OPTICAL NETWORKS AND TECHNOLOGIES

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OPTICAL NETWORKS AND TECHNOLOGIES

IFIP TC6 / WG6.10 First Optical Networks & Technologies Conference (OpNeTec), October 18-20, 2004, Pisa, Italy

Edited by

KEN-ICHI KITAYAMA Department of Electronics and Information Systems Osaka University, Japan

FRANCESCO MASETTI-PLACCI Alcatel Vimercate, Italy

GIANCARLO PRATI Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni - CNIT, Pisa, Italy Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

Springer

Ken-Ichi Kitayama Osaka University Osaka, JAPAN

Francesco Masetti-Placci Alcatel Italia Vimercate, ITALY

Giancarlo Prati Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni -CNIT Pisa, ITALY

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Optical Networks and Technologies / Edited by Ken-Ichi Kitayama, Francesco Masetti-Placci, Giancarlo Prati.

p.cm. —(The International Federation for Information Processing) Includes bibliographical references and Index.

ISBN: (HC) 0-387-23177-3 / (eBOOK) 0-387-23178-1 Printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2005 by International Federation for Information Processing. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher [Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America.

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SPIN 11324003 (HC) / 11324409 (eBook)

Contents

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Committees xix

Perspectives on Optical Networks and Technologies 1

Developments in Optical Seamless Networks 3 Andrea Spaccapietra and Giovanni Razzetta (invitedpaper)

Cinema-class Digital Content Distribution via Optical Networks 11 Tetsuro Fujii, Kazuhiro Shirakawa, Mitsuru Nomura, and Takahiro Yamaguchi (invitedpaper)

Next Generation Networks - a Vision of Network Evolution 19 Howard Green and Pierpaolo Ghiggino

An Overview of Key Technologies for the Next Generation Networks 31 Howard Green and Pierpaolo Ghiggino

PART Al: Optical Packet Switching / Optical Burst Switching 45

Guaranteeing Seamless End-to-End QoS in OBS Networks 47 Maurizio Casoni, Maria Luisa Merani, Alessio Giorgetti, Luca Valcarenghi and Piero Castoldi

VI

A Framework for the Analysis of Delay Jitter in Optical Packet Switched Networks 55 F. Callegati, W. Cerroni, G. Muretto, C. Raffaelli andP. Zaffoni

Demonstration of Preamble less Optical Packet Clock and Data Recovery with Optical Packet Switching 63 Naoya Wada, Hatsushi liduka andFumito Kubota

Cost Efficient Upgrading of OPS Nodes 71 J. Cheyns, C. Develder, D. Colle, E. Van Breusegem and P. Demeester

A Scheduling Algorithm for Reducing Unused Timeslots by Considering Head Gap and Tail Gap in Time Sliced Optical Burst Switched Networks 79 Takanori Ito, Daisuke Ishii, Kohei Okazaki, Naoaki Yamanaka andlwao Sasase

WONDER: Overview of a Packet-Switched MAN Architecture 87 A. Bianciotto andR. Gaudino

Performance of Optical Burst Switched WDM Ring Network with TTFR System 95 Yutaka Arakawa, Naoaki Yamanaka andlwao Sasase

PART A2: Routing 103

Assessing the Benefits of Wavelength Selection vs. Wavelength Conversion in WDM Networks 105 Nicola Andriolli, Luca Valcarenghi andPiero Castoldi

ILP Based Evaluation of Separate Wavelength Pool (Swap) Strategy 113 Zsolt Lakatos

Distributed Wavelength Reservation Method for Fast Lightpath Setup in WDM Networks 121 Yosuke Kanitani, Shin'ichi Arakawa, Masayuki Murata and Ken-ichi Kitayama

On-Arrival Planning for Sub-Graph Routing Protection in WDM Networks 129 Darli A. A. Mello, Marcio S. Savasini, Jefferson U. Pellegrini and Helio Waldman

Vll

Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Scheduled and Random Lightpath Demands: Bifurcated Routing versus Non-Bifurcated Routing 137 Mohamed Koubaa, Nicolas Puech and Maurice Gagnaire

Semi-Lightpath Approach for Bandwidth Guaranteed Protection in IP-Over-WDM Networks 145 R. Gangopadhyay, G. Prati andN. Rao

Comparison of/?-Cycle Configuration Methods for Dynamic Networks 153 Dominic A. Schupke

PART A3: GMPLS and network control 161

An Experimental GMPLS-based Wavelength Reservation Protocol for Flooding Global Wavelength Information in Uni-ring-based MAN 163 Raul Munoz, Ricardo Martinez, Jordi Sorribes and Gabriel Junyent

GMPLS with Interlayer Control for Session-Uninterrupted Disaster Recovery across Distributed Data Centers 171 Tetsuo Imai, Soichiro Araki, Tomoyoshi Sugawara, Norihito Fujita and Yoshihiko Suemura

