oratory and rhetoric in renaissance medicine
TRANSCRIPT
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Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance MedicineAuthor(s): Nancy G. SiraisiReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Apr., 2004), pp. 191-211Published by: University of Pennsylvania PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3654206.
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r a t o r y
n d
Rhetor ic n
enaissance
edic ine
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
In
Renaissance
medical
practice
hetorichad an
ambiguous
eputation.Many
authors
warned
physicians
against
use of
persuasion
or
repeated
some
version
of
the truism
hat
patients
are
cured
not
by
eloquence
but
by
medicines. On the
other
hand,
physicians
were
also
reminded hat
by speaking
well
they helped
patients
o
have confidence in
their
advice and
to
understand
irections,
which
in
turn
facilitatedcure.'
Yet
some
aspects
of medical culture
of the
period
be-
tween
1450 and 1600
seem
profoundly
attentive o
rhetoric,
at
least as
regards
the use
of
language,performative
lements,
and the
influence
of these
features
in
ancient
models
(most
notably
Galen
himself).2
One area
in which rhetoric
had an
unambiguous,
acknowledged,
and
essential
place
was
in
the
medical
orations
pronounced
at
university
ceremonies.
A
sample
follows:
Pursuit
of all these
different
hings by
study, nvestigation
of
obscuri-
ties with
ingenuity,
conquest
of
difficulties
with
industry,
and--after
penetrating
nto the
very
fibers
of the earthand
searching
everywhere
into the arcanaof the
whole of
natureand from
all
herbs,
fruits, trees,
animals,
gems,
and
even
poisons--
inquiry
afterremediesand
the
proper
way
to use
them
for all
the
ills of human
ife from so
manyauthors,
o
many
disciplines,
and
even
from the
very
stars: these
things,
I
say,
I am
very
grateful
to
Anthony
Grafton,
Sachiko
Kusukawa,
and Thomas
Riitten
for com-
ments on
earlier
versions of this
essay.
1
Ian
Maclean,
Logic,
Signs
and
Nature n the
Renaissance:
The
Case
of
Learned
Medicine
(Cambridge,
2002),
96, 104;
and see
Pietro d'Abano
(d.
1303),
Conciliator:
Ristampa oto-
mecanica
dell'edizione
Venetiis
pud
luntas
1565,
ed.
Ezio Riondato
and
Luigi
Olivieri
(Padua,
1985),
differentia
1,
f.
3'.
2
See
Heinrich Von
Staden,
Gattung
und
Gedaichtnis:
Galen
tiber
Wahrheitund Lehr-
dichtung,
n
Gattungen
wissenschaftlicher
Literatur n der Antike
(Tiibingen,
1998),
65-94,
and dem, Galenand the 'SecondSophistic' inAristotleandAfter,ed. RichardSorabji,Bulle-
tin
of
the
Institute
of
Classical
Studies,
Supplement
68
(1997),
33-54.
191
Copyright
004
by
Journal
f the
History
f
Ideas,
nc.
-
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192
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
have
uncovered so
many
hidden
cures,
been attainedwith
such ardu-
ous
powers
of the
mind,
completed
with so much
effort of
memory,
offer
so
many things
necessary
for the
health
of the entire
humanrace
in
common,
that
does
not indeed
[the
entire
enterprise
of
medicine]
seem to have been superhuman ndreallyin a certainway divine?3
This
nicely
exuberant
example
of
Renaissancemedical rhetoric
exempli-
fies
the
genre
in
several
respects.
The
oration
to which it
belongs
was
origi-
nally
delivered
to an
academic
faculty
of
medicine
by
a
physician;
t
shows
the
impact
in
medical
settings
of the revival
of
epideictic
rhetoric,
and its author
drew on
learned
sources
and
commonplaces
aboutmedicine
that
belonged
to
a
store
of
broadly
humanistic
erudition,
sharedboth
in
and outside
the medical
profession.
In
fact the
only
truly
distinctivefeatureof this
passage
is its author.
It comes fromErasmus'sEncomiummedicinae,which he wrotein 1499 for a
friend-
a
physician
named
Gysbertus
to
deliver to the medical
faculty
of the
University
of
Paris.4
If
Gysbertus
was
exceptionally
fortunate
n his
ghost, many
other
surviv-
ing
medical
orations
are
internal
products
of
medical
faculties,
the work of
university
mastersor
students
of medicine. But whoever their
authors,
orations
delivered n
or
written or an
academicmedical
setting
offer some
telling
illus-
trations both of the
way
in
which
certain kinds of humanistic
interests
and
requirements
ame
to
penetrate
medical
learning
and
of
the reactionof
human-
istic rhetoricto medicine. Medical humanism s usually understood o en-
compass
both the core
enterprise
of intensive
philological
study, editing,
and
translation
f Greek
medical
texts
-never the
occupation
of more
than
a hand-
ful
of
hellenist
scholars
and
also the
reception
and
scientific
influence of
the
fruits
of
their
labors
among
a
wider medical audience.
But Renaissance
medi-
cine was also a
humanistic
discipline
in a much
broader
and more
inclusive
sense;
that
is,
it
both
fostered
and
provided ample
scope
for the
development
among
learned
physicians
of
interests characteristicof humanistic
culture
in
general:
rhetoric,
history,
biography,
ascination
with
remote
peoples
and
places,
and antiquarianism.At the same time, as the passage from Erasmusquoted
3
Desiderius
Erasmus,
Encomium
medicinae,
in
his
Opera
omnia,
ordo
1,
vol.
IV,
ed. M.
Cytowska,
J.
Domanski,
C.
L.
Heesakkers,
and J. H. Waszink
(Amsterdam,
1973),
147-86.
At
166: Sed ut
dicere
coeperam,
has omnes
rerumvarietates tudio
persequi,
obscuritates
ngenio
assequi,
difficultates ndustria
ervincere,
c
penetratis
errae
ibris,
excussis
undique
otius
naturae
arcanis,
ex
omnibus
herbis,
ruticibus,arboribus, nimantibus,
emmis,
ex
ipsis
denique
venenis,
cunctis
humanae
vitae malis
efficacia
quaerere
remedia
atque
horum
oportunum
usum ex tot
autoribus,
ot
disciplinis,
imo et ab
istis
syderibuspetere:
haec,
inquam,
am abdita
rimari
cura,
tamardua iribus
animi
adipisci,
am
multa
memoria
omplecti,
am
necessaria d salutem
universi
mortalium eneris ncommuneproferre,nonneprorsushominemaiusacplanedivinumquiddam
fuisse videtur?
4
Ibid.,
Introduction,
147-49.
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194
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
tile
took
his
texts
from
medical or
philosophical
auctoritates
ather
han
from
the
Bible.7
The formal
occasions for academicmedical orations
did not
change;
but
in
the
courseof the fifteenth
century
developmentsparalleling
hose
in
other orms
of oratory, acredandsecular, ransformedhemin both contentandstructure.8
Thematic
discourses
presenting
arguments
based on chosen
texts
gave
way
to
demonstrative
praise.
