 and all axes within +/- 45 degrees of the vertical be assigned direction 2.


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2.2.3 Osnap methods

The cursor can be made to snap onto the endpoint, or midpoint of an

individual line or intersection of two lines etc. This will assist in creating

axes or dimensioning or other positioning commands. Default Osnap

Settings can be switched on in the Edit drop down and the toolbar.

From the Edit menu choose Object Snap Settings and ensure the

Intersection, EndPoint and MidPointOsnaps are switched on. Then

click on OK.

The Osnaps you have specified become active when using either the Axis or

Dimension commands.

2.2.4 Pick methods

The last axis to be drawn was Axis 6. Therefore, this is the currently selected axis and is shown as a solid blue line.

The Structure Tree View also indicates the selected axis. Provided that the Pick icon is active on the members

toolbar it is possible to select a different axis by left clicking on it.

To select several axes at the same time hold down the Ctrlkey whilst picking the axes. The solid blue line indicates the last

axis selected, the other axes that have been selected can be identified by the small squares or gripsthat appear at the ends

of the axes.

The selected axes are also indicated in the Structure Tree View. Clicking on the axis label in the tree view also selects an axis.Holding down the Ctrlbutton whilst clicking in the Tree View, also allows the selection of multiple axes.

2.2.5 Editing Axes

Clear any previous axis selections by clicking on the Clear Selection Seticon

Then use either of the pick methods to select only Axis 5.

With this axis selected, right click to activate the context sensitive pop up menuas shown.

Note: The commands available on the pop-up menu will vary depending on what is selected.


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The pop up menu allows the selected axis to be edited in a number of ways.

Choose Rotate Axis

Then follow the prompt at the bottom of the screen.

Change theAnglein theAxis Propertiesto 95degrees

Pick the base of rotation by clicking on the intersection of axis A and 5. Provided you have set up Osnaps,the cursor should snap to the exact intersection.

The axis should then appear rotated as shown below.


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Repeat this procedure to rotate axis Fby 10degrees about the intersection of axes F and 1.

The axes should then appear as follows:

2.2.6 Selecting/Stretching Multiple Axes

Next we will stretch all the vertical axesso that they all extend above axis F.

From the Edit menu choose Select Entity (Fence)and then drag a line between Axis E & F through all the

vertical axes so they are all selected.

Right mouse click to bring up the pop-up menu and pick Stretch Axis

Click and Hold with your left mouse button near Axis 6and drag uppast Axis F.

The screen should now look as shown below.

Help?? If you cant recall how to do the above:

Click the Pick icon

Click on Axis Fto select it.Right mouse click and choose Rotate Axis

Type in the angleas 10

Click on the Osnap intersection of axis F and 1


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2.2.7 Creating Axes Individually

In the training example it has been possible to create all the Axis Lines using the Orthogonal Axis Generator so it will not be

necessary to create axes individually, however there will be many occasions in other models when you will need to add

individual axes to an existing grid layout. There are two ways to achieve this:

Either;

1. Create a new line parallel to an existing axis. To do this, select an existing grid line then right click to activate the

context sensitive pop up menu. Choose Offset Axis.Define the offset and the label for the new axis and then left

mouse click to one side of the initially selected axis to indicate the side where the new axis is to be drawn.

2. Create a new line by using the Axis Tool. To do this, select the Axis Tool from the Members Toolbar.

Define the new label, then left click and drag to draw the axis. Note that using this method the line is

being drawn free-hand making it difficult to draw the line to an exact angle or length. To rectify this, hold

down the CTRLkey when drawing the line. This forces the angle and length to snap to multiples of the

values shown in the Graphic Editor View SettingsPlan Tab.

With an Angle Stepof 15 deg and a Length Stepof 1000, holding down CTRL will force the axis to snap to an angle of

0,15, or 30 degrees etc. and a length which will be a multiple of 1000mm.


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2.3 Creating Columns

2.3.1 Exercise Aims

Take a look at the different modelling Options

Creating Rectangular & Parallelogram Columns

Inserting Multiple Columns

Creating Circular Column

2.3.2 The Properties and Options with Columns

Having created the grids we will now create the columns. However there are quite a few settings and options with columns

so we will have a brief look at these before proceeding.

