optimising energy efficiency of conveyors

7/31/2019 Optimising Energy Efficiency of Conveyors

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Make the most of your energy

Optimising energy efficiency

of conveyors

January 2010/White paper

By Daniel Clnet,


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Summary

Executive summary .................................................................................. I

Introduction ............................................................................................... III

Reducing expenses .................................................................................. 1

From fixed direct costs to variable direct costs ....................................... 3

Operation analysis .............................................................................. 3

Validation of the operating mode ........................................................ 4

Energy savings ....................................................................................... 6

Application example............................................................................ 7

Fixed direct costs reduction .................................................................... 9

Real power, reactive power, apparent power ...................................... 9

Ways to limit the reactive power ......................................................... 9

Ways to decrease the real power ....................................................... 9

The Schneider Electric answer ................................................................. 10

The distributed control offer .................................................................... 11

The Automation Function Blocks dedicated to machines ....................... 12

Conclusion ................................................................................................ 13

An optimized design ............................................................................... 13


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Executive summary

In any human activity, handling cannot be ignored. Moving and transportinggoods are part of the daily life of each individual.

In manufacturing and distribution activities, it is very often the bottleneck

where can focus many problems.

Indeed, handling has an influence on the machines productivity located

upstream and downstream, it has an impact on the work-in-progress and thus

presents a capital investment.

Frequently, handling has an effect on the quality of the product

With more than 2,5 million conveyors put in operation annually in the world,

conveying is an important energy consumer.

Smart choices allow to:

increase the productivity by optimizing the operating modes,

reduce the energy needs and thus limit the exploitation costs.

The judicious use of soft starters or variable speed drives reduces

maintenance by limiting the electric and mechanical shocks

Making energy saving through a smart approach

of operating modes and the use of specific

products.

White paper on Energy Efficiency I

For an optimal efficiency of conveyors


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Introduction

Handling consists in moving a load from one place to another one withoutalteration.

Several solutions can be used :

lifting : the load is freely hung from a lifting gear, operation is discontinuous.

Flexibility is possible within some limits,

belt conveyors or roller tables : the load is supported by the machine and is

carried by the movement of the belt or the rotation of the rollers. Operation is

usually continuous, with very little flexibility,

overhead conveyors with or without trolley : the load is hanged to a chain

moving continuously through the whole process. Operation is uninterrupted

with little flexibility if any,

motorized overhead conveyors running on a common monorail with switch

points. Operation is discontinuous. Flexibility is possible within some limits.

automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) which follow a Guide Cable layed in the

ground or a path controlled by a radio signal. Operation is discontinuous,

flexibility is virtually unlimited.

Despite their apparent disparity, these solutions can be grouped in two main

categories :

1. manually operated conveyors ( transpallets, forklifts or lifting means)

controlled by an operator,

2. automated devices in which we find the conveyors family.

The first solution is sometimes the only possibility, for example loading from a

warehouse.

In manufacturing industries or distribution of products, the second solution

is essential, because it enables to reduce the handling costs. Furthermore

cycles of production are shortened and the risk of damage to packed

products is greatly reduced.

W oow c o b o covo o o

W Pp o popo w o pov cc.

White paper on Energy Efficiency II



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Introduction

To cover the majority of the needs, conveyors adopt three currentarrangements :

linear conveyors to move loads between production units,

transfer tables to change a course or to relocate a load from a conveyor to

another one,

turntables which carry out a similar function while revolving the load.

Conveyors benefits are multiple :

cost reduction of manual operations,

loading and unloading are easy and safe,

work-in-progress control and possibility of just in time production,

intermediate stock limitation between production units,

pallets or products can be move to a large distance without damage.

The conveyors, however, present indirect costs, more or less related to their

use:

power consumption,

maintenance expenses,

wearing parts replacement,

investments and return on investments,

insurances.

It is easily understandable that the choice of a conveyor and the manner of

controlling it will have noticeable influences on the production or distribution

costs. An in depth study must drive the choice of the solution.

These devices require motors, sensors and control devices adapted to the

function to be realized.

Regardless of their specific use, they share number of essential functions

such as start and stop, devices for loading and unloading, operator

interfaces, safety functions to prevent accidents and, eventually, soft starters

or variable speed drives.

