order homoptera aphids, scale mealybugs and allies
TRANSCRIPT
Order Homoptera
Aphids, Scale Mealybugs and Allies
Homopterans
Order HomopteraAphidsScaleMealybugsWhitefliesPsyllidsLeafhoppersTreehoppers, etc.
Homopterans
Simple metamorphosisPiercing-sucking mouthparts Some with wingsMostly all pests – few predators Source of dyes and shellac
Homopterans
LocationsPlant feeders found on or near plantsSome found underground feeding on rootsGreenhouses
Homopterans
DamageDeformed leaves, flowers and fruitLoss of plant vigor and diebackSooty mold fungi results from “honeydew” wasteTransmits diseases to plants inc. Pierce’s Disease of Grapes, Oleander Scorch, Citrus Tristeza Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus
Homopterans
ControlsVarious insecticidesDormant oilsBiological controls inc. parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles, preying mantids, etc.The garden hose
Homopterans
Controls (cont’d)Use of low nitrogen fertilizersGood pruning practicesControl ants Sanitation
AphidsFamily Aphididae
Aphids
Aphids
Piercing- sucking mouthpartsFeeding causes curling or wiltingMosaic viruses, wilts, stuntingSecondary host plants
Aphids
ControlsPredators inc.: lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid fliesParasites – Braconid and Chalcidoid parasitic waspsRemoval of secondary host plants
Aphid Life Cycle
Most species overwinter as eggsSpring – eggs hatch into femalesFemales reproduce parthenogenetically –
without fertilization
Aphid Life Cycle
Live young are born without wings (apterous)
As population increases alate (winged) forms are produced
Alate forms often migrate to a secondary host plant
Aphid Life Cycle
Apterous forms are again producedAs days shorten alate forms are
produced againAlates migrate back to primary host plant
species
Aphid Life Cycle
New offspring are now sexual females and males
An egg population is produced to overwinter for the next spring
Aphid Life Cycle
Aphid/Parasite Life Cycle
Parasitic wasps parasitize aphids by laying an egg into an aphid
Aphid/Parasite Life Cycle
Wasp hatches and begins feeding on the live aphid
Eventually the aphid dies
Aphid/Parasite Life Cycle
The wasp pupates in the aphid “mummy”
Aphid/Parasite Life Cycle
Whiteflies
Family Aleyrodidae Piercing- sucking mouthpartsAdults are wingedWhite waxy or powdery dust covers
bodiesFirst instar is active “crawlers”
Whiteflies
Following instar stages appear like scale insects
Whiteflies undergo complete metamorphosis
Adult emerges from a pupa
Whitefly Family Aleyrodidae
Family Aleyrodidae
Whitefly Life Cycle
Family Aleyrodidae
Whitefly Life Cycle
Family Aleyrodidae
Soft Scales
Family Coccidae – about 85 speciesPiercing-sucking mouthpartsFemales – wingless, legs and sessile
Sessile – attached directly to stems, foliage or fruit
Soft Scales
Males – complete metamorphosis Males – gnat-like in appearanceMales have no mouthpartsMales wings or wingless
Soft Brown Scale
Family Coccidae
Hemispherical Scale
Family Coccidae
Soft Scales
Family Coccidae
Armored Scales
Family Diaspididae – over 300 speciesFemales – soft bodied w/hard unattached
shellShell formed by waxy secretionsFemales – eyeless and winglessMales – eyes and wings
Armored Scales
Parthenogenetic or sexual reproductionReproduction without fertilization
Some oviparous, some bear live young First instar – crawlersCrawlers spread the speciesMouthparts are inserted and insect
settles
Armored Scales
Female becomes sessileInfestations can be fatal to plantsTypically infest trees and shrubsSome important pests to orchards and
shade trees and various shrubs
Armored Scales
Two most common armored scaleSan Jose ScaleOystershell Scale
San Jose Scale
Introduced into California about 1880Possibly from AsiaSpread throughout the countryLive youngAttacks various plantsInfestations can be fatal
San Jose Scale
Male Female
Family Diaspididae
San Jose Scale
Circular in shape
Family Diaspididae
Oystershell Scale
Named for its shapeLays eggsEggs overwinter under shellAttacks most fruit treesAttacks various ornamental trees and
shrubs
Oystershell Scale
Family Diaspididae
Oystershell Scale
Leafhoppers
Family CicadellidaeVarious subfamilies and generaAbout 2500 species in North AmericaForms, colors and sizes varyVarious patterns Brightly colored
Leafhoppers
Found in most all situationsHost specific and have well defined
