optical taxonomy

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The Optical Networking Taxonomy

An SAIC Company

Release 5/17/02

Telcordia Contact:Haim Kobrinski(732) 758-5388

[email protected]

Robert J. Runser(301) 688-1410

[email protected]

Copyright Telcordia Technologies, 2002

Telcordia Technologies Proprietary – Internal Use OnlyThis document contains proprietary information that shall be distributed, routed or made available onlywithin Telcordia Technologies, except with written permission of Telcordia Technologies.

mailto:[email protected]






Taxonomy_v0430 – 2See Restrictions on Title Page

Outline

Introduction - Purpose, Scope

Part I: Optical Networking Taxonomy

– Network Topologies - Backbone, Metro, Access – Matching solutions to network segments

– System characteristics and functionality

Part II: Solution Details and Relevant Players

– Pure solutions

– Emerging hybrid solutions

– NC&M/signaling

– Carrier Implementations: Backbone, Metro, Access

Part III: Network Control and Management aspects

– EMS/NMS Functions, Products, and Vendors – Control Plane

Glossary




Purpose and Scope of Document

Purpose

– explain the different optical networking solutions („trees‟) and how they

fit together („forest‟)

– map solutions to players – dominant system suppliers and typical users(carriers)

Scope

– starting at systems level (i.e., does not include components,subsystems, or device technologies)

– focus on optical layer with Layer 2/3 aspects where relevant

– does not cover: non-optical local networks, non-optical residentialaccess, RF wireless systems

– focus on the technology not the financials of the market

– does not provide comprehensive coverage of all start-up vendors but

points out relevant examples where applicable

Please consult the slide notes found on most viewgraphs foradditional explanation and details




Part I:

Optical Networking Taxonomy




Collector

Ring

HUB

CO

CO CO

Metro Network

HUB

CO

HUB

COHUB

CO

O

N

U

xDSL

xDSL

LAN

IP, GbE

Business

AccessRing

Access

Inter-Office Facilities

DSLAM

DLC

DLC

CO

VIP

VIP

VIP = Video Information Provider

ISP = Internet Service ProviderONU = Optical Network Unit

ONT = Optical Network Termination

POS = Passive Optical Splitter

PON = Passive Optical Network

POS

ONT ONT•••

PON

ADM

Core IXC Network

Overall Network Topology

ISPISP




Core Network Characteristics

Carriers: IXCs, National ISPs, National PTTs

Services: Interconnect ISPs/ILECs/CLECs/corporations, wide area VPNs

Geographic Span: Over 500 km Economic Sensitivities: cost of regeneration/amplification, fiber/cable

build out, long haul physical impairments – Less sensitive to cost of terminal equipment, network operations

Traffic Characteristics: highly aggregated circuit traffic (IXCs) andpacket/cell traffic (ISPs)

Signal Rates/Formats: few including 2.5G, 10G, 40G and carried inSONET/SDH, PDH – Emerging formats: Digital Wrapper, Ethernet formats

QoS: highest performance levels - BER, packet loss, delay,protection/restoration

Critical choices: minimize cost per bit - ULH vs LH, transparency vsopaque, core switching vs core hybrid routing/switching

Emerging Technologies: ULH, Ultra Dense WDM, L and S-bandtransport, intelligent OXCs, transparent photonic cross connects


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/optical-taxonomy 7/109Taxonomy_v0430 – 7See Restrictions on Title Page

Metro Network Characteristics

Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, and MAN SPs

Services: ILEC‟s voice and private lines, link backbone ISPs with access

clients packet/cell traffic, enterprise services such as SANs, VPNs, VoIP,and several Ethernet -based services

Geographic Span: < 250 km

Economic Sensitivities: terminal equipment costs including routers,switches, and aggregation devices

– cost associated with distance and physical impairments less significant Traffic Characteristics: aggregated traffic from access networks and

large customers (enterprises)

Signal Rates/Formats: numerous rates from 0.1 to 10 Gb/s carried inSONET/SDH, GbE, RPR, ATM, and proprietary formats

QoS: varies widely from highly reliable to best effort Critical Choices: challenged to build a scalable, convergent network

infrastructure to satisfy the needs of disparate services and choosingamong multiple architectures and products

– Currently dominated by SONET ring technologies optimized for TDM services(voice, private lines)



Access Network Characteristics

Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, IXCs/local and CATV

Services: legacy local exchange voice, data (web hosting, Internetaccess, file transfer, email, SAN), and video (broadcast, PPV)

Geographic Span: < 20 km to POP or CO

Traffic Characteristics: huge number of sources/destinations with lowcapacities per channel (DS0 to GbE)

Economic Sensitivities: fiber/cable build out (“last mile”) and the cost of

high port density terminal equipment Critical Choices: Enterprise Access:

– communications has become „mission critical‟ for enterprises

– substantial shift to IP services (VPN, MPLS)

– telecom and computing equipment is churned and upgraded frequently

– bandwidth management, security are important functions Critical Choices: Residential Access

– highly sensitive to deployment costs

– dominated by voice traffic but with growing Internet access demand

– „killer‟ residential applications (e.g., Internet VOD) will most significantly impact

all the network segments



EnterpriseAccess

Today’s Network Equipment Landscape

Access Metro Core

Layer 3

Layer 2

Physical Metro WDM Long HaulDWDM

ULHDWDM

CoreOXC

GroomingOXC

Core Routers

MPLS/ATM/FRCore Switches

Edge/AggregationRouters

Aggregation/DistributionNetworks

RegionalNetworks

ResidentialAccess

MSPP/RPR

Graphical Framework also used by:Light Reading and Tenor Networks

Core OADMMetro/RegionalOADM

GbE/ATM/MPLSAccess Switches



New Trends in Network System Integration

Layer 3

Layer 2

Physical

MSPP withIntegrated

WDM

Metro & CoreOptical Packet

Nodes

IntegratedRouter/OXC

ResidentialOpticalAccess

New systems integrate the functions of multiple network elements

– Reduces system cost: capex, power, and space requirements

– Improves data networking efficiency

Access Metro Core

Most products in these areasare still in development andhave not been deployed

OXC + DWDM

Hybrid OXC(Grooming &Wavelength)



A M C

L3

L2

L1

Taxonomy Guide Used Throughout Document

Access Metro Core

Shaded area indicates coveragearea for a particular slide



LH and ULH DWDM Characteristics

Traditional LH DWDM systems are based on point-to-point DWDMterminals supporting up to around 200 ls, up to 10 Gb/s per l,regeneration spacing of around 600 km, amplifier spacing of 80 -120 km

Deployment of LH DWDM systems has been highly economicallycompelling for LH carriers compared with legacy LH SONET over fibersolutions

– up to 90% savings in capital expenditures associated with fiber cables andamplifiers in IXC and other LH carrier networks

Current financial climate has slowed deployment of LH DWDM systemsand has resulted in a temporary fiber glut

Regenerators dominate the cost of LH DWDM systems (see figure)

ULH systems allow increased regeneration spacing to 1000-4000 km witha significant reduction in regeneration cost

ULH systems can also be used to support all-optical transparency inbackbone and metro networks

– lower cost OADMs and OXCs by reducing oreliminating OEO conversions

A M C

L3

L2

L1



LH and ULH DWDM System Characteristics

ULH systems increase regenerator spacing through several approaches:

– Forward Error Correction (FEC): reduces required receiver OSNR to compensatefor a longer amplified span or to compensate for variety of fiber impairments

– Dispersion management to reduce impact of chromatic dispersion andnonlinearities (FWM/XPM)

– Raman amplification to improve NF and reduce EDFA output power

– New fiber design and concatenation to reduce impairments including dispersionand non-linear effects

– Reduce EDFA spacing to reduce accumulated ASE

– Polarization mode dispersion compensation for 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s

– Soliton and other modulation formats to extend reach

Additional costs associated with building ULH systems:

– per wavelength: FEC, PMD compensation, modulation format (RZ)

– per system: Raman amplification, dispersion compensation, new fibers

Future development trends:

– increase spectral efficiency: reduce wavelength spacing,new data format

– increase channel bit rate: >40 Gb/s, OTDM techniques

– optimal choice of signal rate and number of ls for span

A M C

L3

L2

L1



$0

$10,000,000

$20,000,000

$30,000,000

$40,000,000

$50,000,000

$60,000,000

$70,000,000

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 8 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 2 0 0

2 4 0 0

2 6 0 0

2 8 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 2 0 0

3 4 0 0

3 6 0 0

3 8 0 0

4 0 0 0

system length (miles)

s y s t e m c o

s t

400 miles

2000 miles

Solid line - total cost

Dashed line - regen only

A 48 channel WDM point-to-point system cost vs.distance for different regenerator spacing

LH System Cost for Different Regen. Spans



OTN

New transport networking layer being standardised in ITU (G.709)and driven by the need to manage DWDM transport and map Gb/s

non-SONET tributaries – accommodates 2.5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s signals