White paper on Energy Efficiency III


Linear conveyor

Transfer table

Turntable


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Introduction

The traditional centralized PLCs or controller solution is gradually phasingout to totally decentralized architectures controlling limited zones.

This architecture allows a greater flexibility, the autonomy of small production

islands and an easier adaptation.

Decentralization also allows modularity and the rationalization of the

conveyors, thus a reduction of the design cost for the system supplier and

acquisition cost for the user.

These savings are partly linked to the use of common parts, reducing the

spare parts inventory and facilitating the maintenance operation.

The growing cost of energy, in particular for

fossil energies, (cf graphs hereafter from the

Observatory of Energy according to Eurostat -

January 2007) imposes new strategies for the use

of conveyors.

It becomes interesting to shut down a conveyor or

use a variable speed drive to realize savings.

White paper on Energy Efficiency IV


Cost of electricity (without VAT) for industrial use

Cost of natural gas (without VAT) for industrial use

Belgium Germany Spain France Italy UK

Belgium Germany Spain France Italy UK


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Optimising energy efficiency

of conveyors


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Reducing expenses

White paper on Energy Efficiency 1


Savings are a major consideration when designing a conveying line. Dueto the large number of conveyors, cost can easily be unacceptable and the

return on investment may be problematic

The following table gives the usual cost family

Cell N1 : Direct and variable costs. The

resources listed in this cell are exclusively used

for the products; these expenditures are directly

charged to the products.

Cell N2: Direct and constant expenses.

They can directly be affected to the cost of the

products. When their amount is significant, these

expenses are separated from the fixed common

charges and used in an additional stage during

the calculation of the partial costs. What has the

advantage of refining the analysis and to have a

correct idea of the contribution of each product to

cover the common fixed charges.

Cell N3 : Indirect and variable costs. In fact

these costs are difficult to evaluate and require

a complex process and an in depth analysis.

Energy efficiency has the most impact.on these

costs

CellN4 :Indirect and fixed costs. They are

generally difficult to reduce. They are managed

in a different way according to the selected

method of analysis.

Ways to progress exist for each cell. Sometimes

it is mandatory to reconsider the operation of the

production line.

The saving, impossible to circumvent, consists

of moving the fixed costs to variable costs (2

towards 1). In other words allowing what is just

necessary for the operation. This can be done by

modifying the operating modes of the equipment,

for example make it running only when required.

Ideally, it is desirable to transfer direct costs

into indirect variable costs (1 and 4 towards 3)

by subcontracting some work or eliminating the

superfluous costs.

Vb p Co p

Direct costs

Indirect costs

2

Rental , dedicated equipment@amortizing; dedicated insurances,

Commercial and distribution costs,@

Other specific costs@

3 4

1

Raw products, goods linked to the@products, components

Labor@

Sub contracting@

Power consumption in the@workshops,

Workshop expenditures@

Miscellaneous supplies... @

Investments@

Overheads@ (research anddevelopment; public relationship,accounting, audits, lawyers, patents)


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Reducing expenses



In the real world, one can estimate that nearly60% of the conveyors, loaded or unloaded, are

running continuously. The result is a fixed energy

consumption.

An analysis of the relations between the power

consumption of a convoying line and the tasks

which it carries, defines 4 modes of operation:

1.Workinproduction: the line moves loads. In

this mode, control and actuators are energized.

2. Standby: the machine is running while waiting

for loads, because the preceding or following

machine is not ready. Energy is wasted,

3. Stop: an operator places the conveying line

in this mode when the production is stopped

(defect, factory shutdown) The machine is then

in a safety mode (actuators should not be able

to restart) and an automatic restart is impossible.

Parts of control are off (pre-actuators) but some

remain connected to the power supply (PLCs,

MMI, I/Os)

4. oFF : the conveying line is inert (maintenance,

breaker power off).

The three goals in order to reduce the financial

cost can be summarized as follows:

1.tranSFormationoFtheFixeddirectcoStSin

variabledirectcoStS (2

1)

Modification of the operating modes of the

mechanical equipment which is started only

when required.

2. loWeringtheFixedcoStS (2)

Elimination of reactive power

3.loWeringtheFixedindirectcoStS (4)

Install soft starters or variable speed drives to

increase the lifetime of the equipment by limiting

the mechanical shock due to direct on line

starting.


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Reducing expenses



From fixed direct costs to variable direct costs

OPeratiOn analysis

The first step for energy efficiency consists of

analyzing the operating modes of the conveyor

and, by extension all the line.

