options for enhancing grain iron and zinc concentrations in sorghum

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Options for Enhancing Grain Iron and Zinc Concentrations in

Sorghum

A Ashok Kumar Research Program on Dryland Cereals

2 May 2013

Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)

• Why sorghum biofortification?

• What are the target levels for Fe and Zn?

• Variability for grain Fe/Zn

• Strategic research

• Where we stand on enhancing Fe and Zn

• The way forward

Contents


Copenhagen Consensus 2012


• Given the budgetary constraints 16 areas worthy of investment

1. Micronutrient interventions to fight hunger and improve education

2. Malaria combination treatment

3. Childhood immunization coverage

4. Deworming of school children

5. Tuberculosis treatment

6. R & D to increase yield, decrease hunger, fight biodiversity destruction, and lessen the effects of climate change

http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/Outcome_Document_Updated_1105.pdf

Dietary diversification

Fortification

Supplementation

Biofortification – genetic enhancement of

grain/plant part micronutrient concentration

To mitigate malnutrition focused efforts

needed on

• awareness generation on diversifying food

basket

• increasing access to diverse foods, and

• strong policy support Stein 2010

How to address Malnutrition?

4. Potatoes

5. Cassava

6. Soybeans

7. Sweet potatoes

9. Yams

10.Plantains

Top 10 crops that feed the world

1. Corn

2. Wheat

3. Rice


8. Sorghum

Sorghum is the dietary staple of more than 500 million people over 30 countries in Africa and Asia

Per capita consumption is 75 kg/y in major sorghum areas in India

• One of the cheapest sources of energy, protein, Fe and Zn

• Contribute to >50% of the Fe and Zn requirements in low income group populations

• Sorghum harvested from PR season preferred for food

Belum Reddy et al 2005; Parthasarathy Rao et al 2006

Why sorghum biofortification?

Structure of sorghum grain


Aleurone layer

• Ninety nine % of white sorghums do not contain

tannins

• Condensed tannins present in brown sorghums; can

be used in developing functional foods

• Bioavailability of Fe in sorghum is 5% and Zn 25%

like in most legume and cereal based diets

• Compounds like Ascorbic acid, Beta carotene and

inulin enhance the absorption of minerals

• Sorghum is gluten free and safe food to people

allergic to wheat (and those with Celiac disease)

Pfeiffer and McClafferty 2007; Nidhi Rawat et al 2013;

US Grains Council Sorghum Hand Book

Nutritional facts about sorghum

Fe/Zn in popular cultivars

Cultivar name Fe (PPM) Zn (PPM) Phule Chitra 32.2 22.0 Phule Anuradha 31.1 19.9 Parbhani Jyoti 30.9 25.3 Giddi Maldandi 30.8 21.5 NTJ 2 30.7 22.0 M 35-1 30.4 21.0

Dagdi Solapur 29.8 20.6

Parbhani Moti (SPV 1411) 28.5 22.3 Barsizoot 28.0 20.6 Phule Vasudha 27.6 19.5

Control

PVK 801 44 24


Selfed seed, no metallic/dust contamination; AAS/ICP method

Does Fertifortification possible?

Micronutrient (MN) fertilizers increased

grain Zn in wheat and maize

Combinations of MN fertilizers, soil types

and cultivars under on-station and on-

farm conditions tested

No significant differences observed for

grain Fe/Zn

Fertifortification is yet to be realized in

sorghum

Reddy et al 2007


Variability for Fe and Zn in commercial cultivars


• Evaluated 66 commercial sorghum cultivars at ICRISAT,

Patancheru during the 2008, 2009 and 2010 postrainy seasons

Fe and Zn concentration in sorghum commercial cultivars

Fe

Zn

Target

Ashok Kumar et al 2011 and 2013


Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in selected sorghum hybrid parents

B/R-line Pedigree Iron

(ppm) Zinc

(ppm)

B-lines (523)