At
Padua,
where
contacts between
professors
of
medi-
cine and ocal humanists
were
numerous
nd
where,
as McManamon
as
shown,
the
elder
Vergerio
pioneered
he revival
of
classical
oratory
n
the
political
sphere
in
the 1380s and
'90s,
the
transformation lso
began
early
in the medical
fac-
ulty.9
Before 1414
Jacopo
da
Forli
praised
medicine
as the
most
outstanding
of
the arts
with
citationsfrom
Boethius,
Ovid,
Virgil,
and Cicero
as
well
as
medi-
cal
sources.'0
n
the 1430s
CristoforoBarzizza
and Matteolo
da
Perugia
seem
to have been especially appreciatedas medicalorators, f one may judge their
repeated
nvitations
to
give
the
inaugural
orationof
the academic
year
and
by
the survival
of
a
numberof the
resulting speeches.
In an
oration
devoted to
praise
of
Hippocrates,
Matteolo
mingled
approving
references
to
scholastic
medical
authoritieswith
the
language
of
persuasion
and
visual
imagery.
He
7
Gentile
da
Foligno,
Sermoad
conventum
magistri
Martini
di
Senis,
ed. in
Carl
C. Schlam,
Graduation
peeches
of Gentile
da
Foligno,
Mediaeval
Studies,
40
(1978),
96-119,
at
113-19;
Sermo
1,
ed. in
Jole
Agrimi
and
Chiara
Crisciani,
Edoceremedicos
(Naples,
1988),
258-61;
also
see
P. Osmund
Lewry,
FourGraduation
Speeches
from Oxford
Manuscripts
c.
1270-1310),
Mediaeval
Studies,
44
(1982),
138-80;
Ludwig
Bertalot, Eine
Sammlung
Paduaner
Reden des
XV
Jahrhunderts,
uellen
und
Forschungen
aus Italianischen
Archiven
und
Bibliotheken,
26
(1936),
245-67;
Celestino
Piana,
Nuove
ricerche
su le
Universitct
i
Bologna
e di Parma
(Flo-
rence,
1966),
8-82;
Ralph Drayton,
'In
the
Heart
of
Any
Incepting
Student':
Religion
and
Medical
Astrology
in
Montpellier,
ca.
1400,
paper
delivered
at the annual
meeting
of
the His-
tory
of Science
Society,
1999;
also
see
Darleen
Pryds,
The
King
Embodies
the Word:
Robert
d'Anjou
and the
Politics
of
Preaching
(Leiden, 2000).
8
John
O'Malley,
Praise
and Blame in
RenaissanceRome:
Rhetoric,
Doctrine,
and
Reform
in
the
Sacred Orators
of
the
Papal
Court,
c.
1450-1521
(Durham,
N.C.,
1979);
John
M.
McManamon,
The Ideal
Renaissance
Pope:
Funeral
Oratory
rom
the
Papal
Court,
Archivum
historiaepontificiae, 14 (1976), 9-61; Funeral Oratoryand the CulturalIdeals of ItalianHu-
manism
Durham,
N.C.,
1989)
and
Pierpaolo
Vergerio
he Elder:
TheHumanist
s Orator
Tempe,
Az.,
1996).
See P.
O.
Kristeller,
Philosophy
and Rhetoric rom
Antiquity
o
the
Renaissance,
n
his
Renaissance
Thought
and
Its
Sources,
ed. Michael
Mooney
(New
York,
1979);
Renaissance
Eloquence:
Studies in the
Theory
and
Practice
of
Renaissance
Rhetoric,
ed. James J.
Murphy
(Berkeley,
1983);
and
John
Monfasani,
Humanismand
Rhetoric,
n
Renaissance
Humanism:
Foundations,
Forms,
and
Legacy
(Philadelphia,
1988),
III,
171-235;
also
Karl
Milliner
(ed.),
Reden und
Briefe
italienischer
Humanisten,
ed.
Barbara
Gerl
(Munich,
1970;
original
edition,
Vienna,
1899).
9
McManamon,
Pierpaolo Vergerio,
31-49
and 170-73.
1o
Jacopo
da
Forli,
Medicinaartium
preclarissima,
ed. in Jole
Agrimi
and
Chiara
Crisciani,
Edocere medicos(Naples, 1988),263-73.
See Tiziana
Pesenti,
Professori
e
promotori
di medicina
nello
Studio
di Padova
dal 1405
al
1509:
Repertorio
bio-bibliografico
(Padua, 1984),
42-44
and
133-37.
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Oratory
and
Rhetoric
in
Renaissance
Medicine
195
extolled
Hippocrates's
admirabili
natura
et divino excel-lentissimo
ingenio,
described
the
words
of the
Aphorisms
as
like
jewels,
and
stated
that
they
were
oracles
to be
contemplated
rather han
interpreted
that
we cannot doubt
then
emanated
rom
a
certain
divine
breast. '2
All
three
of these authorswere
professorsof medicine whose principalworks consisted of scholastic com-
mentaries
on
portions
of the
Canon of
Avicennaor
other
Arabo-Latinmedical
texts.
Moreover,
as
recent
scholarship
has
convincingly
demonstrated,
he self-
image
of
medicine
reflected
in
such
orations,
far
from
being
new,
had been
built
up by
scholastic
medical
authors
extending
back to the thirteenth
entury
andbefore.13
Nevertheless,
this
early fifteenth-century
hift in
oratorical
style
establisheda
place
for humanist
epideictic
rhetoric
within one form
of
medical
discourse.As
such
it
deserves to be
regarded
as
the
first
stage
of the
penetration
of
contemporary
umanist astes
and
values within
medicine
itself,
antedating
by a generationor morethe rise of philological study by physiciansof Greek
medical
texts.
Tiziana
Pesenti has
recently
remarked
hat it is
no
longer pos-
sible to
regard
he
humanistic
nterestsand
contacts
of
fifteenth-century
talian
physicians
as
totally apart
from
or
unintegrated
with their medical
culture.14
These
fifteenth-century
medical
orations
provide
compelling
evidence to
sub-
stantiate he
same
point.
II.
Description,
Narrative,
Polemic,
and
Self-expression
in
Medical
Orations
New languageand style was indeed in and of itself a substantialcompo-
nent of
innovation
n
Renaissance
medicine.' Yet it
must be admitted hat
for
the most
part,
when the
subject
was
theencomium
of
medicine
or some
varia-
tion
thereof,
generations
of authors
both in and
outside
of the medical
profes-
sion were
content
to shuffle a
handful
of well worn
topoi.
Nevertheless,
the
oratorical
genre
as it
developed
in
the
sixteenth
century
was an
open
one
that
allowed
the
possibility
of
variety
and
self-expression
to those who chose or
were
encouraged
o take
it.
In
tone
sixteenth-century
medical orations
ranged
from the
earnestand
religiously
inspired
o imitation
Lucianic
satire.
In
content
theyvariedequallywidely.Inaddition o the standard eneraltopics (praiseof
medicine
itself,
praise
of
major
igures
of medical
antiquity,
tc.)
and
the
biog-
raphies
found in
funeraryspeeches,
there are medical orations
that
deal
with
12
Matteoloda
Perugia,
De laudibus
medicinae n
principio
suae
lectiones
ordinariae,
n
Tre
orazioni nuziali
di
Guarino
Veronesee
una
'Laus medicinae' di
Matteolo da
Perugia,
ed. A.
Messini
(Rome,
1939),
37-42.
'3
Agrimi
and
Crisciani,
Edocere
medicos,
passim.
14
Tiziana
Pesenti,
I
libri di
medicina di
Giovanni di
Marco
da Rimini
(c. 1400-1474),
II
bibliotecario,
NS 2
(1998),
93-109.