This analyse will evaluate the duration and the

frequency of the idle time..

Diagram 1 represents a basic conveyor equipped

with:

an AC motor and its gearbox,

an upstream sensor (Inputsensor

)

a downstream sensor (Ouputsensor

).

We represented a single load, but in the real

world, this load will be generally a whole of

elements distributed in a more or less uniform

way on the conveyor.

We are going to examine the constraint imposed

on a conveyor started at the approach of the

load.

The velocity of the upstream conveyor is the

same as the studied conveyor (Conveyorvelocity

).

The position of the Inputsensor

relative to the

loading zone of the conveyor (Sensordistance

) must

cover two constraints:

Sensordistance

< Loadlength

(where Loadlength

is the size of the load)

Sensordistance

Conveyorvelocity

x Startingtime

(where Startingtime

is the time needed to start the

conveyor till its nominal speed (Conveyorvelocity

) is

obtained.

Thus:

Respecting this physical constraint allows the

best optimization as well from the point of view of

energy efficiency as transfer time of the load.

Load

Downstreamconveyor

Gearbox

AC motorDia ram 1

Sensordistance

Inputsensor

Upstreamconveyor

Outputsensor

Conveyorlength

ConveyorvelocityLoadlength


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Reducing expenses



ValidatiOn Of the OPerating mOde

In this second step, we answer the question :

Is it wise to keep the conveyor running if

unloaded?

The above diagram shows the evolution of

powers and energy consumptions according to

the status of the conveyor.

In this diagram, the conveyor is energised when

the load is detected and runs unloaded before its

introduction. The conveyor is stopped when the

load has been unloaded.

Keywords :

Tbetweenparts

: time between 2 consecutive loads on

the conveyor.

Carrythroughtime

: time needed to move the load

from input to output

Operatingtime

: time elapsed from starting to

stoppage of the conveyor

Startingtime

: time needed to obtain nominal

speed,

Startingpower: real power needed to start theconveyor,

Startingenergy

= Startingpower

x Startingtime

Carrythroughenergy

: energy needed to carry the

load from input to output

Unloadedpower

: real power needed

to move an unloaded conveyor,

Unloadedenergy

: energy needed to

move an unloaded conveyor,

The conveyor will be deenergised

according to the time elapsed

between two consecutive parts.

Conveyor parameters must be

taken into account (operating time,

electrical values).

The sufficient condition to stop the

conveyor while making energy saving is:

According to the type of load and specific

mechanical constraints, it can be necessary to

increase the running time (Operatingtime

) in order

to make sure that the load is correctly transfered

onto the downstream conveyor That is done by

adding a time delay after the activation of the

Ouputsensor

as represented on the diagram below.

Part is loaded

TbetweenpartsPower

Carrythroughtime

Operatingtime

Startingtime

Startingpower

CarrythroughenergyUnloadedpower

StartingenergyStartingenergyUnloadedenergy1

InputsensorOn

Part is unloaded InputsensorOn

Part is loaded

Unloadedenergy1

nsor

r

r

Power

Startingpowe

Unloadedpowe

StartingenergyStartingenergy

InputseOn

Carrythrough energy


Unloadedenergy2

Tbetweenparts

Carrythroughtime

Operatingtime

Startingtime

EnOperatingtime

Tbetween

Carrythroughtime

Operatingtime

Startingtime

EnOperatingtime


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Reducing expenses



Keyword :

EnOperatingtime

: time elapsed from starting to

stoppage of the conveyor with an additional time

delay

Thus the equation becomes:

The time delay, in order to increase the

running time, can be empirical or calculated

according to the length of the load and the

position of Ouputsensor

(which is Inputsensor

for the

downstream conveyor).

It is possible to chose a value for the time delay

considering an uniforme distribution of the load.

Thus, running time will be:

At last, to make sure of the relevance of the

operating modes modification, the right thing to

do is to check the following equation:

If, and only if, this condition is true, the

modification of the operating mode will generate

an energy saving without degrading theperformance of the conveyor.

If the above condition is false, it is strongly

recommended to keep the conveyor running

continuously.

The energy consumption is:


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energy saVings

Energy saving corresponds to the difference

in energies between the continuous operating

process (diagram below) and the operating

process of the previous diagram.

