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OPTO425 MICROBIOLOGY I

GAMAL EL-HITI

OPTO425

Lecture Notes

OPTO425

Handbooks

Microbiology: An Introduction 10th Edition

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Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences, 9th Edition

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Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

By W. John Spicer

OPTO425

Course Calendar

Week 02

27/09/2016

L01

Week 03

04/10/2016

L02

Week 04

11/10/2016

L03

Week 05

18/10/2016

L04

Week 06

25/10/2016

L05

Week 07

01/11/2016

1st Mid-term exam

Week 08

08/11/2016

L06

Midterm Vacation

13–19/11/2016

Week 09

22/11/2016

L07

Week 10

29/11/2016

L08

Week 11

06/12/2016

L09

Week 12

13/12/2016

2nd Mid-term exam

Week 13

20/12/2016

L10

Week 14

27/12/2016

L11

Week 15

03/01/2017

Revision

Course Calendar

OPTO425 Learning Outcomes and

Weekly Plan

Lecture One

OPTO425

Course Description

History of microbiology

Morphology of microorganisms

Microbial growth and death

Culture media

Detection of microbial growth

Control and destruction of microorganisms

OPTO425

Objectives

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Ou

tco

mes

To provide a basic knowledge about

the history of microbiology

To understand the structures and behaviour of bacteria, fungi and viruses

To provide a basic concepts of microbial growth and death

To develop an understanding of sterilization, disinfection and antiseptics

Learning Outcomes

What is Microbiology

and Microorganisms?

Lecture Two

• It is the science of microorganisms.

• Some organisms are pathogenic “germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.

• Microbes used to digest oil from oil spills.

• Produce industrial chemicals.

• Produce antibiotics such as insulin.

• Knowledge of microbes allows us to prevent disease occurrence.

• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in hospitals.

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What is Microbiology?

History of Microbiology Robert Hooke (English; 1635 – 1703)

He wrote a book (Micrographia, 1665).

He suggested that all living things are made of cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch; 1632 – 1723)

In 1674, he was the first to see bacteria and circulation of blood in capillaries.

They gave high magnifications (270X) the finest at that time.

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History of Microbiology Spontaneous Generation Theory

Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter.

Francesco Redi (Italian; 1626 – 1697)

In 1964, he showed that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

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History of Microbiology

John Needham (British; 1713 – 1781)

He announced that life had been created from non-life.

Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian; 1729 – 1799)

He concluded that Needham's heating of the bottle did not kill everything inside.

Louis Pasteur (French; 1822 – 1895)

Louis Pasteur refuted the notion of the Spontaneous Generation Theory.

He S- shapes flasks. 27/09/2016 OPT425 L01 – W02 5

History of Microbiology Lecture Seven

History of Microbiology

Lecture Three

History of Microbiology Ignaz Semmelweis (Hungarian; 1818 – 1865)

Known for hand disinfection for puerperal fever in mothers.

Joseph Lister (British; 1827 – 1912)

He discovered the use of phenol as antiseptic material in surgery, based on Pasteur and Semmelweis findings.

Robert Koch (German; 1843 – 1910)

Discovered Bacillus anthracis.

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Edward Jenner (British; 1749 – 1823)

The birth of vaccination (1796) before the golden age period (smallpox vaccination).

Paul Ehrlich (German; 1854 – 1915)

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy.

In 1910, he developed a drug, salvarsan or arsphenamine, to treat syphilis.

Alexander Fleming ( Scottish; 1881 – 1955)

The discovery of the first antibiotic (Penicillin, fungus) by accident in 1928.

History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology Lecture Seven

Types of Microorganisms and Nomenclature

Lecture Four

Types of Microorganisms

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Nomenclature of Organisms

Binomial Nomenclature

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Binomial nomenclature, also called binary nomenclature. It is consists of two Latinized names, the genus and the species. All living things, and even some viruses, have a scientific name. Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize “Genus”, but NOT “species” Underline when writing

Types of Microorganisms

Lecture Five

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Consume the available nutrients.

Produce compounds toxic to other microorganisms.

Normal Microbiota (Flora)

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Fungi Fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells contain nucleus. The cell walls of fungi contain chitin. Fungi include: Yeasts Molds Mushrooms Fungi can causes: Ringworm Athlete’s foot Yeast infections

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OPTO425 Microbiology I

1st Midterm Exam L02—L05

Types of Microorganisms

Lecture Six

Protozoa is one-celled tiny animals found worldwide in most habitats and contaminated water supplies.

They have a thin cell membrane.

Most have a tough outer membrane called a pellicle, which maintains their form.

Cause diseases such as:

Malaria

Trichomoniasis

Amebic dysentery

Protozoa

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Rickettsiae are parasites that must live inside cells of other living organisms.

One type of bacteria.

Humans bitten by infected insect may contract diseases.

Rickettsiae cause diseases such as:

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Lyme disease

Typhus

Rickettsia

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They are commonly known as parasitic worms, are large multicellular organisms.

When mature can generally be seen with the naked eye.

They are often referred to as intestinal worms even though not all helminths reside in the intestines.

e.g. Schistosomes are not intestinal worms, but rather reside in blood vessels.

Helminths

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Viruses are the smallest microorganisms.

Viruses are difficult to destroy.

Viruses have either DNA or RNA in core.

Core is surrounded by a protein coat.

Only replicate within a living host cell.

Diseases associated with viruses include:

Common cold

Chickenpox

Herpes

HIV/AIDS

Viruses

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Types of Microorganisms

Lecture Seven

Diseases associated with viruses are:

Common cold

Viruses

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Viruses

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• Culture

• Microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium.

• Culture Medium

• Nutrient material prepared for microbial growth in the laboratory.

• Requirements

• Must be sterile

• Contain appropriate nutrients

• Incubated at appropriate temperature

Culture Media

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Selective Media Used to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired microbes. Differential Media Used to distinguish colonies of a desired organism. Both Selective and Differential Media Used both to distinguish colonies of a desired organism, and inhibit the growth of other microbes.

Special Culture Techniques

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Culture Media

Culture Media

Lecture Eight

Obtaining Pure Cultures

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Obtaining Pure Cultures

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Microbial Growth

Standard Growth Curve

Four phases of Bacterial Growth

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Measuring Microbial Growth

Lecture Nine

Direct Methods of Measurement

1) Plate count

Most frequently used method.

2) Filtration

Measures small quantities of bacteria.

3) Most Probable Number (MPN)

For bacteria not grow on solid medium.

4) Direct Microscopic Count

A bacterial suspension is placed on a microscope slide and were counted.

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Microbial Growth

Indirect Methods of Measurement

1) Turbidity

Media turns turbid as bacteria multiply.

2) Metabolic Activity

As bacteria multiply in media, they produce certain products (e.g. CO2).

3) Dry Weight

Bacteria or fungi in liquid media are centrifuged.

Resulting cell pellet is weighed.

Microbial Growth

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OPTO425 Microbiology I

2nd Midterm Exam L06—L09

Microbial Growth Control

Lecture Ten

How to control the spread of microbes and the methods of destruction?

Antiseptics

Disinfection

Sterilization

Control Methods

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Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5.

Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6.

pH

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Control Methods

Osmotic Pressure

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Control Methods

Microbial Growth Control through

Chemical Requirements

Lecture Eleven

Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth

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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth

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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth

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Chemical Requirements of Microbes Growth

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Toxic Forms of Oxygen

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Revision Week