order and discontinuity within urdu nps
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Order and Discontinuity within Urdu NPs
Ghulam Raza, Tafseer Ahmed and Miriam Butt
Department of Linguistics, Universität Konstanz, Germany
19-21 October, 2010
First International Linguistic Conference in Warsaw, Poland
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
A brief introduction of Urdu
Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan and India andtogether with Hindi is the fourth big language of the world.
� Case-rich� Verb final� Free Word Order� pro-drop
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Outline of the Presentation
1. Well known discontinuities2. NP-internal discontinuity in Urdu3. LFG implementation4. Conclusion
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
DP ExtractionQuantifier FloatFree Topic
Warlpiri Example
(1) wita-jarra-rlu ka-pala wajili-pi-nyi yalumpusmall-Du-Erg Pres-3DuSubj chase-NPast that.Abskurdu-jarra-rlu maliki.child-Du-Erg dog.Abs‘The two small children are chasing that dog.’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
DP ExtractionQuantifier FloatFree Topic
Extraction of a PP from a DP
(2) a.Er hat viele Bücher über Logik gekauft.He has many books on logic bought‘He has bought many books about logic.’
b. Bücher über Logik hat er viele gekauft.c. Über Logik hat er viele Bücher gekauft.
(German)
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
DP ExtractionQuantifier FloatFree Topic
Extraction of a dependent from an NP
(3) mantiq=par nidaa=ne ek kitaablogic=Loc.on Nida=Erg one book.F.3Sgxariid-ii hai.buy-Perf be.Pres‘Nida has purchased a book on logic.’
(Urdu)
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
DP ExtractionQuantifier FloatFree Topic
Dislocation of quantified expression
(4) a. They all have bought a car.b. They have all bought a car.
(5) a.alii=ne bahut aam khaa-eAli=Erg many mango.Pl eat-Perf‘Ali ate many mangoes.’
b.aam alii=ne bahut khaa-emango.Pl Ali=Erg many eat-Perf‘Ali ate many mangoes.’
(Urdu)
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
DP ExtractionQuantifier FloatFree Topic
Free Topic Structure
(6)Say-nun ku-ka nightingale-man a-n-ta.bird-Top he-Nom nightingale-only know-Pres-Dec‘As for birds, he only knows nightingales.’
(Korean)(7)
phal, alii=ko aam pasañd hai.fruit, Ali=Dat mango like be.Pres‘As for fruit, Ali likes mango.’
(Urdu)
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Types of constituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
1. NP-internal discontinuity� Discontinuous NP� Discontinuous AP
2. PP-internal discontinuity� Discontinuous complement of P
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
When NP-internal discontinuity occurs in Urdu
The NP-internal discontinuity in Urdu can occur when theargument-taking noun is:
� Modified by argument-taking adjectives� Specified by argument-taking nouns
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Argument-taking adjectives in Urdu
Nr. Type of Argument Example of Adjective Phrase(i) Dative Marked sadr=ko haasil
president=Dat possessed‘possessed by the president’
(ii) Ablative Marked adliyah=se xaaifcourts=Abl afraid‘afraid of courts’
(iii) Locative Marked buxaar=meñ mubtalaafever=Loc.in suffered‘suffered with fever’
(iv) Adpositional sihat=ke liye muzirhealth=Gen for harmful‘harmful for health
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Simple examples of argument-taking nouns
(8) a. istisnaa‘immunity’
b.muqaddamaat=se istisnaacourt-case.Pl=Abl immunity‘immunity from court-cases’
c.muqaddamaat=se aaiinii istisnaacourt-case.Pl=Abl constitutional immunity‘constitutional immunity from court-cases’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Simple examples of argument-taking nouns
(9) a. bariifiñg‘briefing’
b.salaamtii=par bariifiñgsecurity=Loc briefing‘briefing on security’
c.salaamtii=par tafsiilii bariifiñgsecurity=Loc detailed briefing‘detailed briefing on security’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Simple examples of argument-taking nouns
(10) a. mutaalbah‘demand’
b.aarmii-ciif=se mutaalbaharmy-chief=Abl demand‘demand to the army-chief’
