organic chemistry teacher
TRANSCRIPT
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry ObjectivesOrganic Chemistry Objectives
– To describe the difference between monomers and polymers.
– To list the basic elements found in living things.
– To describe the general structure of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
– To describe enzymes and discuss their importance to all living things.
Elements Found in Living ThingsElements Found in Living Things
HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogen
These are the most basic components of all living things. They can be combined in an infinite number of ways to form the major components of all living things!
Percentage of elements found in Percentage of elements found in animalsanimals
Hydrogen = 10%Oxygen = 63%Carbon = 19%Nitrogen = 4%
Why is there so much hydrogen and oxygen?
Percentage of elements found in Percentage of elements found in PlantsPlants
Hydrogen = 10%Oxygen = 77%Carbon = 12%Nitrogen = <1%
Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCompounds found in living things that
contain Carbon.May also contain Hydrogen, oxygen, and
Nitrogen
Methane Amino acid
Forming Organic CompoundsForming Organic Compounds
Formed by the process of polymerization – the forming of large compounds with many smaller parts.
Small molecules = monomers They combine to make…Large molecules = polymers
Forming Organic Compounds Forming Organic Compounds through polymerizationthrough polymerization
monomermonomermonomermonomermonomer
polymer
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
Joins monomers together by removing a water
“De” = loss “hydration” = waterEvery time 2 monomers join a water is
removed.The water is added to break molecules
in a process called hydrolysis.
Did you know?Did you know?
Silly Putty is one big long polymer formed from many smaller
monomers
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Commonly called sugars and starches.“Carbo” for carbon, “Hydrates” for waterMade of CHOHydrogen and Oxygen in a 2:1 Ratio (twice
much hydrogen as oxygen, just like H2O).
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonomers = Monosaccharides
• Glucose• Fructose• Galatose
They combine to make other, larger carbohydrates
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Two monosaccharides combine to form Disaccharides– Glucose + glucose maltose (malt sugar) + water– Glucose + fructose sucrose(table sugar) + water– Glucose + galactose lactose (milk sugar) + water
What do you notice that all Carbohydrates have in common?
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Two monosaccharide combine to form Disaccharides– Glucose + glucose maltose (malt sugar) + water– Glucose + fructose sucrose(table sugar) + water– Glucose + galactose lactose (milk sugar) + water
They all end in -ose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
“poly” = many; “saccharides” = sugarFormed by dehydration synthesisStorage form of glucose (energy) in
organisms.1000’s of glucose molecules join to form
one polysaccharide!
Polysaccharides – Polysaccharides – glucose storageglucose storage
Plants = 2 formsStarch – storage form , digestible by humans
Cellulose- same as starch, but different bonds- can not be digested by humans
The stringy part of celery is mostly cellulose
Polysaccharides – Polysaccharides – glucose storageglucose storage
Animals – store glucose as glycogen
•Glycogen is a highly branched molecule made of 1000+ molecules of glucose.
•This is our short term storage of the glucose molecule
LipidsLipids
Organic compounds that are oily or waxyForm cell membranesChemical messengers
Formation of LipidsFormation of Lipids
Monomers = fatty acids (2 or 3) and glycerol (1)
Formed through dehydration synthesis
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids2 types
– Saturated; solid fat; more tightly packed– Unsaturated; liquid fat; loosely packed;
healthier; may prevent heart disease.
Fats and EnergyFats and Energy
Fats are your bodies long term storage of glucose
Produce more energy/gram than carbohydrates
ProteinsProteins
Contain nitrogenMonomers = 20 different amino
acids, combine to form 1000’s of different proteins!
The bond that joins two amino acids is a peptide bond.
Have a very specific shape when formed.
Amino acids- Amino acids- monomers of proteinsmonomers of proteins
Four sample amino acids.
What do they have in common?
How are they different?
What do you think is removed every time two amino acids are joined?
Protein ShapesProtein Shapes
Based upon their sequence of amino acids, proteins will fold into very intricate and unique shapes.
Protein’s are very sensitive to heatIf your body temperature gets above a
certain level, your proteins “denature.” In other words they change shape, and stop working.
Did You Know?Did You Know?
Protein in your bodyProtein in your body
BONES
HORMONES
BLOOD
ENZYMESLIGAMENTS
Enzymes – special proteinsEnzymes – special proteins
Facilitate all reactions that happen in cellsWith out them reactions would occur very
slowlyEnzymes are reusable!Diagramed in the lock and key model.