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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 1 (a) Crude oil is the raw material of the petrochemical industry. Describe how crude oil was formed. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The first stage in the processing of crude oil is fractional distillation. The process is illustrated in the diagram below.

(Continued...)

Bottled gas and chemicals Petroleum gases, b.p. 160-40

oC

Diesel oil, b.p. 220-250oC

Fuel oil 350oC

Bitumen

Lubricating oil, b.p. 250-350oC

Kerosene (paraffin), b.p. 150-240oC

Naphtha, b.p. 75-150oC

Gasoline, b.p. 40-75oC

Chemicals

Petrol

Jet fuel

Diesel fuel

Lubricants and chemicals

Fuel for ships

Roads and roofing felt

Vapour of crude oil

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL QUESTIONSHEET 1 CONTINUED (i) Explain how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) From which fraction is petrol obtained? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Which fraction provides the chemical feedstock for the petrochemical industry? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) All of the chemicals in crude oil are hydrocarbons. What are hydrocarbons? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] TOTAL / 10

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 2 Crude oil is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. The process by which it can be separated can be demonstrated in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below.

(a) (i) What is the name for this process of separation? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the purpose of the mineral wool? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In a typical experiment, four different fractions can be collected. The properties of these fractions are summarised below.

fraction b.p. range (oC) viscosity colour how it burns

A up to 80 very low colourless easily clean flame

B 80 to 160 low pale yellow quite easily smoky flame

C 160 to 250 high yellow difficult to light very smoky flame

D 250 to 320 Complete the table. [3]

(c) Suggest, with reasons, which fraction would be used to provide:

(i) fuel for a motor car engine. Fraction ................................................................................................................................................ [1] Reason.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) a lubricating oil. Fraction ................................................................................................................................................. [1] Reason................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 10

delivery tube

cold water

thermometer

crude oil soaked into

mineral wool

clamp

heat

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 3 Many of the hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil belong to the alkane homologous series. (a) What is a hydrocarbon? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) State two general characteristics of any homologous series. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) The first and fourth members of the alkane series are methane, CH4, and butane, C4H10. What is the formula of hexane, the sixth member of the series? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) The atoms of the hydrocarbon, C4H10, can be arranged in two different ways. (i) Draw the structural formulae for the two arrangements of this hydrocarbon. [2] (ii) Which of the two structural formulae you have drawn will have the higher boiling point? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Explain your answer to part (ii). .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] TOTAL / 10

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 4 Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds. In order to convert it into useful products it must pass through a number of processes. (a) One of the products of the first processing stage is naphtha. What is the name of the process by which naphtha is produced? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Naphtha is then subjected to another process that can produce ethene as one of the products. What name is given to this process? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Ethene can be used for a number of other processes, one of which makes poly(ethene). What is the name of this process? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Complete the following structural equation for the formation of poly(ethene). [2] (e) Describe two environmental problems which are associated with the disposal of waste plastics. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 7

H H

C

H H

Cn

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 5 This question is about the alkene, ethene, C2H4, which is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. (a) What is meant by unsaturated? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) What is the general formula of alkenes? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Ethanol can be produced from ethene by direct hydration. C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH Under what conditions is this reaction carried out? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Draw the structural formula of ethanol [1] (e) Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon. Describe a simple test that would enable you to distinguish between ethene and ethane. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (f) Chlorethene (vinyl chloride) can be made from ethene. Chloroethene can be used to produce poly(chloroethene) or PVC. Draw a section of a PVC molecule containing four carbon atoms. [2]

TOTAL / 9

Cl H

C

H H

C

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 6 Cracking is an important process in the petrochemical industry. (a) (i) What are the conditions for carrying out cracking? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Cracking can be demonstrated in the laboratory.

Draw a labelled diagram of an apparatus that would enable you to crack a sample of liquid paraffin and to collect the gaseous product.

[4] (iii) Give one piece of evidence that the product contains smaller molecules than the starting material. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The starting material is said to contain only saturated hydrocarbons, whereas the product will contain unsaturated ones. What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 9

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 7 Ethane is an alkane hydrocarbon. (a) (i) Draw the structural formula of ethane. [1] (ii) Ethane is said to be saturated. What does this term mean? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Why is it not possible to make polymers from ethane? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Poly(butene) can be made from butene. (i) Draw one possible structure of butene. [1] (ii) Draw a section of a poly(butene) having eight carbon atoms. [1] (c) poly(butene) is a thermosoftening plastic. Other plastics may be described as thermosetting. (i) Suggest one use for a thermosetting plastic. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe how a sample of a plastic could be tested to find out whether it is thermosetting or

thermosoftening. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

TOTAL / 9

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

High Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 8 The diagram below shows some of the reactions of ethene, C2H4. (a) Give the names of each of the lettered substances. (i) liquid A ..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) gas B .............................................................................................................................................................................. (iii) catalyst C .............................................................................................................................................................................. (iv) catalyst D .............................................................................................................................................................................. (v) solid E .............................................................................................................................................................................. (vi) liquid F ......................................................................................................................................................................... [6] (b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ethene and steam to form liquid F. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Ethene can be converted into ethane by reaction with gas B in the presence of catalyst C. State one commercial application of this type of reaction. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 9

Liquid A ethane, C2H6

gas B, catalyst C

ethene, C2H4

solid E liquid F

steam, catalyst D

bromine

high pressure, heat, initiator

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 9 The following table gives some data about the first ten members of the alkane homologous series.

name formula boiling point (oC) methane CH4 -161 ethane C2H6 -88 propane C3H8 -42 butane C4H10 0 (i) C5H12 36 hexane C6H14 69 heptane C7H16 octane (ii) 126 nonane C9H20 151 decane C10H22 174

(a) (i) Give the name of the alkane (i), C5H12. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Give the formula of the alkane (ii), octane. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(Continued...)

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

QUESTIONSHEET 9 CONTINUED (b) (i) Plot a graph of boiling point (vertical axis) against number of carbon atoms (horizontal axis) [4]

(Continued...)

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL QUESTIONSHEET 9 CONTINUED (ii) Use the graph to estimate the boiling point of heptane. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) There are three hydrocarbons with the molecular formula, C5H12. (i) Draw the structural formulae of all three hydrocarbons.

[3] TOTAL / 10

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 10 (a) Ethene can be made into poly(ethene). Draw a section of a poly(ethene) molecule containing at least six carbon atoms. [2] (b) Poly(ethene) is a thermsoftening plastic. Draw the structure of a thermosoftening plastic. [2] (c) Explain why poly(ethene) is a good material for use in carrier bags. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) About thirty years ago, most carrier bags were made from paper, whereas most today are made from poly(ethene). Explain why this change has taken place. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 8

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 11 The table below gives some information about monomers and the polymers that are made from them. (a) Complete the table. [2] (b) What structural feature do these monomers have which enables them to be polymerised? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Poly(chloroethene) is used to make coverings for electrical cables. It has replaced the use of rubber. (i) State two properties of poly(chloroethene) that are common to plastics in general, and make it suitable

for this use. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) State two ways in which poly(chloroethene) is better than rubber for this use. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Describe two environmental problems that are associated with the disposal of plastics. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] TOTAL / 9

name and structure of monomer name and structure of polymer

ethene poly(ethene)

chloroethene poly(chloroethene)

phenylethene

H Cl

C C

H H

H H

C C

H H

H H

C C

H H

H Cl

C C

H H

H C6H5

C C

H H

(ii) (i)

n

n

n

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 12 The table below gives some information about monomers and the polymers that can be made from them. (a) Complete the table. [4] (b) What is meant by the term monomer? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) What is meant by the term polymer? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Write down the molecular formula of tetrafluoroethene. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (e) Poly(ethene) can sometimes be used in place of steel. Give one advantage of using poly(ethene) in this way. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 9

monomer structure structure polymer

propene

poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A B

C D

H H

C C

H H

H CH3

C C

H H

H H

C C

H H

F F

C C

F F

ethene poly(ethene)

n

n

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 13 (a) To which homologous series does decane belong? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Cracking decane can produce the following products: ethene C2H4 pentane C5H12 propene C3H6 Which of these are unsaturated? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Cracking decane can sometimes produce just two types of molecule. If one of these products is ethene, give the formula and name of the other one. (i) formula ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) name ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) What are the economic advantages of cracking? .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) Name two chemicals that can be made from ethene. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] TOTAL / 9

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 14 Some of the products of the distillation of crude oil are used as fuels. To find out the products formed when hydrocarbons burn, the apparatus below is used. (a) Name the product collected in tube A. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) What will happen to the limewater? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Some fuels leave a black deposit on the inside of the thistle funnel. (i) What is this deposit? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Why does it form? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) What other product could be formed under these circumstances? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 5

A colourless liquid condenses here

Thistle funnel

TUBE A

Limewater

To vacuum pump (this draws the

gaseous combustion products through the

apparatus)

Kerosene (paraffin) in spirit burner

Ice

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 15 Ethene can be used to make ethanol, C2H5OH. (a) Write an equation for this reaction. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Ethanol can be used to make substances known as esters. Esters are often used as flavourings. The table shows some esters. (i) Which element is present in esters, which is not present in hydrocarbons? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) An ester found in apple flavouring contains five carbon atoms, ten hydrogen atoms and two oxygen

atoms. Complete the formula of the apple flavouring given below. [1] (iii) Many of the esters are used as flavourings in food additives. Give two arguments for and two against the use of food additives. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [4]

(Continued...)

C3H7 C O

O

C3H7 C O

O

C5H11

C3H7 C O

O

C2H5

CH3 C O

O

C5H11

FLAVOURING

BANANA

APRICOT

PINEAPPLE

FORMULA OF ESTER

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

QUESTIONSHEET 15 CONTINUED (c) Ethanol can be made from the fermentation of sugars. In Brazil, ethanol produced in this way is added to petrol. The mixture is known as Gasohol. (i) Suggest why this is an economic process in Brazil, but would not be possible in Britain. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Great care is taken in selling Gasohol. What is the danger of making it too freely available? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) State another major use of ethanol. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 12

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Medium Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 16 (a) Complete the table showing the names, molecular formulae and structural formulae of three compounds

obtained from crude oil.

name molecular formula structural formula

butane C4H10

pentane

hexane

[4] (b) Butane is highly flammable. Suggest two precautions which must be taken when storing it. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Ethane boils at 88oC and ethene at 104oC. Why are they difficult to separate? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 7

H H H H

C C C C C

H H H H

H

H

H

H

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Low Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 17 The graph shows the percentage of North Sea crude oil which distils off during fractional distillation at different temperatures. (a) From the graph estimate the percentage which distils:

(i) below 20oC. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) between 40oC and 75oC (petrol fraction).

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) between 75oC and 150oC (naphtha fraction).

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) In what physical state would you expect the fraction below 20oC to be in?

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The table below gives the uses of the products from crude oil.

use % of oil used heating 44 road transport 37 generating electricity 8 making chemicals

Calculate the percentage of crude oil used for making chemicals. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 5

100

80

60

40

20

0 100 200 300 400

Distillation temperature (oC)

Percentage of crude oil

distilled

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Low Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 18 Detergents, paints and inks are all made from the components of crude oil. (a)(i) What is a detergent? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain why it is important that detergents are biodegradable. .............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Inks are often mixtures of different coloured dyes. What technique could you use to prove this? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] Ben and Jessica used this technique to compare the inks from different pens. Their results are shown below. (ii) Why did they draw the starting line in pencil? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Which dye did the two inks both contain? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) Which colour was only found in ink B? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 7

A B

BLUE

YELLOW

RED

ORANGE

BLUE

YELLOW

STARTING LINE (DRAWN IN PENCIL)

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL

Low Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 19 (a) The table shows some of the uses of plastics.

Complete the table by filling in the best reason for each use from the list below. The first one has been done for you.

REASONS - lightweight, does not conduct electricity, non-toxic, easily moulded, can be coloured, flexible.

use best reason coating for wires does not conduct electricity guttering carrier bags combs sandwich bags

[4] (b) Crude oil, from which plastics are made, is first separated into fractions. Information about some of the fractions is given in the table.

fraction boiling range (oC) number of carbon atoms petroleum gas -160 to 40 1 to 4

petrol 40 to 80 5 to 10 naphtha 80 to 150 8 to 12 kerosene 150 to 240 10 to 16

(i) State a use for kerosene. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) In which fraction would this molecule be found? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Propene has a boiling point of 47oC. In which fraction would propene be found? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 7

H C C C C C C

H H H H H H

H H H H H H

H

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GCSE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS FROM OIL Low Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 20 Some fizzy drinks bottles are made from plastics. There are a number of ways of disposing of waste plastic bottles. Some are shown in the table below.

option method A burn them with other household rubbish B fill in quarries with household waste C re-use the bottles D make them into pellets of pure plastic

(a) Which two of the options help to conserve oil reserves? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Describe environmental problems which could be caused by options A or B. (i) Option A .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Option B .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) In option C, the bottles would need to be sterilised before being re-used. Glass bottles are sterilised using superheated steam. Why might this be unsuitable for plastic bottles? .............................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) What could be done with heat produced in option A? ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 8