c.aarmii-ciif=se qaanuunii mutaalbaharmy-chief=Abl legal demand‘legal demand to the army-chief’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Examples of discontinuous NPs
(11) a. [NP [AP [KP sadr=ko] haasil]president=Dat possessed
[KP muqaddamaat=se] aaiinii istisnaa]court-cases=Abl constitutional immunity
‘Constitutional immunity from court-cases,possessed by the president’
b. muqaddamaat=se2 sadr=ko1 haasil1 aaiinii istisnaa2
c. sadr=ko1 muqaddamaat=se2 haasil1 aaiinii istisnaa2
d. *haasil1 muqaddamaat=se2 sadr=ko1 aaiinii istisnaa2
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Examples of discontinuous NPs
(12) a. [NP [KP aarmii-ciif=se] [KP [NP [KParmy-chief=Abl
salaamtii=par] bariifiñg]=kaa] mutaalbah]security=Loc.on briefing=Gen demand‘The demand to the army chief for briefingon security’
b. salaamtii=par1 aarmii-ciif=se2 bariifiñg1=kaa mutaalbah2
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Examples of discontinuous NPs
(13)[NP [KP aarmii-ciif=se] [KP [NP [KP mulkii salaamtii=par]
army-chief=Abl of-country security=Loc.ontafsiilii bariifiñg]=kaa] qaanuunii mutaalbah]detailed briefing=Gen legal demand‘The legal demand to the army chief for a detailedbriefing on security of the country’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
NP-internal discontinuityPP-internal discontinuity
Examples of discontinuous NPs in PPs
(14) a.zardaarii=kii zer-e sadaaratZardari=Gen under-Ezafe chair‘under the chair of Zardari’
b.nidaa=ke bah qaolNida=Gen to saying‘to the saying of Nida’
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
Flat structure proposed for Urdu NPs
NP
KP/PP A+ A NSpec(N)/Arg(N/A) Arg-taking-adj Arg-less-adj Head-noun
Scrambling of elements in oval possible with some constraints
Figure: Word Order in Noun Phrases of Urdu
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
What aspects to accommodate
� Free word order in an NP� Relating arguments with corresponding heads� Head last constraint
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
LFG instruments used
� Shuffle operator (‘,’): To accommodate free word order ofdifferent elements in the noun phrases.
� Non-deterministic operator (‘$’): Relating the correspondingarguments to the corresponding heads.
� Head Precedence Operator (‘<h’): To make it sure that thehead must not precede its arguments in the noun phrases.
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
An excerpt from Grammar Rules
NP� KP*: { (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)= !| (^ ADJUNCT $ OBJ- GO)= ! | (^ OBL) = ! | (^ OBJ-GO) = ! }, “for scrambling”
AP: ! $ (^ ADJUNCT ) N : ^ = !
__________________________________________
KP*: { (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)= !(^ ADJUNCT) <h (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)
| ..... }.......
Figure: Grammar Rules
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
C-structure for a discontinuous NP
CS 1: NP
KP
NP
N
sadr
K
ko
KP
NP
N
muqaddamaat
K
se
AP
A
haasil
AP
A
aaiinii
N
istisnaa
Figure: C-structure
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Implementation IssuesLFG toolsGrammar RulesC-structureF-structure
F-structure for a discontinuous NP
"sadr ko muqaddamaat se haasil aaiinii istisnaa"
'istisnaa<[33:muqaddama]>'PRED'muqaddama'PRED
obl_NMORPHCHECKCASE inst, GEND masc, NUM pl33
OBL
'haasil<[1:sadr]>'PRED'sadr'PRED
obl_NMORPHCHECKcountCOMMONNSEM
commonNSYNNTYPE
CASE dat, GEND masc, NUM sg, PERS 31
OBJ-GO
-_RESTRICTEDCHECK+GOALLEX-SEM
ATYPE attributive, GEND masc, NUM sg38'aaiini'PRED
ATYPE attributive, GEND masc, NUM sg[38:haasil]<s40
ADJUNCT
countCOMMONNSEMcommonNSYN
NTYPE
GEND masc, NUM sg42
Figure: F-structure
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
Summary
Urdu is a typical language in which discontinuous NPs are foundboth at:
� Clause-level� Constituent-level
Constituent-level discontinuity in Urdu can be implemented in LFGframework by making use of:
� Shuffle operator (‘,’)� Head-precedence operator (‘<h’)� Non-deterministic operator (‘$’)
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IntroductionWell known (clause-level) discontinuitiesConstituent-level discontinuities in Urdu
LFG implementation of NP-internal discontinuityConclusion
That is all
Thanks!
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