Dura Mater•Superficial•Fuses brain to skullArachnoid•Reduces friction•Filled with CSF; shock absorberPia Mater•Very Vascular; needs a lot of oxygen due to high metabolic rate of neurons

1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

3. Midbrain

4. Pons

5. Medulla Oblongata

6. Cerebellum

Gyri: elevated ridgesSulci: furrows

Bridge between Right and Left Hemispheres•Enables Right and Left sides to communicate with each otherProblems“Split Brain” Syndrome

Functions:•Cognition and Memory

•Prefrontal Area: involved with intellect, complex learning abilities and personality; plays a role in mood

•“Gatekeeper” Judgment, critical thinking and reasoning skills

Problems

Memory loss, inability to concentrate, behavior disorder, Inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior

Function:•Motor Strip: Control voluntary motor function•Premotor Cortex: skill area; controls learned motor skills

Gyri: elevated ridgesSulci: furrows

Broca’s area•Left hemisphere•Directs the muscles of tongue, throat and lips when speaking•Becomes active as we plan to speak•Syntax and grammar rules are remembered

Yes the bick. I would say tha the vick daysis nosis or chipickers.

Represents problems with Broca’s area!!

Only found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe

Problems will affect our ability to pronounce words, speaking becomes a problem

Try This!!

Located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Primary Somatosensory Cortex•Process sensory input from skin receptors •Proprioceptors in skeletal muscle; body orientation•Spatial Discrimination – ability to identify the body region being stimulated•Try This!!•Gustatory cortex - tasteProblems•Inability to locate and recognize body parts; disorientation•Can’t discriminate between different sensory stimuli

•Located posterior to Primary Somatosensory Cortex•Major function to analyze different sensory stimuli (temp, pressure•Evaluate what the body is feeling•Try this!!•Different senses are distributed through all lobes

•Auditory Areas – sound waves are interpreted•Association area – defines the sound•Olfactory Cortex – interprets chemical odorsLanguage•Wernicke’s area – called the speech area•Language comprehension•Reading unfamiliar soundsProblems•Hearing problems•Aphasia – inability to speak

Affective Language Area•Regions involved in the nonverbal, emotional pieces of language•Appears to be present in the hemispheres opposite of Broca’s and Wernicke’s area (Right side mirror image)•Voice tone and gestures express your emotions when you speakProblemsMonotone – impairments in this area

Hearing and the Temporal Lobe

Visual Areas•Receives stimuli from eyes•Interprets information from past experiencesProblemsLoss of vision or “seeing stars”Can’t recognize the object you see

Left Hemisphere90% is dominant for Language abilities, logic and math skills

Right Hemisphere90% is involved in visual-spatial skills, emotion, music,poetry, & creativity

Connects to cerebrumIncludes thalamus, hypothalamus, Limbic system and pituitary gland

•Contains relay and processing centers•Relay Station; involved in memory process•Sorts out information, edits•Gateway to cerebrum

Controls Emotions, Hormone productionPleasure CenterRegulates Autonomic NS•Body temperature•Food intake; feeding center•Thirst•Circadian rhythms•Control of Endocrine

(ADH, oxytocin)ProblemsHormonal ImbalancesHypothermiaDiabetes

Emotional brain

•Contains amygdaloid bodies and hippocampus

•Involved with learning, long-term memory and storage

•Linked to emotions: rage, fear, sexual arousal

Problems

H.W. Case Study STM to LTM

Pituitary Gland ->

 •Link between NS and Endocrine system•Produces GH and TSH •Posterior part of gland is a hormone storage area

Primitive Brain•Pathway between lower brain and spinal cord and lower brain and higher brain functions

•Contains 2 pairs of sensory nuclei (Colliculi); Auditory and Visual Reflex Centers I.e. rxns to flashlight or loud noises

•Motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves (III, IV) involved in eye movements

•III Oculomotor – eye movement

•IV Trochlear – rotates eye up and down

•Cerebral Peduncles – descending bundles of nerve fibers

•Contains your RAS center; filter for sensory input (99% of all stimulus is ignored)

Corpus Quadrigemini

Superior Colliculi•Visual Reflex Centers•Associated with Cranial nerve III

Inferior Colliculi•Auditory Reflex•Startle Reflex

Midbrain

Bridge: Connects cerebellum to brain stem; cerebrum and S. cord

Relay Center

Cranial Nerves (V-VIII) are attached here

Respiratory Center – Involuntary Control of pace and depth

Pneumotaxic Center – rapid

Apneustic Center – slow

Problems

Hyperventilation

Connects Brain to S. cord; relays info to Thalamus

Contains major centers for Autonomic Regulation such as HR, Bp, respiration and digestive activities

Cardiac Center – adjusts force and rate of heart beat

Vasomotor Center – regulates BP

Respiratory Center – controls rate and depth of breathing with N. Fdbk loop in pons.

Controls other pleasant body Activities: vomit, hiccupps,, cough, sneeze & gag

•Coordination; fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movement (Sports)•Maintains balance and postureImbalances•Ataxia; Lack of coordination•Tremors•Alcohol – affects motor skills; reaction time