Click the Column icon or go to Main Menu and pick Member/Column.

The Column Properties dialog should appear as shown. There are 4 tabs to this dialog.

Insertion Optionsto update the e1and e2

Dir 1/2 button - Indicates the column faces are parallel to which directions (axis). This will be demonstrated within the next

few pages. (Pay attention to the column at grid B / 5)

- Column end conditions options (Fixed / Hinged). Simply click on the button to toggle the end conditions. Note pinned

joints in concrete structures should be used with caution.


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Note: To view the calculated section properties of a column, click on

the Model tab within the Column Propertiesdialog and then click on

the Display Section Properties icon. The calculated properties can be

edited manually by overwriting the zero values shown in the dialog

boxes.

Orion will allow the user to model and analyse column or

wall drop panels. These can then be taken into account for

the Punching Shear Checks.

b1 = width of drop

b2 = length of drop

e1 and e2 = allow the drop to be offset

h-Head = depth of the drop from the top of the slab

i.e. If the slab is 300mm and a h-Head of 600mm is specified

then the drop would project 300mm below the underside of

the slab.


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Support Types > [Default]. The Default support condition is defined in Member > Support Type Definitions. The user can

define additional support conditions for translation / rotation in the x, y and z axis.

(mm) del z (top/bot) The user can define different top and bottom levels for each column relative to the datum, i.e. for a

sloping site.

Plane (top/bot)If a column/wall has been assigned to a Plane (i.e. for a sloping floor) then this Plane is referenced and the

appropriate del zsetting is made inactive.


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2.3.3 Creating Rectangular Columns

We will start by creating some rectangular columns.

The 1stcolumn we will create will be of size 600x300where 600 will be in direction 1. Also these columns are to be parallel tothe grids in both directions 1 and 2.

Click the Dir 1/2 buttonto indicate the column faces are parallel to both directions 1 and 2.

In the dimensions box enter 600in b1and 300in b2

Click the centrally placed column iconfrom the Insertion Optionsto update the e1and e2values as shown to the

right.

The Column Properties should now be as shown below.

Label Corner - Allows the user to define the label position relative to its four corners.

Note: By right clicking on these boxes we can select a dimension from those available instead of typing a value.


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Place the cursor over Grid 1and Grid Bintersection (Note that the axes become highlighted in grey to show which

intersection is being used) and left click to insert the column.

Click on theZoom Window icon or from the Main Menu bar pick View/Zoom Window

Then box around the GridsA-B/1-3to see the inserted column.

Click theZoom Limits icon to see the limits of the drawing sheet.

Now enter another column of the same size at Grids B/2by positioning the cursor at this grid intersection and left

click the mouse.

Note:All columns must be entered at grid intersections.

Note:The circular symbol labelled with an R indicates the centre of rigidity of the floor plan . As there is currently only

one column on this floor the centre of rigidity is at the centre of the column.


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2.3.4 Inserting Multiple Columns

Multiple columns of the same size can be entered by clicking and keeping the left mouse button held down, and then

dragging along the grid intersectionswhere similar sized columns are to be placed.

Do this along the Grids B/4 5, so your screen should look as shown.

Note: The column at GridB/5is drawn as a parallelogram and is placed parallel to both the grids it is inserted at because the

Dir: [1/2] button was selected. If only Dir: [1] button was selected then the column would be drawn as a rectangle, only

parallel to the grid in direction 1. The reverse applies if the Dir:[2] button is selected.

Now enter the rest of the centrally placed 600x300 columnsat the following Grid Intersections: D/1, D/4, D/5, E/4 &

F/5.


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So your screen should look as follows.

Centrally Placed 600x300 Sized Columns

Now with the properties for the 600x300 column active, use the

Insertion Options to align the column so that its top left corner is

positioned flush with the grids. With the alignment as shown, the

eccentricities should change to e1=0 and e2=300.

Then enter the column at Grid F/1

Click on theZoom Extents icon so your screen should look as

below.


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Members can be nudged into their final position using the keyboard cursor keys.

Using the cursor keys nudge column 1C10 to an eccentricity of e1 = 150mm, e2 = 175mm. (Alternatively type these

eccentricities into the Column Properties dialog and click Update.)