ICSB 387 (ICSB 37 x IS 21599)4-1-1-1 48 25

ICSB 58 (2219B x 148)-8-1-1-1-2 47 28

ICSB 263 [(ICSB 11 x TRL 74/C 57)xICSB 6]6-4-2-2 47 25

ICSB 399 [(ICSB 37 x IS 2501)x ICSB 11]1-1-2 47 27

ICSB 354 (ICSB 11 x IS 2815)4-1-3-2 45 27

ICSB 50 (FLR 274 x CSV 4)-6-1-3-1 45 26

ICSB 362 (ICSB 11 x IS 2815)25-1-2-1 43 27

R-lines (100)

PVK 801 [(IS 23528 x SPV 475) x(PS 29154)]-4-2-2-4 45 23

ICSR 72 [(SC 108-3 x Swarna) x E 35-1]-6-2-2 44 26

ICSR 28 (EC 64735 x CSV 4)-21-2 43 25

ICSR 40 (UChV2 x E 35-1)-11-3-4 41 29

ICSR 89035 [C 58 x (SC 108-3 x CSV 4)-3-1]-5-2 39 26

ICSR 113 {[Safra x (SC 108-3 x E 35-1)-5-1] x CSV 4}-3-4-2 38 28

Ashok Kumar et al 2012

Genetic variation for Fe/Zn in seed parents (523)

Fe: 43

Zn: 27


Genetic variation for Fe/Zn in pollen parents (100)

Fe: 39

Zn: 26


Fe: 38

Zn: 28


Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in selected sorghum white grain landraces (2262)

IS No. Race Origin Iron

(ppm) Zinc

(ppm)

IS 23680 Caudatum Mozambique 71 44

IS 5308 Guinea India 63 45

IS 5427 Durra India 60 57

IS 3790 Kafir-bicolor Taiwan 58 54

IS 3696 Guinea-bicolor Taiwan 57 40

IS 5514 Guinea-bicolor India 56 45

IS 5299 Guinea India 55 40 IS 26962 Caudatum India 51 46

Target Fe: 60 ppm; Zn: 40 ppm; Ashok Kumar et al 2009 and 2012

http://hdl.handle.net/11038/10081

Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in selected sorghum colored grain landraces

IS No. Race Origin Iron

(ppm) Zinc

(ppm) IS 27054 Durra-caudatum Zimbabwe 73 29 IS 34 Bicolor USA 69 27 IS 20962 Caudatum Kenya 62 24 IS 12750 Caudatum China 58 46 IS 1563 Bicolor India 57 39 IS 25546 Caudatum Rwanda 57 30 IS 18133 Bicolor Lebanon 56 27

IS 1222 Kafir-bicolor China 55 41 IS 17307 Bicolor Ethiopia 54 38 IS 55 Durra USA 54 38 IS 3106 Bicolor Kenya 54 34 IS 3760 Caudatum-bicolor USA 53 37 IS 17580 Caudatum Nigeria 51 35 IS 25699 Guinea Mali 51 33 IS 3283 Bicolor USA 50 42 IS 32 Bicolor USA 50 32

IS 10174 Caudatum Burkina Faso 48 28 IS 26012 Caudatum-bicolor South Africa 47 36 IS 30310 Caudatum-bicolor China 47 42 IS 12849 Bicolor Turkey 46 30 IS 14108 Bicolor USA 46 30

IS 31680 Bicolor Algeria 45 30


Promising accessions for grain Fe and Zn

Fe: 51

Zn:46

Fe: 71

Zn:44

Trait associationships Can grain Fe and Zn be simultaneously improved?