– Service transparency for SDH/SONET, ETHERNET, ATM, IP, MPLS

– Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services

Management enabler of WDM network by means of addition of:

– Overhead to "l" and "multi-l" signals via an Optical Supervisor Channel

"non-associated" or "out-of-channel" overhead; e.g. preventing alarm storms

– Optical Channel (OCh) layer

STM-N, IP, ATM and Ethernet signals mapped ("wrapped") into OCh frame (OCh DataUnit (ODUk ))

Requires digital processing for OCh and OSC, but only at locations

where O/E/O is already performed – Fault and degradation detection

– Service Level Agreement (SLA) verification

– Signal Fail & Signal Degrade condition determinationfor protection and restoration (e.g. if high accuracyis required)

A M C

L3

L2

L1



Digital Wrapper Format

k indicates the order:1 2.5G

2 10G

3 40G

Alignm

Alignment

3 8 2 5

4 0 8 0

1

7

8

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

3 8 2 4

1

2

3

4

OPU k Payload

O P U k

O H

OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit

ODUk

ODUk - Optical Channel Data Unit

Client Signalmapped in

OPUk Payload

Client Signal

OTUk FEC

OTUk OH

OTUk - Optical Channel Transport Unit



Metro DWDM Characteristics

Metro DWDM products include:

– point-to-point systems

– Fixed OADMs – Reconfigurable OADMs

Point-to-point metro DWDM systems:

– Initial product offerings based upon minimum configurations for LHDWDM system were too expensive

– Second generation metro DWDM products reduce system costs byeliminating amplifiers, using shorter reach transponders (e.g., directmodulation), and limiting channel count to around 50

These products are currently used for three application areas:

– to transport SONET systems while providing selective fiber relief - ILECs

– to eliminate SONET multiplexing for interconnecting pairs of IP

routers/ATM switches with OC48/192 interfaces - POP interconnection byIXCs and ISPs

– to eliminate SONET altogether using GbE overDWDM or glass - new CLECs

A M C

L3

L2

L1



Metro DWDM Characteristics

Fixed OADMs:

– Primarily implemented via Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filters with

circulators – Typically combined with an EDFA

– Allow optical bypass and thus reduced costs by eliminating OEOconversions

– Limited use if transport traffic patterns change frequently

Reconfigurable OADMs:

– An optical analog of the SONET ADM

– Currently used to provide a simple mapping of tributary interfaces withdifferent types, formats, and rates to a common WDM transport (seefigure)

– OADMs with remote reconfigurability initially supported via electronicswitch fabric; may continue due to ever improving electronic integration

– Current efforts on OADM products with optical fabric (e.g., MEMS,liquid crystal) and optical protection architectures(e.g., UPSR-like, BLSR-like)

A M C

L3

L2

L1



OADM

GigabitEthernet

GigabitEthernet

ESCON

ESCON

OADM

OADM

OADM

Goal is to have a single unified transport infrastructure

Tributary interfaces are mapped to wavelengths

Some NEs use an integrated aggregation method to combinetraffic onto individual wavelengths - GbE, RPR, POS, etc.

SONET

SONET

C.O. C.O.

C.O.

C.O.

Fiber Channel

Fiber Channel

DWDM in Metro Networks



Access DWDM and CWDM

Short distances, typically <20 km

Point-to-point systems only

No optical protection, no optical amplification

Mostly used with non-SONET signals, e.g., Ethernet, ESCON,Fiber Channel

For such signals WDM is practically the only multiplexingalternative

Customers would need to lease multiple dark fibers if nomultiplexing is supported

CWDM systems use 2-8 channels with channel spacing > 20nm

Cost reduction via simple and tolerant WDM filters, uncooledlasers, low bit rate transponders, and passive opticsA M C

L3

L2

L1



OXC Characteristics

Cornerstone of optical networking

Core and Grooming OXCs

Core OXCs (electronic or optical switch fabrics) : – OEO: STS-48 switch fabric and granularity; may provide „core grooming‟ of OC-

48 into OC-192; leverages OEO for wavelength interchange, regeneration, andperformance monitoring; scalable to 1000‟s ports; currently optimized for

managing traffic among IP routers with OC-48 interfaces

– All-Optical: l-level granularity; (potentially) lower cost optical switch fabric (e.g.,

MEMS, PLC); engineering and provisioning limitation due to lack of wavelengthinterchange and regeneration

– All-Optical: fiber/waveband granularity; these switches allow entire fibers orbands of wavelengths to be cross-connected together

Grooming OXCs:

– Only OEO; STS-1 switch fabric; 150Mb/s-10Gb/s interfaces; leverages OEO for

wavelength interchange, regeneration, and performance monitoring; scalable to1000‟s ports; currently addresses traffic composition of legacy carriers

Metro OXCs:

– small to medium sized switch fabric which may includeintegrated WDM transport capability

A M C

L3

L2

L1



OXCs

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E

O/E

O/E

O/E

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

E/O

E/O

E/O

E/O

Electronic

Switch

Fabric

OpticalSwitch

Fabric

OEO OXC - Core

(STS-48 fabric)and Grooming(STS-1 fabric)

All OpticalOXC - Core

A M C

L3

L2

L1



A M C

L3

L2

L1

Introduced to augment SONET ADMs, the dominant NE in metronetworks, with data-aware functions

MSPPs emphasize aggregation into ls, maintain SONET framing,

protection, and selected other aspects, but with the followingenhancements: – reduced space and power requirements, and consequently cost, reflecting

improved electronics technologies and less „gold plating‟

– mini-DCS capabilities - terminating and interconnecting several SONET rings,hairpin cross-connection

– support of native data interfaces, e.g., Ethernet (10/100/1000), without stranding

significant bandwidth (one of the main deficiencies of traditional SONET)

SONET virtual concatenation is emerging as a way to support native data. – E.g.:10 Mb/s Ethernet maps to VT1.5-7v; GbE maps to STS1-21v or STM1-7v

(European)

Some MSPPs support also L2 processing, e.g., rate limiting and flow

control - ATM, Ethernet Statistical multiplexing (a deficiency of legacy SONET) may be supported

by MSPPs, but only over link bandwidth (e.g. virtualconcatenated channel), not over entire ring bandwidth)

Most MSPPs, as well as other emerging metro NEs,provide distributed control plane capabilities to

streamline operations

Next Generation SONET/MSPP Characteristics



OC-48

SONET

UPSR

ADM

ADM ADM

ADM

HUB

Core

Sw

20 DS3

12 DS1

4 OC-3c

12 equipped OC-3s

(100 spare DS1 slots)

4 Spare OC-3s

5 DS 3

3 DS1

1 OC-3c

FR

2 DS3

26 DS 164 DS0

DSLAM500

ATM

UNI

3 DS1

3 DS3

1 OC-3c

20 Mb/s

25 Mb/s

60 Mb/s

OC-12cNG SONET Ring

ADM

ADM

ADM

HUB

Core

Sw OC-12c

Payload Capacity = 420 Mb/sNG

ADM

NG

ADM

NG

ADMNG

ADM

105 Mb/s

Aggregate

Load

FR2 DS3

26 DS 1

64 DS0

DSLAM500

ATM

UNI

3 DS1

3 DS3

1 OC-3c

20 Mb/s

25 Mb/s

60 Mb/s

Example of SONET Data Unfriendliness



GbE (and other L2) Switch Characteristics

Big cost advantage over SONET and ATM (8:1 in port costs) – leverages prominence of Ethernet as the LAN technology of choice

Uses standard Ethernet frame format end-to-end (no protocol conversion)

– simplifies operations and eases customer control – other L2 approaches require several conversion increasing capital and

operations costs

Rapid provisioning of capacity in small increments (e.g., 1 Mbps)

Traffic policing, shaping and monitoring at edge

Protection/restoration times are on the order of 1 second compared toSONET 50 ms capability

QoS is in the same state as IP QoS

Performance monitoring and fault management are not as good asSONET and ATM

Accommodation of legacy TDM services remains to be solved

Addressing Ethernet challenges may compromise its advantages

GbE is not necessarily replacing SONET as L1transport; they could be combined - see SONETVirtual Concatenation and GFP

A M C

L3

L2

L1



GbE Network Architecture

LAN 1

LAN 2

LAN n

• • •

Multi-Tenant Unit

Building (MTU)

Access GbE

SwitchCore GbE

SwitchedNetwork

GbE GbE

IP Backbone

Providers

Access GbE

Switch

GbE

ServerFarm

GbE

Multi-tenant

Building

Multi-tenant

Building

Multi-tenant

BuildingASPs

ISPs

GbE Architecture

GbE L2

SwitchGbE L2/3

Switch



Other Emerging Metro Approaches - GFP

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

– GFP provides a genericmechanism to adapt traffic from

higher-layer client signals over anoctet synchronous transportnetwork (e.g., SONET, OTN)

– Client signals may be PDU-oriented(such as IP/PPP or Ethernet MAC),block-code oriented (such as Fibre Channel or ESCON), or a constantbit rate stream

– Gaining momentum and being standardized in T1X1, ITU

– Variable-length payload - different from ATM

– Maintain layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet) header information - different fromPacket over SONET (POS) - and allows transparent mapping of linecodes (e.g., 8B/10B GbE, FC)

May be combined with SONET virtual concatenation to removeSONET data deficiencies - granularity and burstiness

Enables support of GbE networking over SONETtransport, an appealing proposition for ILECs

GFP –

Common Aspects(Payload Independent)

GFP – Client Specific Aspects(Payload Dependent)

Ethernet IP/PPP Other Client Signals

SONET/SDHVC-n Path

OTN ODUk PathOther octet-

synchronouspaths

A M C

L3

L2

L1



Other Emerging Metro Approaches - RPR

Driven at combination of SONET advantages (ring protection), GbEadvantages (data-friendly, cost), and MPLS-like advantages (QoS); IEEE802.17 standard

Goal is to optimize packet services over the transport network by providinggreater bandwidth granularity at the edge and incremental bandwidthprovisioning

Ring acts as a shared medium for data bandwidth – Packet forwarding is simplified since the ring as a shared medium is topologically

simple (do not need to forward packets to multiple ports, i.e. mesh )

– Packet ADMs allow nodes to add/drop packets for that node while transit packettraffic passes through and is not processed or queued

– Fairness algorithm is based on monitoring utilization at each node

– Reduces the number of ports wrt traditional SONET solutions

RPR introduces a MAC protocol for bandwidth sharing and acts as a new

Layer 2 protocol (can use SONET or Ethernet as Layer 1) Spatial Reuse (Similar to SONET BLSR)

Focused on data traffic - TDM traffic later

Ring interconnection?

A M C

L3

L2

L1



Proprietary Framing

Native-mode, multi-protocol wavelengths

Increases bandwidth efficiency over the alternative of GFP mapping ontovirtual SONET concatenated channels

Maintains QoS guarantees for individual flows

Main difficulty in accommodating TDM signals

Example system vendor (start-up): Alidian

Goal is to Maximize Data Packing into ls

l A M C

L3

L2

L1



Differentiation Among Metro Aggregation

M u l t i - S e r v i c e

C a p a b i l i t i e s

SONET

Proprietary

RPR

POSGbE

GFP

Removing

stranded

capacity

Stat. Mux.

over indiv.

channels

Stat. Mux.

for multi-

end points

VC

VP

Ring

MSPP

Legacy Emerging

A M C

L3

L2

L1

BandwidthEfficiency

C C




Core Router Characteristics

Routers are the „bandwidth managers‟ of IP applications - WWW,e-mail, VoIP

Core routers aggregate IP packets from edge routers onto highspeed (2.5G, 10G) core transmission systems, and provideintermediate core grooming of packets from different core routers

Emphasis on high throughput (currently in the range 100-400Gb/s, scaling up to the Tb/s in next generation products); fastpacket forwarding (currently tops at around 30 Mp/s);a few types ofhigh speed WAN interfaces (OC-48, OC-192); „carrier -grade‟reliability

Some core IP routers provide higher layer processing (filtering), buttypically such features are more prevalent in edge routers

Network interfaces on routers are most expensive compared withSONET ADMs or OXCs

A major challenge for routers is the scalabilityto Tb/s and beyond

A M C

L3

L2

L1

Ed /A ti R t Ch t i ti




Edge/Aggregation Router Characteristics

Aggregate IP packets from multiple customer devices or networks

(LAN, DSLAM, access routers)

Throughput in the 5-50 Gb/s range

Numerous interfaces types - 10/100/1000 Mb/s Ethernet, lowspeed SONET

Support service-related functions and a wide variety of features -classification, multiple-level queuing, shaping, policing, and packetperformance monitoring

A „fluid‟ category; different suppliers trying to differentiate their

products

A M C

L3

L2

L1

C MPLS S it h Ch t i ti




Core MPLS Switch Characteristics

Replacing/augmenting ATM switches

– MPLS uses IP addressing and signaling protocols; separate ATM and

IP protocols are needed with ATM core switches Allow traffic engineering and support of differentiated QoS in the

core networks (similar to ATM); these features are essential forservice categories beyond „best-effort‟

MPLS is also envisioned for restoration purposes, either via back-

up LSPs or via fast re-route of LSPs

– target restoration times approaching order of 100 ms (similar toSONET)

– restoration in the MPLS layer enables finer granularity of QoSdifferentiation (than circuit-based protection/restoration)

A M C

L3

L2

L1

T i l Ed /B kb R t N d




Typical Edge/Backbone Router Node

Edge

Routers

Core Router/

MPLS Switches

OpticalTransport

Alternative Node Architectures

OXC with l -connectivity, signalingand routing, topology discovery,restoration

Several control plane options

Fiber

l

No optical layer intelligence; connectivityand restoration done by IP layer

One control plane

• • • •

• •

OXC • • • •

• •

Big Fat Router –

Dumb Optical LayerSmart Optical Layer –

Smaller Routers

WDM

DMUX

WDM

MUX

WDM

DMUX

WDM

MUX

I t t d d H b id S l ti




Integrated and Hybrid Solutions

Many products integrate features from several canonical solutions:

– Hybrid OXCs

– OXCs with integrated transport

– MSPP with DWDM

– Integrated Core Router/OXC

– Integrated OXC and Optical Packet Node

– Residential Optical Access: PONs, CWDM, HFC

Layer 3

Layer 2

Physical

MSPP withIntegratedWDM

Metro & Core

Optical PacketNodes

IntegratedRouter/OXC

ResidentialOpticalAccess

Access Metro Core

OXC + DWDM

Hybrid OXC

(Grooming &Wavelength)

H b id OXC




Hybrid OXCs

Several types of hybrid OXC are being developed

An OXC combining optical switch fabric (e.g., MEMS) with OEO

interfaces (transponders) to WDM transport – minimizes (but does not eliminate) electronics

– electronics is leveraged for wavelength interchange, signalregeneration and performance monitoring; however it does notsupport sub-l grooming

An OXC combining both optical and electronic switch fabricswith OEO interfaces between the two fabrics

– leverages electronics for sub-l grooming, regeneration, andwavelength interchange of a selected signal set; other signals arecross-connected in the optical domain entirely through the OXC

node

A M C

L3

L2

L1

H b id OXC




O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

O/E/O

OpticalSwitch

Fabric

OpticalSwitchFabric

O/E/O

O/E/O

Optical

SwitchFabric

Elec.Switch

E / O E / O E / O E / O

l interchangeand regeneration

via oeo transponders,

optical fabric

Selective l interchangeand regenerationvia tunable oeo

transponders,optical fabric

Optical and electrical

switch fabrics, selectivel interchange, regeneration,

and grooming viaelectronic fabric

Hybrid OXC

OXC ith Integrated Transport




OXC with Integrated Transport

Not widely available nor deployed yet

Most WDM vendors favors open interfaces (as opposed to

integrated) to maximize revenues and to enhance failure isolationand carrier‟s desire to minimize dependence on single vendor

solutions

OXCs integrating the WDM mux/dmux with the optical switch fabricsaves on intermediate interfaces; significant effect at higher rates

(e.g., 10 Gb/s)

May be implemented with either all-optical or electronic switchfabrics

A M C

L3

L2

L1

I t t d MSPP/OADM




Integrated MSPP/OADM

Integrates MSPP (or Next Generation SONET) functions ofcircuit/packet signal management and aggregation into a

wavelength with OADM functions of wavelength management andaggregating wavelengths into fibers

ADM Evolution

SONET

ADM

+ mini

DCS

+ data

aware

+

DWDM

Reduced size and cost

ATM, POS,

Ethernet interfaces F

u n c t i o n a l i t y

Time

A M C

L3

L2

L1

integrated optical

transport, OADM

Integrated Core Routers/OXC




Integrated Core Routers/OXC

Emerging solution based on the prominence of both routers (IP„bandwidth managers‟) and OXCs (wavelength and sub-

wavelength bandwidth managers) in next generation IP/WDMnetworks

The interconnection between routers and OXCs is a main driver ofthe OIF and GMPLS development efforts

Main premise:

– saving of interfaces between stand-alone routers and OXCs

– operations and management savings via consolidation of managementplatforms

Not very established yet, primarily since established router (e.g.,Cisco, Juniper) and OXC (e.g., Ciena) vendors focus on their ownspace

A M C

L3

L2

L1

Optical Packet Nodes




Optical Packet Nodes

Provide a single system with full coverage from the Physical Layerthrough Layer 3 packet switching and processing

– Integrate optical transport into a router so that IP packets arestatistically multiplexed across multiple wavelengths and fibers

– Sometimes referred to as optical packet switching, optical burstswitching, or optical flow networking

Multiple switch fabrics

– Packet, circuit, and wavelength processing capabilities integrated into

multiple fabrics which may use optical and electronic technologies – Size of system may vary depending on application (metro or core)

Many technical hurdles to overcome

– Optical contention resolution and buffering, optical wavelengthconversion

– Optical header processing and/or fast signaling – Optical memory/storage

– Fast, scalable optical switch fabrics

– Dynamic optical impairment compensation

A M C

L3

L2

L1

Trends in Network Technology Evolution




Trends in Network Technology Evolution

Pre-2000HUBCO

CO CO

IXCPOP

HUBCO

HUBCO

DLC DLC

CO

ADM

Metro

Distribution

Access

Core IXCPOP

IXCPOP

'00-'03

HUBCO

HUBCO

'03-'07

Next Gen. SONET

Gigabit Ethernet

DWDM Transport

Intelligent OXC/OADM

Legacy SONET

POP: point of presence CO: central office

New Optical SwitchingTechnology

IXCPOP

Core IXCPOP

IXCPOP

Metro

DLC

ADM Access

DLC

CO Distribution

CO

CO

HUBCO

DLC

ADM Access

DLC

CO Distribution

CO

CO

IXCPOP

IXCPOP Core

HUBCOMetro

IXCPOP

HUBCO

HUBCO




Part II:

Relevant Players and Sampled Products• This section presents information that has been obtained through

publicly available sources, vendor websites, and reports.