habitatsOverwinter as eggs or adultsMany are economically important pests
Leafhoppers
Few generations per yearCause 5 major types of plant damageSap-feeding in leaves Interferes with physiology – blockage to
phloem and xylemLays eggs in green twigsVector plant diseases Stunting and curling of leaves
Leafhoppers
Family Cicadellidae
GWSS & Blue-Green Leafhopper
Leafhoppers
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter
Family CicadellidaeHomalodisca coagulata
GWSS – Xylella fastidiosa
Pierce’s Disease of Grapes Oleander Scorch
GWSS
Heavy feederCapable of infecting uninfected,
susceptible plantsBecomes a carrier by feeding on infected
plantsCan process 10x body weight/hourGWSS rain
GWSS Feeding
GWSS Feeding
GWSS Egg Masses
GWSS Egg Masses
GWSS Egg Masses
GWSS Nymphs and Adult
GWSS Nymphs
GWSS Adult
GWSS Distribution
GWSS Distribution
Treehoppers
Family MembracidaeVarious genera
Buffalo Treehopper
Treehoppers
Feeds most on trees and shrubs
Nymphs found in grasses and on herbaceous plants
One or two generations per year
Usually overwinter as eggs
Treehoppers
Damage caused by a few speciesEgg laying causes most damageEggs laid in twigs cause tip dieback Eggs overwinter in the barkNymphs feed on herbaceous plants
Buffalo Treehoppers
Adult and juvenile Buffalo Treehoppers
Treehoppers
Adult Treehopper
with Ants
Adult Treehopper
Treehoppers
Thorn-Mimic Treehoppers
Treehoppers
Spittlebugs
Family CercopidaeFeeds on trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and
grassesNymphs – greenish to brownishHost specificFeeding can cause stunting to plantsNymphs hide in spittle frothFrothy mass can hold several nymphsAdults are activeEggs in late summer – hatch following springSingle generation per year
Spittlebugs
Spittlebug Nymphs
Spittlebugs
Spittle Masses
Spittlebugs
Spittlebug Adults
Mealybugs
Family PseudococcidaeOver 300 species in the USABodies covered with waxy secretionFemales elongate-oval Males resemble gnatsReproduction varies among speciesFound on most parts of an infested plant
Mealybugs
Feeding weakens plantsHoneydew can damage fruit and foliageThree main pest species1. Citrus mealybug2. Citrophilus mealy bugBoth pests of citrus and greenhouses3. Longtailed mealybugA greenhouse pest
Mealybug Lifecycle
Female lays eggs in cottony egg massFirst instar nymph stage or crawlers Not yet covered by waxy secretionsFirst and second stage nymphs resemble
the female Male spins cocoon at end of second
stage – emerges gnat-likeFemale emerges as large waxy covered
adult
Mealybug Lifecycle
Citrus Mealybug
Male citrus mealybug
Female citrus mealybug
Citrus Mealybug
Female citrus mealybug with egg mass
Citrus mealybug infestation
Citrophilus Mealybug
Male Citrophilus mealybug
Female Citrophilus mealybugs
Longtailed Mealybugs
Female longtailed mealybug
Male longtailed mealybug
Ground Pearls
Family MargarodidaeAbout 40 species in North AmericaSome species can reach almost 1” in
lengthSome are root feedersSome pests to citrus and to pines
Ground Pearls
Psyllids
Family PsyllidaeA.K.A jumping plantliceHost-specific plant feedersAdults resemble miniature cicadasStrong jumpersAdults have wings
Psyllids
Nymphs of many species produce waxy secretions – some resembling wooly aphids, others scale
Some species transmit virusSome cause leaf damage
Psyllids
Psyllid eggs
Psyllid nymphs
top & bottom right
Psyllids
Adult Melaleuca Psyllid
Adult Lerp Psyllid
Psyllids
White Lerp Psyllids
Psyllids
Lerp Psyllids
Psyllids
Psyllid Leaf Damage
Woolly Aphids
Woolly aphids exude waxy secretions around their bodies
Family EriosomatidaeSexual form lacks mouthpartsOvipositing female lays only one egg
Woolly Aphids
Some species overwinter on the primary host plant in the egg stage, others pass all generations on one plant
Some species feed on multiple host plants
Feeding occurs on roots or above groundSome species form galls on the primary
host
Woolly Aphids
Woolly Aphid Infestations
Woolly Aphids
Woolly Aphid
Leaf Gall
Woolly Aphid
Root Gall
Woolly Aphids
Ash Woolly Aphid
Elm Woolly Aphid
Cicada
Family CicadidaeTwo common varieties of cicadas
Dog-day cicadaPeriodical cicada
Most damage to plants is caused by egg laying in stems and twigs causing stem dieback
Nymphs feed on roots of mostly herbaceous plants
Some species are on an annual cycle The periodical cicada is on a 13 to 17 year cycle
Dog-Day Cicada
Periodical Cicada
The Cicada That Ate Cincinnati