15 ee VivianNutton, TheChangingLanguageof Medicine,1450-1550, n Vocabulary f
Teaching
and
Research
BetweenMiddle
Ages
and Renaissance:
Proceedingsof
the
Colloquium,
London,
Warburg
nstitute,
11-12
March
1994,
ed.
Olga Weijers
Turnhout,
1995),
184-98.
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196
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
relatively specialized
medical
subject
matter.
Some
of these
are
more or
less
routine
lectures
on
particular
medical
topics (examples
include the causes
of
pestilence,
deafness,
and
muteness).'6
But a few reflect both
the
changing
face
of
medicine
itself and
the
scientific commitmentof
their authors.
Thus,
a
re-
centstudyofAlessandroBenedetti'sAnatomice,a treatisewrittenseveralyears
before its
publication
n
1502 and
usually
considered
a
pioneering
text of Re-
naissance
anatomy,recognizes
new
rhetoric
as
one
of its most innovative
and
significant
features and
characterizes he work
as
in
the
general
form of
an
oration
ntended
o
support
he revival
of anatomical
studies.
Considered
n
this
light,
Benedetti'sworkrecalls
Regiomontanus'samously
prescient
oration on
the
dignity
and worth of the
mathematical ciences of
a
few
years
earlier.17
But
Regiomontanus's
was
a
formalorationdelivered
at
the
beginning
of
a
course of
lectures at
Padua,
whereas
although
Benedetti charac-
terized himself as physicuset orator, ' is Anatomicewas not, of course,
necessarily
written
or oral
delivery
on a
single
formal
occasion.
Perhaps
more
comparable
with
Regiomontanus's
oration
is Johann
Dryander's inaugural
speech
in
1536 at the
young
university
of
Marburg-founded only
nine
years
earlieras the
first
Lutheran
university
n
imperial
territory.Dryander
used the
occasion for a
forceful
expression
of
his
own
scientific convictions and com-
mitment,
vehemently
insisting
that the future
of
medical science
lay
with
anatomy
(and
pouring
scorn
on
squeamish
reluctance to handle
cadavers).19
More
self-serving
but
still
impressive
was
Giovanni
Argenterio's
nsistence
in
the orationthatopenedhis lectures at Naples in 1555, thatrecent advancesin
anatomy
constituted
both
a
model and a
justification
for
innovations
in
other
16
For
example,
Matthaeus
Zeizius, Oratio.
De
physicis
causis &
periodis pestilentium
morborum:
ublice
recitata n
Academia
Francofordiana
Marchionum Decano Matthaeo
Zeysio
...
cum
decerneret itulum
magisterii
..
anno 1592. die 12.
Octobris.
Additaest
subfine
oratiuncula
de
quaestione
An
morbi
aequefrigidi
ac
calidi
in
pestilenti
statu
grassentur.
Publice
recitata ab
eodem
Zeysio,
cum renunciaretur
octorisartis medicaea ... Johanne
Knoblochio
.. anno Christi
1593
(n.
p.,
1595);
Johann
Mathesius,
Oratio,
de admirabili
uditus
nstrumentifabrica
t structura
(Wittenberg,
1577);
Salomon
Alberti,
Oratio
de surditateet
mutitate
Nuremberg,
1591).
17
Alessandro
Benedetti,
Historia
corporis
humani sive
Anatomice
(Florence, 1998),
ed.
Giovanna
Ferrari,
ntroduction,
:
I1
ibro
di
Benedetti
e infattiun manuale
pratico,
che illustra
un
contenuto
scientifico,
che
racchiudeun
messaggio
filosofico,
il
tutto
compreso
nella forma
complessiva
di
un'orazione volta a
sostenere la
ripresa
degli
studi anatomici. See Noel
M.
Swerdlow,
Science and
Humanism n
the Renaissance:
Regiomontanus's
Orationon the
Dig-
nity
and
Utility
of the
Mathematical
Sciences,
n World
Changes:
ThomasKuhnand the Nature
of
Science
(Cambridge,
Mass.,
1993),
131-68.
18
Benedetti,
Historia
corporis
humani,
ed.
Ferrari,
ntroduction,
39.
19
Johann
Dryander,
n
praelectionem
medicam
oratio,
qua
anatomiae
necessarium
tudium
commendatur,
Marpurgi
a
Joan.
Dryandro
in
frequentissimo
eius
Academiae
confessu
habita
VIIIKalend.Novemb.anno M. D. XXXVI,n his Anatomiae Marpurg,1537), [7]-[26];and see
Andrea
Carlino,
Books
of
the
Body:
Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance
Learning (Chicago,
1999),
222-24.
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Oratory
and
Rhetoric in
Renaissance
Medicine 197
areas
of
medicine,
including
his
own
critique
of
Galen's
theory
of
diseases.20
Whatever
he
occasion
or
announced
opic,
the oratorical
genre
was
frequently
hospitable
to
contemporary
eligious
and
scientific
polemic,
either
separately
or
intertwined.
The funeral
oration
for the medical humanist and
botanist
LeonhartFuchs(d. 1566)-which incorporatesa detailedbiographycarefully
placed
in
the
context
of
current
events--is
as insistent on Fuchs's Lutheran
constancy
and
the
very grave
vexations he was
subjected
o
by
the
monks
and
their
supporters
s on
his
classical
learning
and
copious
medical writ-
ings.21
In
1570
the
Wittenbergprofessor
Abraham
Wernerdevoted
a
graduation
oration
n
the
medical
faculty
to
the
by
then standard
opic
of
a
detailed,
histori-
cal
and
non-mythological
ife
of
Galen
based
argely
on statements
n
the latter's
own
writings.22
However,
he set
it
in
the
context of
a
lengthy opening
denun-
ciation of Paracelsiansand all theirworks. Theirnew anduntried deas, their
barbaric
mpudence
and
insolence in
rejecting
Galenic medicine based on true
principles,
reason,
and
experience,
the
violence and
danger
of their chemical
medicines
were all
equally
deplorable.23
A
few
years
later Thomas Erastus
(d.
1583),
true
to his
calling
as
both
physician
and
theologian,
used his declama-
tion on
the
most
standard f all
topics
of
medical
oratory,
namely,
In
praise
of
medicine,
o
demonstrate,
with
copious
biblical
citations,
that
the fault of the
Paracelsians
ay
in
their
rejection
of a
traditionof medicine not
only
ordained
by
God but in
continuous
existence
from
the
time of
Moses.24
But
the
genre
was equallyhospitable o materialreflecting nterest n orreceptiveness o his-
tory,
biography,
ravel
accounts,
or
antiquarianism mong
physicians.
A
few
authors
ncorporated
genuinely
substantial
reatmentsof the
history
of medi-
cine
or their
own
medical
faculty.
Among
the most
notable,
hough
not the
first,
of
these
was
the
history
of the
medical
faculty
of the
University
of
Paris,
com-
posed
by
Gabriel
Naud6.25
20
Oratio
oannis
ArgenteriiNeapoli
habita in
initio suarum ectionumanno
1555,
unnum-
bered
folio at the
beginning
of
his
Opera
(Venice,
1606),
pars prior.