• Products from certain vendors in a particular system area arehighlighted for illustrative purposes. The selection of these products is

not meant to be an endorsement.

• The study is also not meant to be comprehensive for every vendor orproduct offering in a particular area. Emphasis has been placed onvendors with large market shares and those pushing newtechnologies.

LH and ULH DWDM System Suppliers




LH and ULH DWDM System Suppliers

Market leaders offer systems capable of addressing both LH and ULH – Ciena: MultiWave Sentry 1600, 4000 (LH); MultiWave CoreStream (ULH)

– Nortel: Optera LH 1600, 4000, 5000

– Lucent: WaveStar OLS 1.6T, LambdaXtreme – Alcatel: 1640 Wavelength Multiplexer

Incumbent suppliers with smaller market shares – Fujitsu: Flashwave 7700 Hitachi: AMN 6100

– Marconi: SmartPhotoniX UPLx160 Optisphere (Siemens): MTS 2

– NEC: SpectralWave 40/80, 160 Cisco (Pirelli): ONS 15808

Smaller and start-up companies in this space leveraging new technologies – Sycamore: SN 10000

– Corvis: Corwave Optical Network Gateway (ONG)

– PhotonEx: PX-Ultra (40+ Gb/s per wavelength)

– Ceyba: C420 (adaptive dispersion compensation, tunable lasers)

– Xtera: Nu-Wave (all Raman amplified system) – Celion: Unannounced products possibly in this space

Other start-ups with components and subsystemsfor possible use in this space – Essex, Hyperwave: Ultradense channel spacing

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LH/ULH Products: Ciena CoreStream




LH/ULH Products: Ciena CoreStream Functionality

– High capacity optical transport through long haul (LH) and ultra-longhaul (ULH) terrestrial fibers

– Integrated multiplexing of lower rate channels up to 2.5G and 10G

Capacity, Distance, Amplification

– 1.6 Tb/s aggregate capacity (160 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s); BER<10-15

– Distances over 3000km (30 spans with a 20-25 dB link budget)

– Utilizes inline EDFA and Raman pre-amplifiers

Supported interfaces

– Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, -48, -192 – OC-48 interface supports short and intermediate reach

– OC-192 interface supports SR-2 for up to 2km

Network Management – EMS can be integrated into the Ciena LightWorks NMS for end-to-end

optical channel provisioning and connection management

– Integrated performance monitoring for troubleshootingand SLA verification

Network Architecture – Two types of OADMs may be installed at any amplifier site: band add/drop and

single wavelength add/drop

ULH: Corvis CorWave ONG




ULH: Corvis CorWave ONG

Functionality – High capacity, high channel density

optical transport through long haul (LH)

and ultra-long (ULH) terrestrial fibers Capacity, Distance, Amplification

– 2.8 Tb/s aggregate capacity(280 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s)

– Distances over 3200km

Supported interfaces

– Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-48, and OC-192

Network Architecture – Flexible configuration enables the unit to be configured as a point-to-point

DWDM terminal, part of an optical add/drop multiplexer, or as an optical switch

Other LH Products: “Long Span” Systems




Other LH Products: Long Span Systems Long spans with large distances between terminals and amplifiers

– Applications where inline amplification is not possible or is not economical

Applications include:

– Festoon submarine networks along coastal regions to avoid hostile terrain andright-of-way issues on land

– Spur link or backhaul to remote locations

– Island hopping and interconnection

– Inaccessible terrestrial links: desert crossings

Products in this area:

– Optisphere: Multi-wavelength long span system (WLS) up to 560km – Corvis: CoreWave XL/XF up to 350km

– Nortel: Optera system modified to support spans up to 300km

– Alcatel: Unrepeatered Submarine Systems support 400km spans

– NEC: SLR320 Submarine repeaterless system up to 350km

Corvis XL/XF Optisphere WLS

Coastal

Festoon

Metro/Regional DWDM Suppliers




Metro/Regional DWDM Suppliers

Systems are designed primarily for transport using Sonet rings

– Metro and regional rings: collector, metro core, and multi-city networks

– LAN extension for medium and large size campuses; inter-city optical transport

Client services include – Multi-rate, multi-protocol client side transceivers (software provisionable)

– Client side multiplexing (two GbE into one OC-48), OADM

Fixed optical add/drop capability

– Ciena: MultiWave Metro Nortel: Optera Metro 5200

– Cisco: ONS 15200 series Sycamore: SN8000 – Lucent: MetroEON Sorrento: GigaMux Metro DWDM

– Alcatel: 1686/1696 Metro Span NEC: Spectralwave 40/80

– Adva: FSP 3000 ONI: Online 7000, 9000, 11000

Optical layer reconfigurability (new trend in OADM control and design)

– Marconi: PMA32 Ciena: new product likely for metro OADM Unique approaches

– Kestrel Solutions: TalonMX, SCM-based transport

– Lumentis: Mentis 3000, “unamplified metro DWDM”

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Metro OADM: Marconi PMA32




Metro OADM: Marconi PMA32 Functionality

– Provide WDM capacity over metropolitan and regional rings

– Provide dynamic optical layer reconfigurability and remote wavelengthservices management to add/drop wavelengths at network nodes

Capacity, Distance, Technology

– 320 Gb/s capacity using 32 wavelengths at 10 Gb/s in a protected 2-fiberring or up to 640 Gb/s, 2-fiber linear capacity using 64 wavelengths at10 Gb/s (100 GHz wavelength plan).

– Utilizes liquid crystal switching to add/drop wavelengths transparently

– Digital wrapper provides optical layer performance monitoring and FEC

Supported interfaces – Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192

– Multi-protocol, multi-bit rate interface supports any rate up to 2.5 Gb/s (i.e. GbE)

– Tunable laser interfaces are used to reduce sparing, increase flexibility

– Colored interface supports add/drop of any ITU grid DWDM wavelength at client

Element Management – Remote management capability for dynamic network reconfiguration

– Digital wrapper monitors optical layer performance

Network Architecture – Optical rings with 1+1 and OChSpring

– 2-fiber linear architecture for point-to-point

Optical Access Suppliers: CWDM PON etc




Optical Access Suppliers: CWDM, PON, etc. CWDM

– ONI: Online 2500

– LuxN: WideWav Transport System

– Riverstone: CWDM line cards

– Canoga Perkins: Wide WDM cards and standalone chassis

– Cisco: announced a CWDM GBIC for 7600 router and Catalyst series

– Adva: FSP-1

– White Rock: VLX1010

ATM-based passive optical networks (APON)

– Alcatel Marconi – NEC eLuminant Oki Network Technologies

– Paceon Quantum Bridge

– Terawave

Ethernet-based PON (EPON) – AllOptic OnePath Networks

– Salira Optical Network Systems Wave7 Optics – Iamba World Wide Packet

Hybrid Fiber-Coax Broadband for Cable Providers – Jedai Broadband

– Advent Networks

– Narad Networks

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CWDM Supplier: LuxN WideWav




CWDM Supplier: LuxN WideWav

Functionality – Provide low-cost optical capacity for metro network feeder, distribution, and

access rings as well as increased capacity for enterprise and campus networks

– Applications include SANs, fiber exhaust, DSLAM backhaul

Capacity, Distance, Technology – Uses uncooled lasers and components for low cost optical transmission

– Reduced tolerance on WDM mux/demux and filtering components

– Does not use optical amplifiers due to wide spectral allocation. Span distancesup to 70 km maximum are possible before electrical regeneration

Supported interfaces – GbE, Fibre Channel, OC-3, OC-12 supported on a single wavelength (rates up

to 1.25 Gb/s)

– CWDM channels are allocated in 20nm spacing from 1470 to 1610nm outside ofthe C-band (1530-1560nm); an additional 1310nm wavelength is also available

– “Pay as you grow” approach enables 4 CWDM channels and 16 C-band ITU

channels to be simultaneously carried on the same infrastructure

Network Architecture – Supports point-to-point or logical star architecture

LuxN WideWav System Deployment




LuxN WideWav System Deployment

Network migration from 4 low cost CWDM channels…

…to CWDM + WDM as capacity demand increases

PON Supplier: AllOptic’s GigaForce Family




PON Supplier: AllOptic s GigaForce Family

Functionality – Supply low-cost, high bandwidth optical access lines between COs or cable

head-end with multiple businesses and residential sites

– Consolidate high bandwidth transport and access aggregation functions ofmultiple data/voice services into a single unit.

– Ethernet PON or EPON can support voice, data, video, and IP services

– Uses synchronized time-slotted TDMA approach

Capacity, Distance, Technology

– 1.25 Gb/s bandwidth over a passive optical network (PON)

Products in the GigaForce PON family – homeGEAR 1000 ONU: PON access unit for residential use. Supports high

speed data access in 64 kb/s increments up to 400 Mb/s or 1 Gb/s using DWDM

– curbGEAR: mounted within 750ft of subscribers to perform data switching,routing, and service distribution. Ports include 20 10/100BaseT, 16 POTS, or 8T1s. Additional CATV port supports 12 customers

– bizGEAR: ethernet switch for businesses, can support up to 2 GbE lines, 2010/100BaseTs, 4 DS3s, 10 DS1s or 16 POTS lines

– edgeGEAR: 20 Gb/s Ethernet access router for CO hubswith high speed WAN interface supports 16 EPONs(1024 ONUs)

Supports tree, ring, and bus access architectures

AllOptic EPON Deployment Scenario




AllOptic EPON Deployment Scenario

Metro Core Business and ResidentialAccess Service

PassiveSplitters

Tree Topology Shown(Ring and Bus are also possible)

1510nm

Downstream

1310nmUpstream

15xxDWDM

WDM Overlay or CATV Distribution network can alsobe multiplexed into the PON infrastructure

1550nmCATV

edgeGEAR

bizGEAR

curb/homeGEAR

All-Optic EPON Concept




All Optic EPON Concept

Downstream TrafficPassive splitting for broadcasting

Ethernet packet selection at Receiver

Upstream TrafficSynchronization protocol enables

passive time slot multiplexing

Free Space Optical Access




ee Space Opt ca ccess

Fast, unregulated access to near-net facilities

– Affordable “last mile” bandwidth to facilities near network POPs & COs

– Fiber back-up and disaster recovery

Suppliers in this space

– AirFiber: 5800

– fSona Communications

– Aoptix

– LightPointe

– Optical Access

– Terabeam

AirFiber’s Target Applications

Free Space Optical Product: AirFiber 5800




p p

Functionality – Provide low-cost bandwidth to last mile, support disaster recovery

and fiber back-up capabilities

Capacity, Distance, Technology – Transmission of SONET and Ethernet services up to 1.25 Gb/s

– Protocol independent transmitter, laser operates at 785 nm,

– Class 1 Laser safety regulations

– BER < 10-12 achieved through active beam tracking technology

– Not list in AirFiber‟s specs, typical distances are 1-10 km based upon weather

conditions and deployment location

Supported interfaces – OC-3, OC-12, GbE

Network Architecture – Redundant Link Controller (RLC) switches to available redundant link when

interference occurs on the primary link

OXC Types and Suppliers




yp pp

Core OXC: electronic switching of wavelengths up to OC-192 (no STS-1grooming)

– Tellium: Aurora 128/512, also integrated with NEC Spectral Wave DWDM LH

– Teraburst: OMS Altamar: Titanium (integrated LH WDM)

Core OXC: all-optical switching of wavelengths, wavebands, and fibers

– Corvis: CorWave OS Lucent: LambdaRouter

– Calient: DiamondWave Optisphere: MSI-160

– Alcatel: Cross Light Tellium: FullSpectrum

– Innovance: integrated WDM

Grooming OXC: electronic switching, STS-1 granularity

– Ciena: CoreDirector Sycamore: SN16000

– Nortel: Connect HDX Lucent: LambdaUnite

– Alcatel: Lambda Gate Corvis: CorWave OCS

– Tellabs: 6500

Emerging hybrid OXC: dual fabrics, opticaland electronic

– Ciena: CoreDirector with a MEMS fabric

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Small Scale OXCs for Metro Networks




Lower port count OXCs available for metro/regional networks someinclude integrate DWDM transport capability

– Smaller scale OEO OXCs available from many incumbent suppliers: Ciena: CoreDirector CI Tellium: Aurora 32

Sycamore: SN16000 SC

– All-optical OXC options in the metro

Lumentis: Mentis 3000, MSPP with optional MEMS optical switch fabric

Movaz: iWSS

– Hybrid OEO/OOO switches

Movaz: RAYstar

– Other start-ups in this space:

LuxN, edgeflow, Firstwave, Summit, Nayna, Photuris, Transparent Networks,Opthos, Sorrento, Wavium, Yotta

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STS-1 Grooming OXC: CIENA CoreDirector




g

Functionality – Combines the functions of a digital cross-connect (DCS), optical

cross-connect (OXC) and SONET add/drop mux (ADM)

– NMS supports end-to-end provisioning and management Logical topologysupport in optical layer (i.e. mesh over ring)

Switching capacity and interface support (single bay) – 640 Gb/s bi-directional electronic switching fabric

– Supports 256 OC-48 or 64 OC-192 interfaces (also OC-12 and OC-3 interfaces)

– Software configurable interfaces can be channelized (STS-1 granularity) or

concatenated to support wavelength granularity switching

Signaling and dynamic management – Proprietary Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol (OSRP) is a pre-standard

version of GMPLS

– Supports point-and-click provisioning, priority service classifications, andautomated resource discovery

Protection – software-defined Virtual Line-Switched Rings (VLSR), linear 1:N and 1:1 APS

and FastMesh connection-level protection schemes

– Auto-grooming optimizes network utilization with given protection constraints

Deployment of CoreDirector




p y

National Network WDM Physical Topology

Software-defined logical topologiessupport flexible bandwidth management and protection

schemes for a diversity of logical topologies

All-Optical Core OXC: Lucent LambdaRouter




p

Functionality

– Transparent, protocol and bit rate independentoptical switching of wavelengths, wavebands,

and fibers – Provides reconfigurable optical paths than can

provisioned dynamically and remotely

Optical Interfaces

– OXI modules are fully transparent, passive

interfaces that enable redundant access to the switch fabric forprotection events and fail-overs. Each module contains a passivesplitter and a 1x2 output selector

– Simple monitoring functions including optical power

– Each OXI pack contains 4 bi-directional ports so that 28 OXI packspopulates a total capacity of 112x112

Switching capacity – 3-Bay base configuration includes a 128x128/256x256 3D MEMS

fabric scalable to 1024x1024 in 5 bays

– Up to 112 ports can be used per 128 port fabric

LambdaRouter Deployment Scenario




y

Dynamic provisioning of optical circuits betweenmetropolitan areas in mesh architectures

Next Generation SONET MSPP Suppliers




Solutions map data services into Sonet allocated bandwidth

– Bandwidth provisioning is confined to Sonet time slots and framing

– Leverage Sonet protection/restoration mechanisms

– WDM capabilities can be integrated or added to system

– Provide STS-1/VT1.5 grooming switch capabilities

Next generation MSPP solutions

– Cisco: ONS 15454 Ciena: MetroDirector K2

– Nortel: Optera Metro 3500 Tellabs (Ocular): 6400 – Lucent: Metropolis DMX Fujitsu: Flash 4500

– Sycamore: SN3000 ONI: OnWave Service Blades

– Alcatel: 1660 SM, Astral Point: ON 7 nt (acquired by Alcatel)

– Siemens: TransXpress Metro Turin Networks: Traverse

– Redback: SE 800 Lightscape: XDM Platform – Metro-Optics:CityStream 5000 White Rock

– Appian ParamaA M C

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Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454




Most widely deployed MSPP – 30,000 systems deployed to over 600 customers

Architectures supported:

– Point-to-Point, Linear Add/Drop, Ring, and Mesh

Configuration: 17 slots per chassis – 2 TCC: timing, communicaitons, and control

– 2 XC: cross-connect slots for switch fabric

– 1 AIC: alarm interface controller (optional)

– 4 high speed, multiservice interface slots (up to OC-192)

– 8 generic service slots (up to OC-48)

Switch fabric capacity (2 switch fabric slots per chassis) – XC provides STS1 level grooming up to OC-48

– XCVT provides STS1 and VT1.5 grooming up to OC-48

– XC10G switch card support up to 1152 STS-1s and 672 VT1.5 for OC-192

Interfaces supported – TDM interfaces: DS1, DS3, DS3 transmux, EC1/STS-1

– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s (supports 2.5 Gb/s ofmaximum throughput per slot)

– SONET: OC-3/OC-3c, OC-12/OC-12c, OC-48/OC-48c,OC-192c (ITU Compliant wavelengths available)

Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454




Flexible data transport and provisioning

– selectable data bandwidths and bandwidth sharing on a single wavelength

– no limit oversubscritption in “concentrated mode” – GbE provisioning granularity: STS-3 (STM-1), contiguous time slots

– Future support for dynamic load balancing of Ethernet over SONET and virtualconcatenation

Protection/Restoration Support

– UPSR and BLSR (2 and 4 fiber); unidirectional and bidirectional linear APS – path protected mesh networking (PPMN) and spanning tree

Network management interfaces

– TL-1, CORBA, SNMP, TIRKs, NMA, and TEMS interfaces

– OSMINE compliant

Performance Monitoring

– SONET errors: LOS, LOF, LOP, AIS-L, RDI-L

– count SONET section and line errors

MSPP over WDM Transport: Cisco ONS 15216




Optical reach

– OC48ELR ITU cards support single channel unamplified applications with asystem gain of 25dB (~50 km) or amplified applications with a dispersion limit of3500 ps/nm (~200 km)

DWDM optical transport

– ONS 15216 is a passive DWDM mux/demux that allows up to 32 wavelengthson a 100 GHz ITU grid to be transported over a single fiber pair

– Architecture uses 200/100 interleavers and 16 channel mux/demux

Deployment of an MSPP (from Cisco)




Multiple telecom/datacomservices from access network

MSPP Aggregation and Transportin the metro network

High speed SONET and wavelengthinterfaces to the core network

Proprietary Framing Techniques




These products use Sonet, GbE/10GbE bit rates for optical trunks but useproprietary framing techniques – Proprietary service mapping systems enable flexible bit rates and protocols to be

natively multiplexed for transport over the same optical link – Some systems provide Sonet-like protection mechanisms and dynamic statistical

multiplexing for bursty data services and oversubscription

Products that provide proprietary framing for metro core DWDM rings – Alidian: OSN 4400

– PacketLight

– Coriolis

Products that focus on using proprietary multiplexing and optical transportfor distribution and metro-edge networks – Native Networks: EMX3500 (proprietary APT-Asynchronous Packet Transport)

Other framing techniques only used by a few vendors: Dynamic TransferMode (DTM) – Net Insight

– Dynarc A M C

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Proprietary Framing: Alidian OSN 4800




Functionality – Efficiently pack data bandwidth in native mode into a proprietary

framing structure within Sonet rate channels

– Allows multiple Layer 2 protocols to share the bandwidth resources

of a single wavelength – Flexible Add/Drop capability not limited to Sonet time slots or to

entire wavelengths. Flexible drop of native mode data out ofwavelengths traveling on ring

Capacity – 40 Gb/s of total trunk capacity per shelf with up to 80 Gb/s capacity for two

shelves using 32 OC-48 wavelengths – 80 Gb/s switch capacity per shelf

Interfaces supported – ATM/POS: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12

– Ethernet:10/100/1000 Mb/s supported (rate provisionable)

– SAN: future interfaces will support FC and other SAN protocols

– TDM: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48 with optional Sonet ADM card and STS-1grooming capability

Core Router Suppliers




Gigabit routers: support capacities up to a few 100 Gb/s

– Cisco: GSR 12000 Series Juniper: M160

– Nortel: NEC

– Alcatel Charlotte‟s Networks

– Avici: SSR

Terabit Routers: scale “linearly” to provide > 1 Tb/s capacity

– Avici: TSR Juniper: T640 w/TX optical fabric

– Hyperchip Pluris

– Alcatel: 7770 RCP Cisco: 12816

Routers with optical switch fabrics

– Chiaro Accelight: integrated OXC/Router (OBS)

Emerging suppliers with new architectures

– Caspian: Apeiro Allegro – Procket Xebeo

– AxiowaveA M C

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Typical Core Router: Juniper M160




Functionality – Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks

among interconnected networks with potentially disparate Layer 2s

Supported MPLS Features – LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE extensions

– MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPF-TE

Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities – Aggregate packet look up: 160 Mpps, 205 Gb/s throughput

Interfaces supported – Unique modular interface design allows up to 4 different hardware interfaces

(PICs) per slot

– Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c

– SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes)

– ATM: DS-3/E3, OC-3, OC-12

– Ethernet: 100/1000 Mb/s

– Dedicated Access: DS-3, E1, E3, T1 – Channelized: n x DS0, DS-3, E1, STM-1, OC-12

Optical interface options include: – Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans

– SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans

Terabit Router: Avici TSR




Functionality – Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks

with a capacity beyond 1 Tb/s without clustering usable ports

Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities – Linearly scalable, distributed switch fabric supports 400 Gb/s per

bay and up to 5.6 Tb/s by interconnecting the passive backplanes

Interfaces supported – Up to 40 module slots per bay

– SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes)

– Ethernet: 1000 Mb/s

– Composite links logically bundle up to 64 connections to form pipes withcapacities beyond OC-768

Optical interface options include:

– Ethernet: SX, short reach

– SONET: MM, SR, and SMIR

Supported MPLS Features – Supports traffic engineering extensions: IS-IS-TE,

OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, LDP

– MPLS Fast Reroute

– Traffic classification and load balancingacross composite links

Multi-Service Core Switch Suppliers




Systems offer a unified control plane for ATM, FR, and MPLS

– translation of signaling information among protocols maintains QoS

– evolutionary migration from ATM/FR to MPLS Multi-service L2/L3 switches: support ATM, FR, TDM, IP/MPLS

– Lucent: TMX 880

– WaveSmith: DN 2100/4100

– Marconi: BXR 48000

Emerging Vendors

– Maple Optical Systems

– Tenor Networks

– Vivace Networks

– Crescent Networks

– Equipe Communications

– Mahi NetworksA M C

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Edge Router/GbE Switch Suppliers




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Edge routers and switches come in many flavors:

– Desktop, residential, small business, enterprise, and campus

Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet is the dominant Layer 2 protocol used

Many vendors compete in this space and offer products that coverthe entire edge/access market. A sampling of them include:

– 3Com Lucent

– Cabletron Alcatel

– Cisco Nortel – Redback Extreme

– Force10 Networks Foundry

– World Wide Packet Riverstone

– Unisphere (Juniper) Allegro Networks

– Jedai Broadband Laurel Networks

Edge Router: Riverstone RS38000




Functionality – Perform aggregation and routing of data services for uplink to core networks

– Extende metro VPN services over a national ATM or MPLS backbone

Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities – 170 Gb/s switch fabric, 90 Mpps routing throughput

Interfaces supported – Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c

– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s

– 4Gb/s CWDM interface

– Channelized T3/E3 – ATM: DS-3, E-3, OC-3c

– POS: OC-3c, OC-12c, OC-48c (under development)

– SONET: OC192c (under development)

Optical interface options include: – Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans

– SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans

Supported MPLS Features – LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE

– MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPFtraffic engineering

Gigabit Ethernet/Optical Ethernet Vendors




Optical interfaces on GbE switches are typically CWDM. Vendorsoffering these options on their high capacity switches include:

– Extreme Networks Riverstone “Optical Ethernet:” Combining DWDM, OADMs and Ethernet

switching into a single platform for metro networks

– Atrica

– Xebeo

Optical Ethernet for access networks

– Internet Photonics Metrobility

– LuxPath

Extreme Networks Black Diamond 6816




Functionality – Provide a combined L2/L3 switch to deliver rate provisionable

Ethernet bandwidth with high port density

Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities – 256 Gb/s total switching capacity

– Packet processing: 192 Mpps

Interfaces supported – Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE all supported

– Up to 1,152 ports at 10/100 or 192 ports for GbE

– POS: OC-3 and OC-12 – ATM: OC-3

Optical interface options include – CWDM interfaces are available with wide channel spacing (20 nm)

Supported MPLS Features

– MPLS edge routing for POS interfaces and BGP4 processing

Optical Ethernet: Atrica




Functionality

– Combine the features of a core GbE switch with the scalability of opticalbandwidth through WDM and metro OADMs

– Architecture is based upon MPLS

Client Interfaces

– Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE interfaces

– A unique 100 Gb/s parallel Ethernet module has also been developedfor high bandwidth trunks

Optical Interfaces – Supports 32 wavelengths DWDM each at 10 Gb/s for a total transport

capacity of 320 Gb/s

– OADM cards allow individual wavelengths to be dropped at each node

RPR/SRP Players




IEEE 802.17 standard for transporting data services over a flexibleframing structure with SONET-like protection mechanisms

RPR Alliance, an industry forum, includes incumbent and emergingvendors

– Alcatel NEC

– Ciena Cisco

– Corrigent Dynarc

– Lantern Communications Nortel

– Riverstone

Vendors developing dedicated systems for RPR include

– Force10 Luminous

Larger vendors are focusing on making RPR an optional line cardfor existing systems – Cisco (“proprietary RPR” called DPT)

– Crescent

– Redback

– Riverstone

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RPR Product: Lantern Metro Packet Switch




Functionality

– Provide efficient data services directly over a resilient optical layer withSONET-like guarantees

– Simplify bandwidth allocation for bursty data services by providing ATM-like QoS commitments to Ethernet services: bandwidth guarantees: continuous, peak, burst usage

incremental provisioning: 100kb/s to 10 Gb/s

bounded delay and jitter

Interfaces – MPS-AX supports 8 access interfaces slots for 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet,GbE, T1/E1 TDM and T3

– RPR ring is served by dual 10 Gb/s optical packet rings

Switching capacity

– Systems uses an 80 Gb/s switch fabric

– 16 slot chassis (Ex: up to 120 GbE ports supported per chassis)

Network Management

– Distributed network of RPR switches on the samering appear as a single logical switch

Core OXCs with Integrated Transport




Large equipment vendors (Ciena, Lucent, Nortel) are examiningthe cost benefit of eliminating a layer of transponders by combiningtheir OXC with DWDM transport.

