origins of intelligence testing intelligence test a method of assessing an individual’s mental...
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Test a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test
performance devised by Binet chronological age that most
typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at
Stanford University
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
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Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
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Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a
person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a
person has learned
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Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
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Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
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Assessing Intelligence
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison
with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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The Normal Curve
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Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test yields
consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
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Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples
the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades)
that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
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Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts
the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
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Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
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The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below
70 produces difficulty in adapting to the
demands of life varies from mild to profound
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The Dynamics of Intelligence
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Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
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Genetic Influences
Heritability the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
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Genetic Influences
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Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
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Group Differences
The Mental Rotation Test
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard Responses
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Group Differences
Stereotype ThreatA self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype