Organic Molecules

The Chemistry of Life

The molecule illustrated below is a

1. Regulatory lipid

2. Storage lipid

3. Structural lipid

4. Dipeptide

5. Disaccharide

I. Overview

• A. Limited number of elements are found in organic molecules

• B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphate

• C. Four major classes of organic molecules with different functions– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

II. General categories of reactions

• A. Anabolic reactions

• B. Catabolic reactions

III. Carbohydrates

• A. Introduction– Elements found– Generalized formula suggested by name– Names often end in –ose– Generally concerned with energy usage and

storage– Some carbohydrates are structural

III. Carbohydrates

• B. Monosaccharides– 1. trioses, pentoses, and hexoses– 2. hexoses most common– 3. examples are glucose, fructose, and

galactose– 4. structural isomers of each other

Examples of monosaccharides

III. Carbohydrates

• 5. Hexose sugars exist either as straight chains or rings

III. Carbohydrates

• B. Disaccharides– 1. two monosaccharides joined by a

dehydration synthesis– 2. three specific examples of

dissacharides to memorize• Sucrose• Maltose • Lactose

Example of dissacharide formation

Two examples of the disaccharides

The empirical formula of a disaccharide is C12H24O12.

1. True

2. False

What is the correct answer?

III. Carbohydrates

• C. Polysaccharides– 1. Structure– 2. Examples– 3. Why the

name?

IV. Lipids-three types

• A. Storage lipids (a.k.a.fat)– 1. component parts– 2. glycerol– 3. three fatty acids

• a. saturated• b. unsaturated

Storage lipid synthesis

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

IV. Lipids-three types

• B. Structural lipids (phospholipids)– 1. structure– 2. membrane

IV. Lipids-three types

• B. Structural lipids (phospholipids)– 3. form a bilayer of

membrane– 4. fatty acid tails are

hydrophobic– 5. try to get as far

away from water as possible

IV. Lipids-three types

• C. Regulatory lipids– 1. Examples-based

on cholesterol

IV. Lipids-three types

• C. Regulatory lipids– 3. estrogen and

testosterone

IV. Lipids-three types

• C. Regulatory lipids– 4. notice that these

don’t share common structure of first two

– 5. share in common that they dissolve in organic solvents

V. Proteins

• A. Composed of monomer called amino acid

V. Proteins

• A. Composed of monomer called amino acid– 1. some amino acids

are polar

V. Proteins

• A. Composed of monomer called amino acid– 1. some amino acids

are polar– 2. others are nonpolar

V. Proteins

• B. Peptide bond formation– 1. dehydration

synthesis

V. Proteins

• C. Levels of protein structure– 1. primary– 2. secondary

V. Proteins

• C. Levels of protein structure– 3. tertiary

V. Proteins

• C. Levels of protein structure– 4. Quaternary

V. Proteins

D. Types of protein

1. fibrous

2. globular

V. Proteins

• E. Importance of primary structure and shape