Use the Insertion Optionsagain to align the next column thus so that its right edge is flush with the grid

line. Ensure that Dir: [1/2]is selected and then insert the column at Grid Intersection E/5.

Zoom in to this column and as shown below it should be labelled as 1C11.

Note:The size of step can be controlled via Settings >General Settings, by adjusting the Member Section Eccentricity

Stepon the Viewtab.


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Now enter some square columns of size 350x350 centrally placed at grids and parallel to axis in direction 1 only.

These columns are to be placed at Grids E/1, E/2 & F/3 as shown below.


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2.3.5 Creating Circular Columns

Now we will enter a circular column400mm in diameter.

Type 400 in the b1 boxand leave b2, e1 & e2 as 0, then click on Grid F/4to

enter the circular column.

View of Circular Column 1C15

2.3.6 Using the Polyline Column Editor

This option allows the user to specify any shape column for the analysis and design. Please refer to the Help system for

information on how to use the Polyline Column Editor.

Note:To enter a void in the centre of the column, put a negative value in

the b2 box (i.e. 100mm pipe would be entered as -100).


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All the columns have now been entered. They should be shown positioned at the grid line intersections below:

1st

Storey Column Layout

Hint: Have you missed out any of the columns?

Take a look at the Structure Tree- If your model is correct it should be indicating 15 columnsat this

stage.


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Building the Model

Creating Shear Walls


2.4 Creating Shear Walls

2.4.1 Exercise Aims

Creating C-Shaped Core Wall

2.4.2 Overview of Options

You will see many of the options are similar to the options in the columns dialog but there are a few that refer to walls only.

Ext I Ext J

The geometry of the wall is defined under the Gen

tab. The wall is defined between grid points.

Extension zones (Ext) can also be defined to modelthe physical position of the wall.

Note It is recommended that the extension

zones are kept to a minimum as shown below.

The orientation of the wall is defined by the label

direction. This is controlled automatically by Orion.

In simple terms Ext Irefers to the start of the wall,

and Ext Jto the end.


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Material Properties The choice of material can be controlled on a

wall by wall basis. However it is recommended to use the [Default]

material properties controlled by the Parameter Settings.

It is recommended that changing any material properties in this

window should be done with caution.

(mm) del z (I,bot)The base levels of ends I can be controlled based

off the datum.

(mm) del z (J,bot)The base levels of ends J can be controlled based

off the datum.

This enables sloping base of walls.

Support Type The support Types can be defined as per thecolumns. It is recommended to use [Default]settings.

Wall Model Type The analytical model for this shear wall can be

controlled on an individual basis. The Mid-Pier and FE Shell Methods

are described fully in the Engineers Handbook.

It is recommended to leave this setting as Default.

Mid Pier Model

FE Shell Model


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2.4.3 Creating a Core Wall

Now we will create a lift core wall which will be 200mm thick and C-shaped.

Pick the Shear Wall iconor go to Member/Shear Wall from the Menu bar.

Enter 200in the b: dimension box, 100in theb2 box and enter 100 in the Ext: I & J boxes. (This is how farthe wall extends past the grids that it is inserted).

Click on the Insertion Options icon and select the wall to be centrally placed on the grid

Insert the wall by clicking and dragging from the start grid C/2 to C/3.

Do the same at Grid D/2 to D/3and Grid C/2 to D/2as shown below.


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Creating Beams


2.5 Creating Beams

2.5.1 Exercise Aims

Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams

Applying Beam Wall / Member Loading

2.5.2 Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams

Pick the Beams icon or go to Member/Beam.

We will first enter some Beams along Grid B/1-6 of size 300x600.

In the Beam Status Bar ensure that dimensionb is 300and the dimension h-bot is 600.

Label The labels will automatically generated in the model, ie.

1B1, 1B2, 1B3 etc.

b - The width of the beam

b2This option determines if the beam is offset in relation to the

grid it is being created. This can be manually applied or by using

the [Default] offsets.

PinnedLeft clicking on the blue beam allows the user to define

pinned end supports, on either / both ends of the beam

h-botThis is the amount you wish for the beam to project below

the slab.

