organic chemistry polymers

Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryPolymersPolymers

April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Carbon Hydrogen moleculesCarbon Hydrogen molecules

Methane CH4


hydrocarbons

Aliphatic compounds Aromatic compounds

Benzene element

Single bonds

Triple

Double

Rings (NOT Benzene)


GroupsGroups

Methy -CH3Methy -CH3

Ethyl –CH2-CH3Ethyl –CH2-CH3

Amino –NH3Amino –NH3

Flouro –FFlouro –F

Nitro -NO3Nitro -NO3


GroupsGroups


PolymerPolymer

large molecule (macromolecule) composed large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds.covalent chemical bonds.

Monomer is a small molecule chemically Monomer is a small molecule chemically bonded to other monomers to form a bonded to other monomers to form a polymer polymer


A linear polymer one molecule after another, forming a long chain, the backbone.

POLYPROPYLENE


Amino acidsAmino acids polymerizepolymerize to form to form proteinsproteins. .

NucleotidesNucleotides polymerize to form polymerize to form nucleic acidsnucleic acids

GlucoseGlucose polymerize to form polymerize to form starchesstarches, , amylopectinsamylopectins and and glycogenglycogen polymers. polymers.

IsopreneIsoprene polymerizes to form polymerizes to form natural rubbernatural rubber


Cellulose Cellulose • RayonRayon

StarchStarch

RubberRubber

Proteins Proteins • Keratin Keratin • Collagen Collagen • GelatinGelatin

Epoxy ResinsNylonPolycarbonatePolyethylenePolyesterPMMAPolyurethanePolystyrenePVCSBS RubberSilicone

COMMON POLYMERS


carbohydratecarbohydrateMonosaccharides [SUGAR] are the building blocks Monosaccharides [SUGAR] are the building blocks

polysaccharidespolysaccharides such as such as cellulosecellulose and and starchstarch. . (also,of (also,of disaccharidesdisaccharides such as such as sucrosesucrose))

Complex carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules and are Complex carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules and are found in plant foods everywhere. found in plant foods everywhere.

A A carbohydratecarbohydrate is an is an organic compoundorganic compound with general with general formula Cformula Cmm(H2O)(H2O)nn, that is, consisting only of , that is, consisting only of carboncarbon, , hydrogenhydrogen and and oxygenoxygen

Starch is a polymer or long string of glucose molecules, just as Starch is a polymer or long string of glucose molecules, just as a protein is a long string of amino acids. a protein is a long string of amino acids.

Sugar: informal term for class of edible Sugar: informal term for class of edible crystallinecrystalline substances, substances, mainly mainly sucrosesucrose, , lactoselactose, and , and fructosefructose..


CelluloseCellulosechain of glucosechain of glucose

Paper, cotton, wood, leaves, stems


STARCHSTARCH StarchStarch or or amylumamylum is a is a polysaccharidepolysaccharide

carbohydratecarbohydrate consisting of a large number of consisting of a large number of glucoseglucose units joined together by units joined together by glycosidicglycosidic bonds bonds

Straight & BranchedStraight & Branched


starch and cellulose starch and cellulose connected glucose moleculesconnected glucose molecules

You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose.You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose. Your body contains enzymes that will break Your body contains enzymes that will break

starch down into glucose to fuel your body. starch down into glucose to fuel your body. Termites have bacteria that can break down Termites have bacteria that can break down

cellulosecellulose

Cellulose β-glucose, with the -OH pointed out

Starch α-glucose, with the -OH pointed down


FAT (LIPID)FAT (LIPID)

Not generally considered a polymerNot generally considered a polymer All fats consist of All fats consist of fatty acidsfatty acids (chains of carbon and (chains of carbon and

hydrogen atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end) hydrogen atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end) bonded to a backbone structure, often glycerol (a bonded to a backbone structure, often glycerol (a "backbone" of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). "backbone" of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen).

Triglycerides make up most of fats digested by humans


DNADNADNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds


Functional groups

Amine NH2

Carboxylic acid HCO2

[same C]

R varies and determines which amino acid


Amino AcidsAmino Acids

building blocks of building blocks of proteinsproteins, which are , which are Proteins linear chains of amino acidsProteins linear chains of amino acidsdefined by this defined by this primary structureprimary structure (its (its

unique sequence of amino acid) unique sequence of amino acid)

three-dimensional structurethree-dimensional structure of the of the protein often the critical component protein often the critical component in its function. in its function.

21 amino acids 21 amino acids huge variety of huge variety of proteinsproteins


Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein. The genetic code is a set of three-nucleotide sets called codons and each three-nucleotide combination designates an amino acid, for example AUG (adenine-uracil-guanine) is the code for methionine.


Plastic Plastic [http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/pvc.htm][http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/pvc.htm]

Polyethylene is the most popular plastic Polyethylene is the most popular plastic grocery bags, shampoo bottles, toysgrocery bags, shampoo bottles, toys

Polystyrene Monomer

PVC

Polypropylene


In this case the In this case the polymerizationpolymerization reaction is reaction is known as a dehydration or known as a dehydration or condensation reactioncondensation reaction (due to the (due to the formation of formation of waterwater (H2O) as one of the (H2O) as one of the products) where a products) where a hydrogenhydrogen atom and a atom and a hydroxylhydroxyl (-OH) group are lost to form H2O (-OH) group are lost to form H2O and an and an oxygenoxygen molecule bonds between molecule bonds between each monomer unit.each monomer unit.

Isoprene is a natural monomer and Isoprene is a natural monomer and polymerizes to form polymerizes to form natural rubbernatural rubber, most , most often often cis-cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but also 1,4-polyisoprene, but also trans-trans-1,4-polyisoprene1,4-polyisoprene

organic chemistry polymers

Documents

long string of amino

unique amino acid sequence

cellulosecellulose glucose

chains of sugar molecules

backbone structure

fatty acids chains of

nucleotide sequence

polypropyleneamino acids