Trait Iron Zinc

Days to 50%

flowering Plant

height Grain yield

Zinc 0.853** 1.000

Days to 50% flowering 0.087 0.158 1.000

Plant height -0.039 0.224 -0.017 1.000

Grain yield 0.020 -0.045 -0.223 0.023 1.000

Grain size 0.279 0.221 -0.464 -0.133 0.456*

df (n-2)=20 ; *significant at 5% and ** significant at 1% Ashok Kumar et al 2010; Reddy et al 2010


Gene action and heterosis for grain Fe and Zn

• Quantitatively inherited traits

• Significant GCA and SCA effects

• Predominant additive gene action conditioning grain

Zn and both non-additive and additive gene action

conditioning grain Fe

• Some opportunity for exploitation of heterosis for

increasing grain Fe but little opportunity for Zn

• Need to improve both parents for grain Zn

Ashok Kumar et al 2013


Biofortification Material in pipeline 2013

S No Material Total

Number

Trials - Multilocational 1 H+ MLT-1 (26 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 26 2 H+ MLT-2 (27 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 27 3 H+ MLT-3-AHT- (26 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 30

Trials at ICRISAT 1 H+ AHT (43) 43 2 H+ PHT (93) 93 3 H+ Hybrids-Nursery 223 4 New Hybrids in 2012 100 5 H+ RIL- (296 B x PVK 801) 320

Conversion program 1 H+ BC3s - A1 10

Generations 1 H+ F1s - (B/R/LR) 68 2 H+ F2s - Rabi B lines x High Fe lines 135 3 H+ F3s -Rabi based B-lines and SF B-lines x high FeZn 1806 4 H+ F4s - High Fe and Zn parents 112

So far made F1s 1209 Hybrids 673

Genomic resources in sorghum • Well developed genomic resources including published

aligned genome sequences (Paterson et al. 2009)

• Large numbers of SSRs (Ramu et al. 2010) and SNPs

through Genotype By Sequencing (GBS) available

• Validated QTLs associated with agronomic traits

including for biotic and abiotic stresses being applied in

marker-assisted breeding (Mace and Jordan 2011)

• Parents with large variation in grain Fe and Zn identified

• RILs derived from 296B × PVK 801 being phenotyped

for mapping QTLs associated with grain Fe and Zn


Rapid phenotyping method XRF- Rapid, cost effective



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Target Baselevel

GK4045

NSH703

ICSB 10 ICSB263

PVK801

IS23680

Where have we reached for Fe?


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Target Baselevel

GK 4035 ICSB 484 PachaJonna

PVK 801 IS 5427

Where have we reached for Zn?

The way forward • Transfer the available high Fe and Zn lines to farmers

• Top up targeted deficit through Fertifortification

using promising minerals dense cultivars

• Continue making incremental increase in seed

minerals density through crossing and selection

• Nutrient bioavailability study with select materials to

identify those with high & more bioavailable

nutrients

• Identification of QTLs for grain Fe/Zn and deploying

in breeding programs

• Develop stakeholders capacities in applied breeding

towards developing mineral-dense cultivars


Enhancing the outreach • A strong delivery pipeline established under HOPE

• The ICRISAT-MAU partnership variety PVK 801 (with

high Fe and Zn) is currently grown on 100,000 ha

• Working closely with NARS and development

partners to strengthen the delivery channel

• Govt. of India allocated Rs 200 crores (USD 36 m) to

promote biofortified cultivars outreach

http://www.cgiar.org/consortium-news/hope-leads-to-increased-

sorghum-yields/6

ICRISAT – Belum VS Reddy

– Fred Rattunde

– C Tom Hash

– Santosh P Deshpande

– B Ramaiah

– Kotla Anuradha

MAU

– Shivaji P Mehtre

HarvestPlus - Wolfgang Pfeiffer

- Parminder Virk

DSR - Hari Prasanna

- JV Patil

DBT - Onkar Tiwari


ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium

Thank you!

options for enhancing grain iron and zinc concentrations in sorghum

Government & Nonprofit

grain zn

sorghum biofortification

x swarna x e

zn concentration

target fe

sorghum reddy et

fe ppm zn ppm phule

zn requirements