21
Georg
Hizler,
Oratio
de
vita
et
morte
clarissimi
viri,
medici et
philosophipraestantissimi,
D. LeonhartiFuchsii (Tiibingen,1566); English translation n The great herbal of Leonhart
Fuchs:
De
historia
stirpium
ommentarii
nsignes,
1542
(notable
commentaries
n the
historyof
plants),
ed.
Frederick
G.
Meyer,
Emily
Emmart
Trueblood,
and
John
L.
Heller
(Stanford,1999),
I,
260-80.
Hizler
was
professor
of Greek
and
Latin letters at
Tiibingen.
22
See Vivian
Nutton,
Biographical
Accounts of Galen
from
1350 to 1650
(Wolfenbtittel
colloquium
Geschichteder
Medizingeschichtsschreibung,
998).
23
Abraham
Werner,
Oratio de
vita
Galeni ... cum
doctores in
medicinae
renunciarentur
viri
doctissimi D.
Georgius
Agricola
Ambergensis,
et D.
Fabianus
Summer
Wittenberg,
1570),
A2r-A5v.
24
Thomas
Erastus,
De
medicinae
audibus
oratio.
In
his Varia
opuscula
medica
(Frankfurt,
1590),
1-14.
25
GabrielNaud6,De antiquitateet dignitatescholae medicae Parisiensispanegyris.Cum
orationibus
encomiasticis ad IX
iatroganistas
aurea
medica donandos
(Paris, 1628);
cf.
Gian
Giacomo
Bartolotti,
On the
Antiquityof
Medicine,
n
Giovanni
Tortelli,
On Medicineand
Physi-
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198
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
The
eighteenyoung
physicians
who
achievedtheirmedical
degrees
at
Paris
in
1560
listened to
graduation
orationson
an
antiquarian
opic
from
a
lawyer.
Jean
Le
Vieil,
the
author
and
speaker
an
identity
that,
as noted
above,
cannot
always
be
assumedfor these
productions),
was
an enthusiast or
ancient
athlet-
ics.26
Under the heading motion and rest exercise had long played a minor
part
n
the medical
traditionof the six
things
non-natural
environmental
on-
ditions
or states of the
body,
the others
being
air,
food,
and
drink,
sleeping
and
waking,
evacuation and
repletion,
and
the
emotions).
But
sixteenth-century
interest
in
the
history
of
the
subject
was as much or
more
humanistand anti-
quarian
as
medical,
as
both the
chapters
on
the exercises
of the Greeks and
Romans
in
Sir
Thomas
Elyot's
TheBoke Named
the
Governor
1531)
and
the
best
known
complete
treatiseon ancient
exercise,
Girolamo
Mercuriale'scel-
ebrated
De arte
gymnastica
(1569)
testify.
Mercurialewas a professorof medicine and notedmedicalauthor,but this
work
closely
reflects his
contacts
with
a circle
of
Roman
humanists
and
anti-
quarians.27
e Vieil's
choice of
topic
for
his
medical
graduation
rationsseems
to
have
more to do with
the idea
of
graduation
as
testimony
to
strenuous
en-
deavor than
anything
else. His
collection consists of
three
introductory
ora-
tions and one
for each of the
eighteen graduands.
Each of the
individual
enco-
mia
consists
of
a
capsule
biography
ollowed
by
moralizationon
a
distinguish-
ing
featureof the
candidate.
Thus,
the name of Jean
Nestora
reminded
Le
Vieil
of
the
Homeric Nestor and
inspired
him
to
truismsabout
sage
advice
(he
must
have been fairlydesperatewhen he got to JeanLeibald,aboutwhom the only
thing
he
could find to remark
was the
piety
of
the aunt
who
paid
for
the
young
man's
studies).28
ut
the three
engthy general
ntroductory
rations
are all de-
voted to
extended
comparisons
of the
physical
exercises
engaged
in
by
the
ancientsand the
intellectual
struggles
of Parisian
medical students.
In
the
first,
after
pointing
out that
motion was
necessary
o
everything
n the
universe,
from
cians;
Gian
Giacomo
Bartolotti,
On the
Antiquity
f
Medicine:
TwoHistories
of
Medicine
of
the
XVth
Century,
ed. and tr.
Dorothy
M. Schullianand
Luigi
Belloni (Milan,1954).
26
Jean le
Vieil
[Johannes
Vetus],
Orationes
in medicinae commendationem
t in
gratiam
octodecim medicae
laureae candidatorum
nstitutae
(Paris,
1560).
27
Thomas
Elyot,
The Boke Named
the
Governor,
ed. Donald
W. Rude
(New
York,
1992),
75-84. Girolamo
Mercuriale,
Artis
gymnasticae
apud antiquos
celeberrimae,
nostris
temporibus
ignoratae,
libri sex
(Venice,
1569);
Vivian
Nutton,
Les exercices
et
la
sant6:
Hieronymus
Mercurialis
t
la
gymnastique
m6dicale,
n
Le
corps
a la Renaissance.
Actes du XXXe
Colloque
de Tours
1987,
ed.
Jean
C6ard,
Marie-Madeleine
Fontaine,
and Jean-Claude
Margolin
(Paris,
1990),
295-308.
28
Le
Vieil,
Orationes:
Nestor, 83-87; Liebald,
134-39.
The
only
one of
the
graduates
o
achieve
any particular
ubsequent
distinction was Maurice de
la
Corde,
later
the
authorof
a
commentaryon the Hippocratic reatises on disease of women (HippocratisCoi, Medicorum
principis,
liber
prior
de morbis
mulierum .. Maurciio Cordaeo
Rhemo
nterprete
et
explicatore
[Paris,
1585]).
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Oratory
and Rhetoric in
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Medicine
199
the
heavenly
bodies down
to
plants,
Le Vieil led his
audience
hrough
he
Spar-
tan
practice
of
hardening
both
boys
and
girls by exposure
to
harsh
climatic
conditions and
scanty
food
(noting
with
apparent
approval
hat
Spartangirls
were
not
allowed
soft
upbringing
ndoors like
girls
in other
cities),
and
the
educationof young Persians n hunting.He moved on to Solon's laws regard-
ing
the
physical
educationof
Athenian
youth,
Plato's recommendation
f
gym-
nastic
for both
sexes
and all
ages
( pueros
et
puellas,
viros et
matronas ),
nd
the
Olympic
games. Finally
this
traditionof
ancient athletics
deterioratednto
the cruel
Roman
games,
rightly
abolished
by Christianity.
e Vieil
opined,
how-
ever,
that
the
training
of
young
French nobles
in
arms and
horsemanship
and
the
practice
of
tournamentswas
more
or less
equivalent
o
the valuableancient
Greek
insistence on
physical
training
this
less than a
year
after the disastrous
death
of
Henri
II
from an
injury
received in a
tournament).
He
managed
o find
his way backto universitymedicaleducationby declaringthatphilosophical
debate
served
the
equally
important
purpose
of
providing
exercise for
the
soul.
In
the
second
of these orations
he
compared
he
young
medici
with
victors
in
the
Olympic games
and
recipients
of
a
Roman
triumph;
n the thirdhe
equated
Parisian
graduation
nsignia
and
scholarlyprivileges
with the
prizes
and
privi-
leges
accorded
o
victors in
the ancient
games.29
In
several
different
versions
the theme
of
travel
or
of
wisdom
gathered
from afar
provided
the
authorsof
orationsand relateddocuments
with
the
op-
portunity
o
relate ancient
practice,
precept,
or
doxography
to the
contempo-
raryworldof medicallearning, nterest n all kindsof naturaland humanpar-
ticulars,
and
esteem for
learned
travel.
In
1579
Christoph
Schilling
a
young
German
physician,
arrived
at
Montpellier
on
the last
stage
of
a medical and
philosophical
grand
our
of
Italy
and
France.Withthe aid of
lettersof introduc-
tion from
his
mentorsCrato
von
Crafftheimand
Erastus
and,
it
would
appear,
financial
aid
from Andreas
Dudith,
he had visited an
impressive
roster of
fa-
mous
professors
of medicine
and other
intellectuals
throughoutItaly,
from
Aldrovandi
o
Telesio
and
many
more besides. At
Montpellier,
Laurent
oubert,
then
chancellorof the
University,
awardedhim the
doctorate
of
philosophy
and
medicine.Schilling's tripto ItalyandFranceremindedhim, he remarkedn a
grateful
etter
to his mentors
and
patron,
of the
journeys
in search of the wis-
dom of
Egypt
supposedly
undertaken
y
Orpheus,
Pythagoras,
Solon, Thales,
Socrates,
and
Plato. 30
ut
in
the
orationJouberthimself
gave
on this
occasion,
entitled
On
he
qualifications
f a
future xcellent
physician,
Schilling's
ravels
become the
pretext
for
an
encomiumto a
contemporary
nternational
profes-
29
Le
Vieil,
Orationes,
oratio
prima,
13-32.
30
Christoph
Schilling,
letter
o
JohannesCratoof
Crafftheim,
Andreas
Dudith,
andThomas
Erastus, n LaurentJoubert,Operum atinorum omus secundus(Frankfurt, 599), 190-91;and
for a similar
accountsee
Lorenz
Gryll,
Oratio
de
peregrinatione
tudii
medicinalis
ergo suscepta,
printed
with
his De
sapore
dulci et
amaro
(Prague,
1566),
5-6.
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200
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
sional and
intellectual
community
of
learning.
From
Germany,
Switzerland,
Italy,
and
France,
Joubert
isted
the name of some
thirty professors
of medi-
cine,
with
their
academic
affiliations
and
principal
achievements,
a few other
philosophers
or humanist
ntellectuals,
and
one
poet,
each of whom
had
appar-
ently providedSchillingwith a testimonial.3'Afterall this, it is somewhatdis-
appointing
o
note
that,
as far
as I
can
discover,
Schilling
never
composed
any-
thing
other han
a few
medical
epistles
and
epigrams.32)
t the same
time
Joubert
praised
Schilling
himself
because,
like
Hippocrates,
he had
perfected
compara-
tive
knowledge
of
medicine
by
travels to notable
cities.33
Thirty years
later
the
Hippocratic
parallel
doubtless also
underlay
he fo-
cus
on travel n
the
funeral
oration hatEdwardVorst
composed
for
the botanist
Charles
L'Ecluse
(Clusius).34
But
whereas Joubertused the theme
exclusively
to celebrate
the
wisdom
gained
from travel to meet learned
men,
Vorst
ac-
claimed knowledgethatwas the fruitof directacquaintancewith the particu-
lars
of
regions,
peoples,
topography,
and
local
languages.
To
be
sure,
Vorst's
oration for his
professorial
colleague
and
fellow
physician
duly
recounts
Clusius's
studies,
teachers,
patrons,
writings,
ranslations f various
vernacular
botanical
works into
Latin,
and
friendships
with
poets
and intellectuals.
But he
reserved his
greatest
enthusiasm
or Clusius's
profoundknowledge
of
plants,
gained
by
exceptionally
close
observation
during
a
life of travel
throughmany
regions
of
Europe.
Vorst
believed
knowledge
of
medicinal
plants
more essen-
tial
to the task
of
healing
than
any
other
part
of
medicine,
regarded
he
develop-
ment of medicinalbotanyas one of the most importantachievements of his
age,
and
grouped
Clusius with
the
most
important
modern
medicinalbotanists.
But he was
equally,
and
without
any
sense of
incongruity,
appreciative
of
Clusius's
antiquarian
nd
ethnographic
nterests,
his work as
a
cartographer
and
chorographer,
nd
his
knowledge
of
modern
as
well as ancient
anguages.35
Everywhere
Clusius
went,
his
observation mente et oculis
attentissimis -
encompassed
not
only
natural
hings
that
grew
there ... but
whatever
pertained
to the
place,
its
antiquities,
and
the customs of the
people. 36
31
LaurentJoubert,Oratio depraesidiis uturi excellentis medici.Inhis Operum atinorum
tomus secundus
(Frankfurt,
599),
192-96.
32He
is
listed as one
of
the
contributors o
Epistolarum
philosophicarum:
medicinalium,
ac
chymicarum
summis
nostrae
aetatis
philosophis
ac medicis
exaratarum, olumen,
d.
Laurentius
Scholz
(Frankfurt,
598).
33
Joubert,Oratio,
194:
Superest
am
(ut
Hippocrates
superioribus
ubiunxit)
comparata
vobis
medicae artis
perfecta
cognitione,
tandem
insigniores
urbes
adeatis,
illicque
non
inane
medici nomen
iactetis,
sed
dignissimo
opere
medicos vos exhibeatis.
34
Edward
Vorst, Oratio
unebris
in
obitum
V.
N.
et clarissimi Caroli
Clusii,
bound
with
Charles
L'Ecluse,
Curae
posteriores
(Antwerp,
1611).
35
Vorst,
Oratio
unebris,
7-10,
14.
36
Ibid.,
7:
Neque,
quod
multi
peregrinantes
hodie
faciunt,
perfunctorie
aut veluti canis
Nilum
lambit,
exteras
regiones
obibat,
verum
pensiculate
minutissimaetiam
quaequae
animad-
vertebat;
nec solum rerum
naturalium
bi nascentium
ndagatione
contentus,
quicquid
praeterea
ad
situm,
antiquitates
t
popularum
mores
spectaret,
mente
et
oculis
attentissimis
observabat.
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Oratory
and Rhetoric
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Renaissance Medicine
201
III. The
Intersectionof
Medicine
and Rhetoric
Whatever he
range
of
topics
and
approaches
ntroduced
by
individualau-
thors,
the central
task
of medical
epideictic
rhetoric--not
only
orations,
but
also a vast and almostentirelyunstudiedoutputof dedicatory etters,elegies,
complimentary
oems,
and
so
on-
was
praise
of
medicine
and
physicians.
For-
tunately,
for this
purpose,
ancient
authors,
iterary,philosophical,
and
doxo-
graphical,
secular
and
sacred,
as well as
or
even more
than
medical,
yielded
a
large
stock
of
many
times
repeated
commonplaces
about
medicine's
origins,
nobility,
and
usefulness.
Many
of them
were indeed
conveniently
collected
in
PolydoreVergil's
De
inventoribus
erum
andother
encyclopedic
compilations.37
Renaissance
learned
physicians
had
a real need for
these
and other rhetorical
tools,
but
their skill
in
deploying
them
varied
widely.
Among
theirmore
singu-
larly nfelicitousproductions,orexample, s the mournfulclogue with which
Dietrich
Wasser,
a medical student
rom
Lubeck,
commemorated
he
death of
Leonhart
Fuchs.
In
it
charactersnamed Battus
and Melisaeus
inform one
an-
other that the
local
Fauns,
Dryads,
and
Hamadryads
re
lamenting
Fuchs's
demise.38
A
vivid
glimpse
of the
dilemma that faced
medical
lecturers
who
lacked
rhetorical
skills comes from
mid-sixteenth-century
adua.
There,
by
custom,
studentsof law
as
well as
medicine attended he formal
opening
of
a course
of
medical
lectures.
If the
lecturer,
uncertain of
his
oratorical
ability, plunged
straight ntospecializedcommentaryon a medical textwithoutgiving an intro-
ductory
oration uitable or
a
broad
audience,
he would
be
interrupted
y
whistles
and catcalls. If
on the other handhe
trottedout
well
worn
conventional
praises
of
medicine,
a
discipline
that
no-one
has
ever
failed to
praise,
he
might
ex-
pect
a
glaze
of tedium
to
come over his audience.
The author
who remarked
n
this
situation,
Jande
Vleeschouwer,
held one of
the few
remaining
ectureships
in
the
gift
of the
student
nations,
and was
perhaps
especially
anxious
to
please
his student
patrons.
At
any
rate,
he
neatly
avoided
the dilemma
by
introducing
his
lectureson the section of
Avicenna's
Canon
on
joint
diseases
with a satirical
Lucianicoration n praiseof
gout.39
But
if
the
youthful
and
obscure
Vleeschouwer's
response
to the
problem
of
the
proper
unctionof
the medical
oration
was an
essentially
frivolous
one,
two
37
PolydoreVergil,
On
Discovery,
ed. andtr.
BrianP.
Copenhaver
Cambridge,
Mass.,
2002),
20,
Quis
primus
medicinam
nvenerit,
154-62;
and
see
The
Historiography
f
Discovery
in
the Renaissance:
Polydore Vergil's
De inventoribus
rerum,
I-III,
Journal
of
the
Warburg
nd
Courtauld
nstitutes,
41
(1978),
192-214.
38
Ecloga lugubris inscripta
Daphnis
autore Theodorico
Aquario
Lubecensi
Medicinae
studioso,
in
Georg
Hizler,
Oratio de vita et morte clarissimi
viri,
medici et
philosophie
praestantissimi,
D.
Leonharti
Fuchsii
(Tiibingen,
1566),
55-60.
39
Johannes
Carnarius
[Jan
de
Vleeschouwer],
De
podagra
laudibus
oratio
habita
in
celeberrimo
gymnasio
Patavino
... in
initio lectionum
(Padua,
1552).
-
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13/22
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8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
14/22
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8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
15/22
204
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
three eminent
sixteenth-century
authors,
only
the last
of whom
was
a
physi-
cian:
Erasmus,
Melanchthon,
and
Girolamo
Cardano.48
For
all
the
specialized
earning
and
professional
self-consciousness
of
aca-
demically
trainedGalenic
physicians
and the real and
highly
specific
achieve-
ments of sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century natomy,physiology, and
botany,
a
substantial
part
of
Renaissance medicine involved
knowledge
and
attitudessharedwith and
highly
dependent
on
the
broader
ociety.
This is true
in
the case of
ideas,
terminology,
and
practicesconcerning
he human
body
as
an
object
of
knowledge
and
therapeutic
ntervention whether
these concern
broadcultural
assumptions
such as
ideas about
gender
or
practical
knowledge
of
remedies
sharednot
only
across a wide
spectrum
of
healers at all levels
of
social
status and
education
but
also in and
outside
the medical
profession.
It is
equally
trueof the entire
shift
from scholasticism o
humanism,
n which learned
physiciansfollowed the lead of the larger ntellectualcommunity. The extent
to
which
medicine was
part
of a
broader
humanistic
and still
largely
rhetorical
culture s
further
reflected in
the
frequency
and
facility
with which
physicians
embarkedon
such
projects
as
writing general
histories and the
apparent
om-
placency
with
which their
doing
so
was
regarded.
GirolamoCardano
eported
that
his medical
colleagues
reproved
him
for
spending
more time on
math-
ematics
(no
doubt
including
astrology)
than
medicine,
but
nothing
but
praise
seems to have
accrued o
Dr.
Hartman
Schedel for
spending
his time
writing,
or
compiling,
the
Nuremberg
Chronicle
or to
Dr.
TommasoMinadoi for
compos-
ing his Historyof the WarBetweenthe Turksand the Persians, to name only
two of
many
possible
examples.49
Consequently
he
place
of
oratory
and
epideictic
rhetoric n Renaissance
academicmedicine
cannot
be
simply
dismissed as
peripheral
o
its real nter-
prise,
whether
hat
enterprise
s conceived as
primarilyprofessional,
scientific,
philosophical,
or
healing.
This is
not
only
because some
surviving
orations
express
a
scientific
conviction or
intellectualcommitment
or
recount
a
biogra-
phy
that
makes them
well
worth
studying.Many
others are
essentially
conven-
tional or
insignificant
in
content.
But the characterof medical orations
and
encomiais one moresign among manythattheself-imageof the learnedmedi-
cal
profession
then
incorporated
attributes haracteristic
f
a Renaissancehu-
manist
discipline
as well
as
those
of
a
technical
or
scientific
profession.
Hunter
College.
48 an
Beverwyck, Epistolicae
quaestiones
cum
doctorum
responsionibus.
Accedit
ejusdem
nec non
Erasmi,
Cardani
Melanchthonis,
Medicinae
encomium
(Rotterdam,1644),
including
the letter from
Descartes;
and
see
Roger
French,
William
Harvey's
Natural
Philosophy
(Cam-
bridge,1994), 169, 193-94.
49
See Adrian
Wilson,
The
Makingof
the
Nuremberg
Chronicle
Amsterdam, 976);
Giovanni
Tommaso
Minadoi,
Historia
della
gverrafra
Tvrchi,
et ... Persiani
(Venice, 1587).
-
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Oratory
and
Rhetoric in
Renaissance Medicine
205
Appendix
1.
Orations
consulted
or this
paper
Argenterio,Giovanni.Oratio oannisArgenteriiNeapolihabita n initiosuarum
lectionum anno
1555,
unnumbered
olio
at the
beginning
of
his
Opera,
pars
prior.
Venice,
1606.
Beverwyck,
Jan.
Epistolicaequaestiones
umdoctorum
esponsionibus.
Accedit
ejusdem
nec
non
Erasmi,
Cardani
Melanchthonis,
Medicinaeencomium.
Rotterdam,
1644.
Bartolotti,
Gian
Giacomo.
On
the
Antiquityof
Medicine.
In Giovanni
Tortelli,
On Medicine and
Physicians.
Gian Giacomo
Bartolotti,
On
the
Antiquity
of
Medicine. Two
Histories
of
Medicine
of
the XVth
Century,
ed. and
tr.
DorothyM. Schullian andLuigi Belloni. Milan, 1954.
Cardano,
Girolamo.
Medicinae encomium.
In his
Quaedam opuscula.
Basel,
1559.
Also
in
his
Opera,
ed.
C.
Spon,
vol.
VI.
Lyon,
1664.
Carnarius,
ohannes
Vleeschouwer,
an
de].
De
podagra
laudibus
oratio habita
in
celeberrimo
gymnasio
Patavino
...
in initio
lectionum.
Padua,
1552.
Cornarius,
Janus.
Hippocrates,
sive doctor
verus,
Oratio
habita
Marpurgi
...
itemDe rectis
medicinae tudiis
amplectendis,
Oratio
..
habita
Gronibergae
Hessorum.
In
Hippocratis
Coi libelli
aliquot,
tr. Janus
Cornarius.
Basel,
1543.
Dryander, ohann. npraelectionemmedicamoratioquaAnatomiaenecessarium
studium
commendatur,
Marpurgi
... habita
... anno
MDXXVI.
With
his
Anatomiae.
Marpurg,
1537.
Du
Chastel,
Honor6. Oratio
Lutetiae
habita,
quae
futuro
medico
necessaria
explicantur.
Paris,
1555.
Eobanus
of Hesse.
Medicinae encomion ex
Desiderio
Erasmo
Roterodamo
..
versu redditum.
In
De
tuenda bona
valetudine,
libellus
Eobani
Hessi,
commentariis
doctissimisa
loanne Placotomo,
professor
medico
quondam
in
Academia
Regiomontana
llustratus.
Frankfurt,
564.
Fols.
138r-145v.
Erasmus,Desiderius. Encomiummedicinae,ed. in his Operaomnia, ordo 1,
vol.
IV,
147-86.
Amsterdam,
1973.
Erastus,Thomas.
De
medicinae audibus
oratio.
In
his
Varia
opuscula
medica.
Frankfurt,
1590.
1-14.
Fabritius,
Gerard. Encomiasta
medicinae
et adversus eiusdem
calumniatores
recriminatoris oratio habita in Dolana
florentissima
Burgundiorum.
Academia.
Venice,
1548.
Gentile da
Foligno.
Sermo 1.
ed.
in
Jole
Agrimi
and Chiara Crisciani.
Edocere
medicos.
Naples,
1988,
258-61.
.
Sermo
ad conventum
magistri
Martini di Senis.
ed. in Carl C. Schlam.
Graduation
Speeches
of Gentile da
Foligno.
Medieval
Studies,
40
(1978),
96-119,
at 113-19.
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
17/22
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
18/22
Oratory
and Rhetoric
in
Renaissance Medicine
207
Werner,
Abraham. Oratio
de vita
Galeni
... cum
doctores
in medicinae
renunciarentur
viri
doctissimi
D.
Georgius
Agricola
Ambergensis,
et
D. Fabianus
Summer.
Wittenberg,
1570.
2. Orations consulted for this paper classified by
date,
place,
and occasion
Approximate
dates
of
composition
Fourteenth
century,
first half
Gentile
da
Foligno.
Sermo 1.
Early
1340s.
.
Sermoad conventum
magistri
Martini
di
Senis.
Early
1340s.
Fifteenth
century,
first half
Jacopoda Forli. Medicina artiumpreclarissima. 1409.
Matteolo
da
Perugia.
De
laudibus medicinae
in
principio
suae
lectiones
ordinariae. 1439.
1480-1520
Bartolotti,
Gian Giacomo. On the
Antiquityof
Medicine.
1498.
Erasmus,
Desiderius. Encomiummedicinae.
1499,
reissued
1520s.
1530-70
Argenterio,Giovanni. Oratio ... habita in initio suarum ectionumanno 1555.
Melanchthon,
Philipp.
(23)
Laus
artis
medicinae,
(24)
Encomium
medicinae,
(25)
Contra
empiricos
medicos;
(63)
De
vita
Galeni,
(64)
De
Hippocrate;
(69)
De
physica;
(101)
De
dignitate
artis
medicae;
104)
De
vita
Avicennae;
(118)
De
sympathia
et
antipathia,
(119)
De doctrina
physica,
(120)
De
doctrina
anatomiae,
121)
De
partibus
et
motibus
ordis,
135)
De
anatomia;
(146)
De arte
medica;
(158)
De
pulmone
et de
discrimine
arteriae;
(165)
De
aphorismo
VIto
partis
II;
(170)
De consideratione
corporis
humaniseu
de anatomica
doctrina;
176)
Explicatio
Aphorismi
XLII.
Dates
range
from
1529 to 1560, according o CR.
Dryander,
ohann. n
praelectionem
medicam
oratio
qua
Anatomiae
necessarium
studium
commendatur,
Marpurgi
.. habita
... anno
MDXXVI.
Cornarius,
anus.
Hippocrates,
ive doctor
verus,
Oratio
habita
Marpurgi
..item
De
rectis
medicinae
studiis
amplectendis,
Oratio
... habita
Gronibergae
Hessorum.
154?
Fabritius,
Gerard.Encomiasta medicinaeet adversus
eiusdem
calumniatores
recriminatoris oratio habita in Dolana
florentissima
Burgundiorum
Academia. 1547 or 1548.
Carnarius,ohannes Vleeschouwer, ande].Depodagra laudibusoratio habita
in celeberrimo
gymnasio
Patavino ... in initio lectionum.
1552.
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
19/22
208
Nancy
G.
Siraisi
Du
Chastel,
Honor6.
Oratio
Lutetiae
habita,
que
futuro
medico necessaria
explicantur.
1555.
Cardano,
Girolamo.Medicinae encomium.Before
1559.
Vieil,
Jean e.
Orationes n
medicinaecommendationem
t in
gratiam
octodecim
medicaelaureae candidatorumnstitutae.1560.
Eobanusof
Hesse. Medicinae
encomion ex Desiderio
Erasmo Roterodamo
...
versu
redditum.First
edition
appears
o
be 1564.
Hizler,
Georg.
Oratio de vita et
morte clarissimi
viri,
medici
et
philosophi
praestantissimi,
D.
Leonharti
Fuchsii.
1566.
English
ranslation
n
The
great
herbal
ofLeonhart
Fuchs: De
historia
stirpium
ommentarii
nsignes,
1542
(notable
commentarieson the
history of plants),
ed. FrederickG.
Meyer,
Emily
Emmart
Trueblood,
and
John
L. Heller
(Stanford,
Calif.,
1999),
I,
260-80.
Joubert,Laurent.Declamatio in loannis SapportaeAntoniiF. inauguratione,
seu
promotione
ad
doctoralem
dignitatem.
Declamatio,
quae
illud
paradoxe interpraetatur,
Nutritionemvincere
naturam,
ex Platone.
In
his Paradoxorumdemonstrationum
medicinalium
...
decas
prima.
Lyon,
1561.
...
est
quam
D. Joubertus
ante
aliquod
annos
habuit
Monspelli
dum
...
coronadoctorali
diademate
meritissimo
donaretur.
. Oratio
de
praesidiisfuturi
excellentis medici.
1579
Werner,
Abraham.
Oratio de
vita
Galeni
... cum
doctores in medicinae
renunciarentur
iri
doctissimi D.
Georgius Agricola
Ambergensis,
et D.
FabianusSummer.1570.
Junius,
Hadrianus
1511-75).
Oratio de artium
iberalium
dignitate.
1570-1630
Erastus,
Thomas
(1524-83).
De
medicinae laudibus
oratio.
Mercuriale,
Girolamo
(1530-1606).
Oratio
prima.
Vorst,
Edward.
Oratiofunebris
n obitum
V.
N. et clarissimi Caroli Clusii.
1609.
Naud6,
Gabriel.
De
antiquitate
et
dignitate
scholae
medicae Parisiensis
panegyris.