H-topThis is the amount you wish for the beam to project above

the slab.

See diagram below.


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The beam along Grid B/1-6 is to be placed in the centre of Grid B so that the b2 dimension is half of the b dimension,

Ensure this by clicking on the icon this will automatically set the b2 dimension to 150mm as shown above left.

The beam is positioned at Grid B/1-6 by left clicking and dragging from the start of Grid B/1and releasing when your

cursor is at Grid B/6so that 4 beams are entered as shown below.

I / Shear Area / hf / bf and EThese will all be calculated automatically

based on the Material Properties / Beam Size and the connecting slabs for

the calculation of the flanges.

Note:Like the columns, the beams are automatically labelled based on the storey and numbered sequentially as they are

entered.

Orion has automatically split the beam into four individual members between the columns.


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Now enter some more beamsin the following order of same size at the following locations:

From To Beam Size

D/1 D/6 300 x 600

E/1 E/5 300 x 600

2/A 2/C 300 x 600

4/A 4/F 300 x 600

1/A 1/F 300 x 600

5/A 5/F 300 x 600

6/B 6/D 300 x 600

So your screen should look as shown on the next page.


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Note: A beam will not be placed where a wall already exists. A beam was not placed at Grid D/2-3 because of this.

The perimeter beams along the top and bottom edges are only 250mm wide and 800 deep. Enter them as indicated

in the table below ensuring they are placed centrally on the grid:

From To Beam Size

F/1 F/5 250 x 800

A/1 A/5 250 x 800

A *** Slender Section*** warning message should appear, click on OK to accept and your screen should look as

follows.


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Delete the perimeter beam along the bottom edge and then re-enter it as 3 separate beams as indicated in the tablebelow:

From To Beam Size

A/1 A/2 250 x 800

A/2 A/4 250 x 800

A/4 A/5 250 x 800

So your screen should now look as follows.

2.5.3 Inserting the rest of the 1st Storey Beams

Define the rest of the 1st

storey beams centrally on the grid (with the b2 dimension half of the b dimension) as

follows:

From To Beam Size

2/D 2/E 300 x 600

3/E 3/F 300 x 600

C/3 C/5 250 x 600

3/C 3/D 200 x 500

Now your screen should look as shown below:

Note:The perimeter beam at Grid A/1-5has been created as a single beam spanning > 17m and supporting the vertical

beams along grids 2 and 4. It is possible to redefine this part of the model so that the beams along grids 2 and 4 become

cantilevers that support the perimeter beam.


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Hint:

Have you missed out any

of the beams?

Take a look at theStructure Tree- It should

indicate 37 beams.

Note:When you place the beams between C/3 and C/5 you will see a message about sub-dividing these beams with the

beam running along axis 4Click Yes to sub-divide

1st

Storey Beam Layout


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Creating Slabs


2.6 Creating Slabs

2.6.1 Exercise Aims

Creating 2 way spanning Slabs

Creating Cantilever Slabs

2.6.2 Creating 2 Way Spanning Slabs

For Beam and Column construction, slabs can be designed based off the co-efficient method in the code. Other methods of

design are considered later.

Select the Slab iconor from Member/Slab.

We will now enter the slabs at the 1st

storey.

In the Slab Propertiesenter the slab thickness h to be 120and the cover to be 25, all dimensions are in mm.

Then click on the Loads tab and enter an Additional Dead Load of1.2kN/m2 and in the Imp. Load box do a right

mouse clickand select a value of1.5kN/m2.

Enter the 1st

slab by positioning the cursor betweenGrid A-B/1-2, then left click the mouse.

Your 1st

slab 1S1 should appear as below including the yield line for the slab load distribution.

NoteCurrent loading method assumed to be the Yield Line Method

Note: The self weight is calculatedautomatically depending on the slab thickness.

Returning to the Generaltab, click on the Type

box and all the possible Slab Types will appear

in pop up menu as shown below.

The slab type relates to table 3.14 in the code

and is used to obtain correct reinforcement

values, based on the coefficient method. For

ease in creating this model we will initially

leave the Slab Types as 1. Once all the slabs

have been created the program can be made

to automatically calculate the correct type for

each slab.


