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Classification of languages by families

http://www.freelang.net/families/index.php

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http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/map_of_europe_with_capitals.png

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I.E. Indo-EuropeanThe Indo-European family of languages

including most languages of Europe, Persia,Afghanistan, and north India, e.g. English,

German, Russian).

P.I.E Proto-Indo-European

The reconstructed ancestor of Indo-

European languages.

http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/ling007.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/chronf.htmlhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/library/ling007.htmlhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/library/ling007.htmlhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/library/ling007.html

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Cognates are words descended from a

common ancestor.

All indo-European languages share

some words that are similar in formand meaning. Both form and meaning

may change with time.

Cognate = of common origin(Latin co- and gntusborn together)

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Sanskrit Greek Latin Gothicbhar- pher- fer- bair-

Indo-European *bher- bear, carry developed into

(Sanskrit: a language of ancient India,

one of the daughters of P.I.E.)

Thus, Sanskrit bhar-, Greek pher- , Latin fer-, Gothic bair-

are all cognates.

Cognates are words descended from a

common ancestor.

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However, cognate words do not necessarilylook alike!

English work and Greek ergon are superficially

unlike each other, but both are developmentsof I.E. *wergom, and are therefore cognates.

Sometimes there is great similarity between

cognate words. For example, Latin ignis and

Sanskrit agnis come from I.E. *egnisfire.

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Cognates are words descended from a common ancestor

Old English heorte hafod niht mnaGerman Herz Haupt Nacht Mond

Old Norse hjarta hfu ntt mni

Gothic hairto haubi nahts mena

Latin cordis caput noctis mnsis

Greek kardi ------- nuktos mn

Russian serdtse ------- noch' mesjats

Lithuanian irdis ------- naktis menuo

Irish cride ------- nocht mi

Sanskrit ------- kapla naktam ms-

I.E *kerd- *kap-ut- *nokwt- *mn(t)-/m(n)s-

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Below are lists of words from 10 Indo-European

languages and a list of their reconstructed I.E. sources.Sort the words into cognate lists .

father, mother, brother, sister, daughter

Old English: broor, dohtor, fder, mdor, sweostar

German: Mutter, Schwester, Vater, Tochter, Bruder

Old Norse: brir, dttir, fir, mir, systirGothic: dauhtar, fadar, broar, swistarLatin: frater, mter, pater, sororGreek: pter, thugatr, phrtr, mtr,

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Below are lists of words from 10 Indo-European

languages and a list of their reconstructed I.E. sources.

Sort the words into cognate lists 2/2

father, mother, brother, sister, daughter

Russian: sestra, mat, do, brat

Lithuanian: mote woman, sesuo, brlis, duktIrish: brthir, mthir, athir, siurSanskrit: bhrtar, pitar-, svasar-, duhitar-, matr-I.E.: *dhughtr, *bhrter-, *mter-, *swesor-,

*ptr-

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Description of I.E language tree:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74_3i53u8so

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRGa__lR0sw&feature=watc

h_response

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74_3i53u8sohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRGa__lR0sw&feature=watch_responsehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRGa__lR0sw&feature=watch_responsehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRGa__lR0sw&feature=watch_responsehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRGa__lR0sw&feature=watch_responsehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74_3i53u8so

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The History of English in 10 Minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rexKqvgPVuA

1. Anglo-Saxon - The History of English (1/10)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9Tfbeqyu2U

2. The Norman Conquest - The History of

English (2/10)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B8TwBrCIEY&feature=re

lmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rexKqvgPVuAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9Tfbeqyu2Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B8TwBrCIEY&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B8TwBrCIEY&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B8TwBrCIEY&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B8TwBrCIEY&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9Tfbeqyu2Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rexKqvgPVuA