When running continuously, the power

consumption is :

After optimizing the operating mode, saving is :

Where:

Saving relative to real power is :

We can also estimate the reactive power saving.

This reactive power is needed to produce

the magnetization of the motor and can be

considered constant whatever the load of the

motor

So:

On all diagrams we can see at a

first glance that if the starting time

is short, the starting energy can be

neglected. This makes calculations

easier to complete.

The Startingtime

term thus

disappears from all equations.

Reducing expenses



r

r

Power

Startingpowe

Unloadedpowe

Part is loaded

Unloadedenergy1

nsorInputseOn

Unloadedenergy0

Tbetweenparts

Carrythroughtime

Operatingtime

Startingtime

EnOperatingtime

Carrythroughenergy


Unloadedenergy2 Unloadedenergy3


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Reducing expenses



aPPliCatiOn examPle

Let us consider a conveying line equipped with

25 conveyors intended to transport standardized

pallets 1200 X 800. The line runs 16 hours per

day, 300 days per year.

Each conveyor is driven by a Eff1 1,5 KW AC

motor. Characteristics of whose are shown in the

following table:

Unloaded power = 223 W

Reactive power = 1473 VAR

moo r :Low Voltage Motors - IEC General Purpose - Cast Iron Frame - EFF1 Premium Efficiency

Frame : 90L

Nominal power : 1,5 kW

Frequency : 50 Hz

Nb of poles : 4

Full load speed : 1450 RPM

Slip : 3,33%

Nominal voltage : 230/400 V

Full load current : 5,74/3,30 Amps

Starting current: 43,0/24,8 Amps

Current ratio : 7,5No load current : 3,74/2,15 Amps

Nominal torque : 9,88 Nm

Starting torque ratio : 280 %

Maximum torque ratio : 330 %

Type : N

Insulation class : F

Temperature rise : 80 K

Locked rotor time : 12 s (warm)

Service factor : 1,00

Service : S1

Ambiant temperature : -20C - +40C

Altitude : 1000 m

Protection degree : IP55

Weight: 23,7 kg

Inertia : 0,00672 kgm

Acoustic level : 49 db(A)

Front Rear bearings

6205 ZZ 6204 ZZLubrification interval --- ---

Qty of grease --- ---

Ccc w o

Load Power factor Efficiency

100% 0,77 85,2%

75% 0,68 84,6%

50% 0,54 80,5%


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Reducing expenses



The mechanical characteristics for eachconveyor are shown below :

For this example, we will neglect the energy

used to start the conveyor.

Calculation of the optimal distance for the

Inputsensor

(mm):

Let us choose Inputdistance

= 100 mm

The running distance of the pallet is thus :

2414 + 100 = 2514 mm and its running time is

2514/300 seconds rounded to 8,4 s

Time between two pallets must be :

Let us select 11s an idle time between two

pallets and increase the running time by 9s. The

simplified method used for the calculation of

energy saving gives for a conveyor and a pallet :

Consequently for the line of 25 conveyors

running during 1 year long (327 loads per hour) :

sv o o c 18% o

pow coupo.

Charge

Sensordistance Conveyorlength

Inputsensor

LoadlengthConveyor

velocity

= 2414mm

= 0,3m/s= 1200mm

Outputsens


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Reducing expenses



Fixed direct costs reduction

real (aCtiVe) POWer, reaCtiVe POWer,

aPParent POWer

Any electric machine using AC voltage (motor,

transformer) uses two forms of powers: real

power (active power) and reactive power.

Real energy (kWh) is transformed completelyinto mechanical work and losses (heat).

Reactive Power (kVARh), i.e. magnetising

energy is almost a constant, independent of the

load.

Electrical Utilities charge customer for the real

power.

However, in an electric power system, a load

with low power factor draws more current

than a load with a high power factor for the

same amount of useful power transferred. The

higher currents increase the energy lost in the

distribution system, and require larger wires and

other equipment.

Because of the costs of larger equipment and

wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually

charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial

customers where there is a low power factor.

The invoice for reactive power is voluntarily

dissuasive in order to encourage the users to

install compensation systems.

Ways tO limit the reaCtiVe POWer

The simple fact of reducing the reactive power

allows to generate savings, large enough to

justify the installation of compensation systems.

There are several devices:

capacitor banks,

variable speed drives.

However, a variable speed drive must be

equipped with harmonic filters or, best, an active

front end.