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Repeat this process to define two more 120 thickslabs as follows:

Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)

A/2B/4 120 1.2 1.5

A/4B/5 120 1.2 1.5

So now your screen should look as follows:

Now enter some 150 thk slabswhich have the same Additional Dead Load as the existing ones but are to have an

Imp. Load of 3kN/m2


C/3D/4 150 1.2 3.0

C/4D/5 150 1.2 3.0

D/4E/5 150 1.2 3.0

E/3F/4 150 1.2 3.0

E/4F/5 150 1.2 3.0

B/5D/6 150 1.2 3.0


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Now enter some 200 thick slabsat the following locations:


B/1D/2 200 1.2 3.0

B/2C/4 200 1.2 3.0

B/4C/5 200 1.2 3.0

D/1E/2 200 1.2 3.0

D/2E/4 200 1.2 3.0

E/1F/3 200 1.2 3.0


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2.6.3 Setting Slab Types Automatically

To automatically set the slab types in accordance with table 3.14 proceed as follows:

Clear any members that are currently selected by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon

Right mouse click on the Slabsfolder in the Structure Treeand select Set Slab Types Automaticallyas shown below

The Slab Type Determinationdialog appears as shown below:

Click on OKto proceed

Click on OKonce more.

NoteFor continuity of the slab type

to be considered, the adjoining slab

edge must be 70% or greater in

length.

Note This message confirms how

many slabs are in the model, how

many of them have openings and

displays the Slab Type that has been

assigned to them.


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2.6.4 Creating Cantilever Slabs

Now we will enter a Cantilever slab

Select the Slab Type 12and enter a thickness for h of 150mm.

Enter the length of the cantilever slab to be 1000 in the L-Cant box, so your

properties window should look as shown to the right.

If you click on theDisplay Slab Label icon so a cross goes through it.

The effect of this is to switch off the label for the slab on the drawing.

As with normal slabs, click on the Loads tab. Ensure the Load values are as

follows: Dead Load 1.2 kN/m, Imp. Load 3kN/m2

You could now insert a cantilever slab along the full length of a beam in the

same way as you would insert a beam or wall

Tip: Click along the RHS of the beam. When clicking from intersection to intersection

click in an anticlockwise direction.

With the cantilever slab properties still active, type the slab width in the b-slab boxas 3000

Ensure that the cantilever length, L-cant, is still1000

In the d box,type the distance from the grid where the slab is to be inserted as 4000. The slab thickness, h, is150

Now click and drag from Grid 3/F to 1/Fso the cantilever slab 1S16is shown as below

Note -Each cantilever slab can only be defined relative to one beam. Therefore, to place a cantilever slab along the side

of a building, you would be required to specify separate slabs for each of the beams along the edge. Also the insertion

points for the beginning and end points of the slab should coincide with those of the beam to which it is adjacent.


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So you can see from this that b-slab controls the widthof the cantilever and d controls how far from the start insertion

point the cantilever slab is positioned. This then allows you to control the size of the cantilever slabs easily.

Hint?? Have you missed out any of the slabs?

Take a look at the Structure Tree - it should be indicating 16 slabs.


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2.6.5 Additional Slab Information

Rel. Level

This allows a step in the slab, however if the relative difference in elevations will cause a separation in diaphragms, then try

using plane definitions.

Slab Additional Load Library

It is possible to set up some default Slab Additional Loadsby going to Member > Slab Additional Loads Library. This allows

you to set what materials are being used for a particular slab area and automatically works out the load this would impart.

These can then be saved and quickly applied as Additional Slab Loadsusing the drop down menu on the Loadstab in the Slab

Propertieswindow.


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Building the Model

Member Re-Labelling


2.7 Member Re-Labelling

2.7.1 Exercise Aims

Re-label all the columns, walls, beams and slabs into a more ordered sequence.

2.7.2 Changing the member labels

Currently the members have been labelled in the order in which they were created. It would be preferable to have them

labelled to reflect their location on the plan.

From the Editmenu select Re-labelMembers.

Choose the options as shown below and then click on OK.

This will re-label all elements in the plan view, but they will still be listed in the same order as they were created in thestructure tree. To have them listed numerically againi.e

orion-standard training manual

Documents