NEC/Tellium combined LH and Core OXC

– Integated system with NEC‟s Spectral Wave and Tellium‟s Aurora

Optical Switch

Altamar is also offering product in this area:

– Titanium Integrated Transport System supports up to160 OC-192 wavelengths on a single fiber

– Transport supports SR, IR, LH and ULH (without Ramanamplification)

– Wavelength OXC that can support 2232 OC-48

streams per bay (scalable to more than 8 million)A M C

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Optical Packet Node Suppliers




The majority of work at established equipment suppliers is still inthe research stages and has not yet been built into a productplatform. Established companies w/active research here include:

– Lucent Alcatel

– NTT

Emerging vendors that offer a metro packet node solution. Somehave already shut-down

– Atoga: OAR 30 Village Networks (Closed) – Tropic Networks: TRX24000 IP Optical (Closed)

Emerging vendors that offered packet nodes for the core:

– Ilotron (closed) LuxCore (now a subsystem vendor)

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L3

L2

L1

Metro Optical Packet Node: Atoga OAR30




Functionality

– Single box replaces an IP router/switch, SONET ADM, and DWDMtransport device

– Provides interfaces for tunable lasers that enable flexible bandwidthprovisioning and reduces sparing costs

– Statistical multiplexing of packet services using an Ethernet overSONET approach

System Capacity

– 80 Gb/s integrated packet switching capacity – 768x768 STS-1 cross-connect capability

– unspecified DWDM channel plan

Interfaces – DS3, OC-3, -12, -48

– 10/100/1000BaseT Ethernet – Fibre Channel

– Tunable OADM

Integrated Core OXC/Router: Accelight




Products that integrate the functions of core routers and OXCs arestill in the early stages. Features include:

– High bandwidth, multi-service core interfaces compatible

– Switch fabrics capable of handling IP packet and Sonet circuits

Accelight claims to have combined the features of router and OXCinto a single platform using a novel “Optical Burst Switched” core

– OXC-style Interfaces include: Sonet and wavelegth based interfaces for

circuit switching – Packet processing interfaces for POS and other IP based services

A M C

L3

L2

L1

Carrier Adoption of Optical Networking




Depends on several factors - composition of traffic, serviceoffering, service grade, size of network, embedded network, legalenvironment

Service offerings: multi-service (TDM, PL, FR, ATM, IP), servicefocus (IP only, LAN-extension only, storage only)

Service grade: robust, menu of features vs low cost, best effort

Backbone IXC Carriers - Legacy and Emerging




Legacy carriers with a substantial installed fiber deployed LHDWDM systems with 16-160 wavelengths per system with OC-48(initially) and increasingly OC-192 per wavelength

– ATT, Sprint, WorldCom

– Deploy (or plan to deploy) both core (DWDM, OXC) and edge/grooming(OADM, OXC, MSPP) functions

The fraction of lit wavelengths on installed DWDM systems

(average around 35% - RHK) and lit fibers on installed cablesrepresent conditions of „fiber glut‟ that can slow down deployment

of new DWDM systems, and to a lesser extent, of new line cards

Emerging IXCs are primarily focused on growing IP traffic with alarge fraction of l-level granularity - ULH DWDM, Core (mainly)

and grooming OXCs, Core IP/MPLS routers – Qwest, Level3, Broadwing, Williams, (Global Crossing), CW, Frontier

Competition and price cuts negatively affected this whole segment

Example of Backbone IXC Carriers




ATT:

– Legacy SONET - Lucent 2.5G

– DWDM - Extensive DWDM transport - NEC, Lucent, currently installing160-channel systems, 2.5/10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s when available

– OXC - Ciena CD deployed in 40 NFL cities, planned for 100 cities,STS-1 grooming is deemed essential, improved provisioning times overcurrent SONET ring network, differentiated restoration capabilities

– Metro - Cisco 15454 MSPP (~150 deployed so far), metro DWDM (32-

channel)

Worldcom:

– Initial build out based on single channel OC-192, followed by DWDM,both SONET and DWDM provided by Nortel

– Supporting UUNET IP/DWDM transport based on 10 Gb/s per

wavelength and 1+1 point-to-point APS

– First trial of 40 Gb/s, initially in a single channel and later with 32DWDM channels based on Lucent equipment

ILECs




Required to support broad service offering, mostly legacy TDMvoice trunks and private lines

Dominated by legacy SONET ADM (Fujitsu, Nortel, Lucent) andWDCS (Tellabs) equipment

Interoperability with legacy OSSs (via Telcordia‟s OSMINE) andstandard-based equipment are of utmost concern

Metro DWDM deployment, point-to-point and fixed OADMs,primarily for fiber relief, is growing nicely, but from a very smallbase; it is substantially less than IXC DWDM deployment (<7% in2000), several are in the process of RFI/RFP

– BellSouth - Ciena 1600 for point-to-point

– Qwest - ONI

– SBC - Nortel OPTera 5200 metro DWDM

– Verizon - Lucent OLS40G for point-to-point and EON OADMs, Ciena

Limited deployment of OXCs as of yet - Qwest with Tellium andCiena, BellSouth with Sycamore

ILECs




ILECs are increasingly supporting new data services, includingEthernet services, to remain competitive with new carriers

Data traffic - legacy ATM/FR, DSLAMs to ISPs, Ethernet PL andLAN extension - is mostly pre-provisioned via SONET; however, itmay also be overlay on different fibers or wavelengths

Regulatory and union issues deploying hybrid data/transport NEs,e.g. MSPPs and GbE

ILECs are in the process of RFI/RFP and trial of several NGSONET/MSPP, participate in RPR specification, and also startingto plan for IP routers and GbE switches

– SBC: Nortel Optera 3500 MSPP

– Qwest: Cisco 15454 MSPP

CLECs




Initially thought to be most promising for optical networkingdeployment (greenfield)

Quite shaky market currently

Wide availability of dark fiber (e.g., MFN) limits DWDM deploymentin metro networks, especially in tier-1 cities

Ethernet LECs - focus on GbE/fiber connectivity to business atprices that are 30-50% less than TDM private lines

– Cogent: Mapping Ethernet to SONET using Cisco‟s 454 MSPP over leased fibers in the metro; Core IP routers (Cisco GSR) in POPs;OC192/DWDM (Cisco 15800) in national backbone

– Telseon: focused on metro transport between carrier collocationfacilities (ISPs and ASPs are their target customers); 1 Mbps -1 Gbpsservice; Equipment from 3Com, Cabletron, Extreme, and Foundry

– Yipes: Fiber-based, gigabit Ethernet service; direct enterprise focus;high-speed LAN-to-LAN and LAN-to-Internet connectivity; 1 Mbps to 1Gbps in 1 Mbps increments; Extreme GbE switches and Juniper routers




Part IV:Summary of Network Management

and Control Plane Taxonomy andSolutions

Management Paradigms

Management Plane: enables operators to provide services in a




Management Plane: enables operators to provide services in acentralized fashion

– includes network and capacity planning, configure networks, device and

performance monitoring, root cause analysis, service definition, SLAverification

– dominates legacy telecom carrier networks

Control Plane: enables network devices and (possibly) end-usersto rapidly create/maintain/restore/delete connections

– based on distributed control – dominates enterprises networks; prominent protocols include OIF UNI,

GMPLS, LMP

– GMPLS: an automated control plane for the physical layer which willallow routers to initiate automated bandwidth requests from OXCs andother optical transport equipment

New developments combining these two planes and increasingautomation in both planes are expected to reduce carrier operationexpenditures, provide traffic engineering, and turn up servicequickly

Network Management Protocols




CMIP

M a n a g e m e n

t S y s t e m

Telecom Datacom

N E

E M S

N M S

S M S

IIOP

CORBA

TL1SNMP

OIF UNI/NNI

HTTP

GMPLS

JAVA

HTTP

SOAP

Control Plane Technologies

(OIF UNI GMPLS LMP )