If not, it will introduce harmonics contents in the

input current and a noticeable increase of the

apparent power. The cost of the solution may

exceed the expected savings.

If savings are the only objective, installation

of this solution is not, most of the time, cost

effective.

Ways tO deCrease the real POWer

On the other hand, the use of variable speed

drives allow to :

reduce the size of the AC motors,

simplify the kinematic chain,

adapt the speed of the conveyors to the

production needs

reduce the starting shocks and avoid damaging

the loads.

Resulting savings make it possible to quickly

amortize the cost of the equipment.


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Schneider Electric has developed a coherentoffer based on the SoMachine concept which

allows designing an automation system in a

single environment.

The PLC, the variable speed drive or the motion

control as well as the dialogue are associated

with function blocks, fully tested, validated and

documented . Without sacrificing performance,

flexibility and price, that gives to the machine

manufacturer the certainty of :

easily solve the critical phases of the system,

build equipment in conformity with the

standards and laws of the various countries,

ensure the safety of the machine and the

workers,

simplify the integration of the different

components.

Schneider Electric split its offer for Conveying

applications in three categories of machines :

simple machines that one can define as a

single conveyor or an association of several

identical conveyors,

flexible machines which are association of

various conveyors for example two lines of

parallel conveyors and a transfer table,

systems where flexible machines are integrated

into a complex unit where we find other PLCs, a

SCADA or a production control.

These three preceding categories share certain

number of needs :

mechanical part,

motorisation,

AC motors control, either direct on line starters,

soft starters, or variable speed drives,

automation and dialogue,

facility of maintenance,

control of the ownership costs.

The principal requirement for the simple

machines is easy commissioning and a low price.

The requirements for the flexible machines

will be a modular architecture, an increased

productivity and needs for traceability of the

transported products. For the system, the

additional requirements will be the possibility

of integration to factory ERP system and an

efficient and rich information system.

From this analysis, Schneider Electric proposes:

automatism architectures

dedicated AFBs

conveyor,

turntable,

transfertable,

motor starters installed in remote enclosures for

distributed control.

The Schneider Electric answer


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The distributed control offer :

The distributed control offer is articulated

around remote enclosures and four types of

motor starters. That form a fully integrated

function allowing to manage each section in an

autonomous way.

Each one of these enclosures is built from

various technologies and answers differentiated

cost criteria.

All those enclosures can be linked by a CANopen

or other field buses.

Traditional enclosure :

dedicated to the simple conveyors. It is based

on a direct on line starter in order to optimise the

cost solution.

Compact enclosure :

dedicated to the simple conveyors. It is based on

a TesSysU motor starter in order to optimise the

cost and reduce the size of the solution.

SoftStart enclosure :

this enclosure is built around a solid state soft

starter. This solution increases the lifetime of the

installations by limiting the mechanical shocks.

Efficiency enclosure :

a built in variable speed drive optimises the

exploitation cost by adapting speed and limiting

the electric and mechanical shocks on the

installation.


Cost

Acquisition Operation

Traditional

Compact

SoftStart

Efficiency


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The AFBs dedicated to machine

These materials are implemented using preset

Automation Functions Blocks (AFBs) dedicated

to realise the application quickly and errorless.

These AFBs, whose parameters can be defined

for the application, are integrated in the PLCs

software suite.

All AFBs incorporates products monitoring

function and safety management necessary to

the correct operation such as:

protection of the equipment, locally or by

zones,

emergency stops.

To ensure a maximum of flexibil ity, automatic,

manual or local operation is possible.

Operation of the machine is displayed on a

Human machine interface to inform the operator

in order to take corrective actions if needed.

The following AFBs incorporate operating modes

allowing to make them Energy Efficient in

association with the Efficiency distributed control

offer :

2 speeds, 2 directions conveyor,

loading/unloading,

transfer table direction change,

turntable direction change.

PLC

AFB1

AFB2

AFBn

Enclosure

N1

CanOpen

Conveyor N1 Conveyor N 2 Conveyor Nn

Operatorinterface

Enclosure

N2

Enclosure

Nn


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35 rue Joseph MonierF-92500 Rueil Malmaison - France

Phone: + 33 (0) 1 41 29 70 00

Fax: + 33 (0) 1 41 29 71 00 0SchneiderElect

ric.

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optimising energy efficiency of conveyors

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