Cumorationibus
ncomiasticisad
IX
atroganistas
aurea
medica
donandos. 1628.
Beverwyck,
Jan.
Epistolicaequaestiones
cum
doctorum
esponsionibus.
Accedit
ejusdem
nec non
Erasmi,
Cardani
Melanchthonis,
Medicinae encomium.
Beverwyck's
encomium was
originally published
as an
independent
tem,
Dordrecht,
1633.
Place
Italy
Gentile da
Foligno.
Sermo 1.
Perugia.
.
Sermo ad conventum
magistri
Martini di Senis.
Perugia.
Jacopo
da
Forli. Medicina artium
preclarissima.
Padua?
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
20/22
Oratory
and
Rhetoric in
Renaissance
Medicine
209
Matteolo
da
Perugia.
De
laudibus medicinae in
principio
suae lectiones
ordinariae.Padua.
Bartolotti,
Gian
Giacomo.
On the
Antiquityof
Medicine.
Ferrara.
Argenterio,
Giovanni.
Oratio ...
in initio
suarum ectionum
anno
1555.
Naples.
Cardano,Girolamo.Medicinaeencomium.Pavia?
Carnarius,
ohannes
Vleeschouwer,
an
de].
De
podagra
laudibusoratio
habita
in
celeberrimo
gymnasio
Patavino ... in
initio lectionum.
Padua.
Mercuriale,
Girolamo.
Oratio
prima.
Padua?
Germany
and the Low
Countries
Erasmus,
Desiderius.
Encomium
medicinae
[but
originally
delivered at
Paris].
Melanchthon,
Philipp.
(23)
Laus artis
medicinae,
(24)
Encomium
medicinae,
(25)
Contra
empiricos
medicos;
(63)
De vita
Galeni,
(64)
De
Hippocrate;
(69)Dephysica;(101)De dignitateartismedicae; 104)De vitaAvicennae;
(118)
De
sympathia
et
antipathia,
(119)
De doctrina
physica,
(120)
De
doctrina
anatomiae,
121)
De
partibus
et motibus
ordis,
135)
De
anatomia;
(146)
De arte
medica;
(158)
De
pulmone
et
de discrimine
arteriae;
(165)
De
aphorismo
VIto
partis
II;
(170)
De consideratione
corporis
humaniseu
de
anatomica
doctrina;
(176)
ExplicatioAphorismi
XLII.
Wittenberg.
Dryander,
ohann.
n
praelectionem
medicamoratio
qua
Anatomiae
necessarium
studium
commendatur,
Marpurgi
..
habita ... anno
MDXXVI.
Cornarius,
Janus.
Hippocrates,
sive doctor
verus,
Oratio
habita
Marpurgi
...
itemDe rectismedicinae tudiisamplectendis,Oratio .. habitaGronibergae
Hessorum.
Eobanus
of
Hesse.
Medicinae
encomion ex Desiderio
Erasmo Roterodamo
..
versu
redditum.
Hizler,
Georg.
Oratio de
vita et
morte clarissimi
viri,
medici et
philosophi
praestantissimi,
D.
Leonharti
Fuchsii.
Tiibingen.English
translation
n
The
great
herbal
ofLeonhart
Fuchs: De
historia
stirpium
ommentarii
nsignes,
1542
(notable
commentarieson
the
history of plants),
ed. FrederickG.
Meyer,
Emily
Emmart
Trueblood,
and
John
L. Heller
(Stanford,
Calif.,
1999), I, 260-80.
Werner,
Abraham. Oratio
de vita
Galeni ... cum doctores
in
medicinae
renunciarentur
iri
doctissimi
D.
Georgius Agricola
Ambergensis,
et D.
Fabianus
Summer.
Wittenberg.
Junius,
Hadrianus.
Oratiode
artium iberalium
dignitate.
Harlem?
Erastus,
Thomas
(1524-83).
De medicinae laudibus oratio.
Heidelberg.
Vorst,
Edward.
Oratiofunebris
n
obitumV N. et clarissimiCaroliClusii.Leiden.
Beverwyck,
Jan.
Epistolicae
quaestiones
cumdoctorum
esponsionibus
Accedit
ejusdem
nec non
Erasmi,
Cardani
Melanchthonis,
Medicinae encomium.
Leiden.
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
21/22
210
Nancy
G. Siraisi
France
Fabritius,
Gerard.
Encomiasta medicinae
et adversus
eiusdem
calumniatores
recriminatoris
oratio habita in Dolana
florentissima
Burgundiorum
Academia.
D1le.
Du Chastel, Honor6.Oratio Lutetiaehabita, quaefuturo medico necessaria
explicantur.
Paris.
Vieil,
Jean
e.
Orationes
n
medicinaecommendationem
t
in
gratiam
octodecim
medicae laureae
candidatorum nstitutae.
Paris.
Joubert,
Laurent.
Declamatio
in
loannis
Sapportae
Antonii
F.
inauguratione,
seu
promotione
ad
doctoralem
dignitatem.Montpellier.
.
Declamatio,
quae
illud
paradoxe interpraetatur,
Nutritionem
vincere
naturam,
ex
Platone.
Montpellier.
. Oratiode
praesidiisfuturi
excellentis
medici.
In
his
Operum
atinorum
tomussecundus.Montpellier.
Naud6,
Gabriel.
De
antiquitate
et
dignitate
scholae
medicae Parisiensis
panegyris.
Cum
orationibus ncomiasticis
d
IX
iatroganistas
aurea
medica
donandos.
Paris.
Occasion
Graduation
Gentile da
Foligno.
Sermo
1.
.
Sermo
ad
conventum
magistri
Martini
di Senis.
Melanchthon,Philipp.Occasion not determined or all; some explicitly desig-
nated
or
graduations.
23)
Lausartis
medicinae,
24)
Encomium
medicinae,
(25)
Contra
empiricos
medicos;
(63)
De vita
Galeni,
(64)
De
Hippocrate;
(69)
De
physica;
(101)
De
dignitate
artis
medicae;
104)
De
vita
Avicennae;
(118)
De
sympathia
et
antipathia,
(119)
De doctrina
physica,
(120)
De
doctrina
anatomiae,
(121)
De
partibus
et motibus
cordis,
Corpus
Reformatorum,
135)
De
anatomia;
146)
De arte
medica;
158)
De
pulmone
et
de discrimine
arteriae;
(165)
De
aphorismo
VIto
partis
II;
(170)
De
consideratione
orporis
humani eu de anatomica
doctrina;
176)
Explicatio
Aphorismi LII.
Du
Chastel,
Honor6.
Oratio
Lutetiae
habita,
que
futuro
medico
necessaria
explicantur.
Vieil,
Jean
e.
Orationes
n medicinae
commendationem
t in
gratiam
octodecim
medicae laureaecandidatorum
nstitutae.
Joubert,
Laurent.
Declamatio,
quae illudparadoxe
interpraetatur,
utritionem
vincere
naturam,
ex Platone. ... est
quam
D. Joubertus
ante
aliquod
annos
habuit
Monspelli
dum... coronadoctoralidiademate
meritissimodonaretur.
.Declamatio in loannis
Sapportae
Antonii
F.
inauguratione,
seu
promotione
ad doctoralem
dignitatem.
.
Oratio
de
praesidiisfuturi
excellentis
medici.
-
8/10/2019 Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine
22/22