Migrate some management functions to NE

OIF

– Public UNI, Private UNI, Public NNI, Private NNI

IETF - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching

– Distributed method for creating paths in networks

– Initially in IP networks; In principle adaptable to any network (IP,SONET, WDM, …)

– Routing: OSPF, IS-IS (topology discovery) – Signaling: RSVP, CRLDP

Pushed by WDM vendors

– Way to couple their equipment to internet

– Simplified network management

– Scalability – Mesh restoration

– Product differentiation

Regional carriers seem reluctant

(OIF UNI, GMPLS, LMP, …)

Control Plane




CarrierOptical network

ED :User Edge DeviceCED :Carrier Edge DevicePUB-UNI/NNI :Public UNI/NNIPRI-UNI/NNI :Private UNI/NNIDSI :Data Service Interface (ATM, SONET, etc)

OpticalSubnet

OpticalSubnet

OpticalSubnet

DSI

DSI

PRI-NNI

PRI-NNIPRI-NNI

PRI-UNIPRI-UNI

PUB-UNI

PUB-UNIPUB-UNI

PUB-NNI

PUB-UNI

PUB-NNI

GMPLS

CEDCED

EDED

EDED

3rd partynetworks

EMS/NMS/OSS




EMS Vendors

– Typically manages a network of one type of network element from asingle vendor

– System vendors may modify a code base purchased from a third partyand brand it as their own EMS

NMS Vendors

– Large system vendors often extend their EMS to include other networkelements from their product lines. In practice, these are not typicallyused to manage other vendor equipment.

– Large vendor neutral platforms are offered by many companiesincluding Telcordia to provide NMS functions. Carriers may also use anumbrella NMS as a manager of other EMS/NMS systems.

OSS Systems

– Include operational management functions of network such as trouble

ticketing, billing, staffing, resource management, etc. – OSS is a broad categorization which include NMS and other operational

aspects of a network

NC&M Standards Organizations




TMF (TeleManagement Forum)

– MTNM, NGOSS

IETF – SNMP, RMON, Policy based management (COPS), GMPLS, GSMP

DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force)

– WBEM, DEN, CIM (MOF, CIMOM)

OIF

– UNI, NNI, LMP

ITU

– Seven layers, TMN, CMISE, …

Hybrid Management and Control Planes for




State aggregation and interoperability across multi-

vendor domain (fault management, service assurance,inventory management)

Subnet Managementand GMPLS

Control Plane

NMS/NetworkManagement

dynamic optical network

vendor B

vendor Cvendor A

Hybrid Management and Control Planes for Dynamic Optical Networking

EMS/NMS Suppliers




Element Management System (EMS) development

– Vendor-based EMS supplied by equipment vendors tend to be basedupon a code kit available from a third party software vendor

– System vendors can modify the code to meet their system requirementsand re-brand it as their own

– Other system vendors develop the EMS in-house

Suppliers of products for a general EMS code base include

– Lumos

– Vertel – AdventNet

NMS systems are typically a component of larger OSS systemsthat are available from a variety of suppliers

– Vendor neutral NMS platforms are typically used for managing systems

with multiple vendors and technologies. This is the way the majority ofnetworks are managed.

– NMS from system vendors can also be used to manage multiplenetworks and elements from that vendor in a large network

NMS/OSS Supplier: Telcordia ProductsMany other companies compete with Telcordia in all of these areas




N M L

TMN LayersCorporate Data &

Common Functions

N E L

E M L

S M L

CustomerService

Rep.Inter-

Connection

CallAgentEMS

DSLMgmt

RouterMgmt

Frame &ATMMgmt

Routers FrameRelay &

ATMSwitches

IPGateways& Servers

CallAgent

Transport /Access /

DSL

SignalingNetwork

Satellite WirelessLocalLoop

LocalDigital

Switches

Billing & Negotiation Suite

BillingSystem

Order ManagerCustomerManager

AdvancedService Mgmt.

System

ServiceGateTM /ExchangeLink

Proactive Service Assurance Suite

ServiceLevel

Manager

NetworkPerformance

Monitor

NetworkCapacity

Manager

SurveillanceManager

IntegratedTesting &AnalysisSystem

TroubleTicket

Manager

NMA ®

& Activation SuiteService Provisioning

SwitchElement

ActivationManager

TransportElement

ActivationManager

SignalingNetwork

ActivationManager

HFCCable

TelephonyManager

CustomerNumber Manager

Customer Access& Location

Manager

Service Delivery &Work ItemManager

NetworkConfiguration

Manager

TIRKS ®

SOAC, NSDB,

LFACS, SWITCH ® ,

MARCH ®

N M L

Work & ForceManagement Suite

ForceTech

AccessSystem

FleetOptimizerWFA

Network Design &

Inventory Suite

NetworkEngineer

InventoryManager

y p p

Other Suppliers of OSS/NMS Software




Provisioning

Assurance

Billing

Provisioning

Management and

Service Creation Inventory

Management

Network Planning

Performance Management

Fault Management

Security Management

Monitor utilization

of ntwk. resources

Market driven

billing

Orche-stream

Concord Micro-Muse

Infovista Opnet Kenan Riversoft Arki-pelago

CrossKeys

Cost driven billing

a

a

aa

a

a a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a a

a

a

OSS/NMSFunction Company

Source: Cambridge Strategic Management Group




Acronym Glossary

Acronyms A-Z

ADM add/drop multiplexer




ADM add/drop multiplexerAIS alarm indication signal (SONET error)APON ATM-based passive optical networkAPS automatic protection switching

ASE amplified spontaneous emissionATM asynchronous transfer modeBER bit error rateBLSR bi-directional line switched ringCATV cable televisionCLEC competitive local exchange carrierCORBA common object request broker architectureCWDM coarse wavelength division mutliplexingDCS digital cross-connect systemDPT dynamic packet transport (Cisco)DSLAM digital subscriber line access multiplexerDSn digital signal level (for n=0, 64kb/s, n=1 1.544Mb/s (T1), n=44.736 Mb/s (T3)DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing

EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifierEML element management layerEMS element management systemEPON Ethernet-based passive optical networkESCON enterprise system connection (IBM)

Acronyms (cont.)

FBG fiber bragg gratings




FBG fiber bragg gratingsFC fiber channelFEC forward error correctionFR frame relay

FWM four wave mixingG gigabits per second (Gb/s)GbE gigabit EthernetGFP generic framing procedureGMPLS generalized multiprotocol label switchingHFC hybrid fiber-coaxILEC incumbent local exchange carrierIP internet protocolIS-IS intermediate system-intermediate systemISP internet service providerITU international telecommunications unionIXC interexchange carrierLDP label distribution protocol

LEC local exchange carrierLH long haulLMP label management protocolLOF loss of frame (SONET error)LOP loss of path (SONET error)

Acronyms

LOS loss of signal




LOS loss of signalLSP label switched pathMAC media access controlMAN metropolitan area network

MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systemMM multimode (fiber)MPLS multiprotocol label switchingMSPP multi-service provisioning platformNC&M network control and managementNEL network element layerNF noise figureNG next generationNMA network management and analysis (Telcordia OSS)NML network management layerNMS network management systemNNI network to network interfaceOADM optical add/drop multiplexer

OAM operations, administration, and maintenanceOAM&P operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioningOC-n optical carrier, base unit (n=1) is 51.84 Mb/sOEO optical-to-electronic-to-opticalOIF optical internetworking forum

Acronyms

OSC optical supervisory channel




OSC optical supervisory channelOSNR optical signal to noise ratioOSS operations support systemOTDM optical time division multiplexing

OTN optical transport networkOXC optical cross-connectPDH plesio-synchronous digital hierarchy (pre-SONET)PDU protocol data unitPL private linePLC planar lightwave circuitPMD polarization mode dispersionPON passive optical networkPOP point of presencePOS packet over SONETPOTS plain old telephone systemPPP point to point protocolPTT post, telephone, and telegraph (non-US based local and long distance carrier)

QoS quality of serviceRDI remote defect indication (ATM)RFI request for informationRFP request for proposalRPR resilient packet ring

Acronyms

RSVP resource reservation protocol




RSVP resource reservation protocolRZ return to zero modulation formatSAN storage area networkSDH synchronous digital hierarchy

SLA service level agreementSM single mode (fiber)SMIR single mode intermediate reachSMLR single mode long reachSMSR single mode short reachSNMP simple network management protocolSR short reachSTM-n synchronous transport model (STM-1 = OC-3)STS-n synchronous transport signal level (n = 1 corresponds to 51.84 Mb/s)TDM time division multiplexingTIRKS trunk information record keeping system (Telcordia)TL-1 transaction languageTMN tele-management network

ULH ultra long haulUNI user-network interfaceUPSR unidirectional path switched ringVLAN virtual local area networkVOD video on demandVoIP

Acronyms

VPN virtual private network



VPN virtual private networkVT virtual tributary (VT-1.5 maps a DS-1 into SONET)XPM cross-phase modulation

optical taxonomy

Documents