Monitoring Service "Health" in Intelligent, Transparent Optical Networks 179 CarolinaPinart, AbdelhafidAmrani and GabrielJunyent

A Centralized Path Computation System for GMPLS Transport Networks: Design Issues and Performance Studies 187 Gino Carrozzo, Stefano Giordano and Giodi Giorgi

Intelligent OTN in the TLC Operator Infrastructures 195 Ovidio Michelangeli and Alberto Mittoni

Novel Active Monitoring of Customer Premises using Bluetooth in Optical Access Network 203 S. B. Lee, W. Shin andK. Oh

Shared Memory Access Method for a X Computing Environment Hirohisa Nakamoto, Ken-ichi Baba and Masayuki Murata 210

Vlll

PART A4: Traffic engineering 219

A Multilayer-Routing-Strategy with Dynamic Link Resource Adaptation 221 Robert Prinz and Andreas Iselt

Evaluation of Bandwidth-Dependent Metrics for TE Links in a GMPLS Path Computation System 229 Gino Carrozzo, Stefano Giordano and Giodi Giorgi

A New Traffic Aggregation Scheme in All-Optical Wavelength Routed Networks 237 Nizar Bouabdallah, Emmanuel Dotaro and Guy Pujolle

Multi-Layer Recovery Enabled with End-to-End Signaling 246 D. Verchere, D. Leclerc, A. Noury, B. Ronot, M. Vigoureaux, O. Audouin, A. Jourdan, D. Papadimitriou, B. Rousseau, G. Luyts, S. Brockmann, W. Koeber and G. Eilenberger

Performance Analysis of the Control and Forwarding Plane in an MPLS Router 254 D. Adami, N. Carlotti, S. Giordano, M. Pagano and M. Repeti

Inter-Domain Routing in Optical Networks 263 Americo Muchanga, Lena Wosinska, Fredrik Orava and Joanna Haralson

PART A5: Techniques for optical node 271

Optical Network Unit Based on a Bidirectional Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 273 Josep Prat, Cristina Arellano, Victor Polo and Carlos Bock

Optical Label Recognition Based on Additional Pre-spread Coding 279 Hideaki Furukawa, Tsuyoshi Konishi, Kazuyoshi Itoh, Naoya Wada andFumito Kubota

Optical Feedback Buffering Strategies 284 Ronelle Geldenhuys, Jesus Paul Tomillo, Ton Koonen, and Idelfonso Tafur Monroy

40Gb/s WDM-multicasting Wavelength Conversion from 160Gb/s OTDM Signal 292 Yoshinari Awaji, Tetsuya Miyazaki andFumito Kubota

IX

Multiple Wavelength Conversion for WDM Multicasting by Means of Non-linear Effects in SOAs 299 G. Contestabile, M. Presi, E. Ciaramella

PART Bl: Transmission system 305

Optimal Span Length Determination in Transmission Systems with Hybrid Amplification 307 J. D. Ania-Castafion, I. O. Nasieva, S. K. Turitsyn, C. Borsier and E. Pincemin

Separate Evaluation of Nonlinearity-Due Q Penalties in Long-Haul Very Dense WDM Optical Systems 313 Livio Paradiso, Pierpaolo Boffi, Lucia Marazzi, Nicola Dalla Vecchia, Massimo Artiglia and Mario Martinelli

Suppression of Transient Gain Excursions in EDF A's 319 Mladen Males, Antonio Cantoni, and John Tuthill

Dynamic BER Performance Monitoring of WDM Systems using a Sum-of-Gaussian Technique 327 B. Pal and R, Gangopadhyay

Simultaneous Optimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers and Dispersion Maps 332 Vittorio Curri and Stefan Tenenbaum

Accurate Bit Error Rate Evaluation in Optically Preamplified Direct-Detection 340 P. Martelli, S. M. Pietralunga, D. Nicodemi and M. Martinelli

Techno-Economic Analysis of Dispersion-Tolerant Transmission Techniques for lOGb/s DWDM Systems 346 Cornelius Fiirst, Helmut Griesser, Jorg-Peter Elbers and Christoph Glingener

PART B2: Modulation formats 355

2.5 Gbps 2-PSK Ultra-Dense WDM Homodyne Coherent Detection using a Sub-Carrier based Optical Phase-Locked Loop 357 iS*. Camatel, V. Ferrero, R. Gaudino and P. Poggiolini

Influence of Optical Filters on the Performance of Fsk/Im Transmission Scheme 364 J.J. Vegas Olmos, I. Tafur Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, J.P.A. van Berkel, A.M.J. Koonen and J. Prat

Carrier Reshaping and MUX-DEMUX Filtering in 0.8 Bit/s/Hz WDM RZ-DPSK Transmission 371 Ranjeet S. Bhamber, Sergei Turitsyn and Vladimir Mezentsev

Effect of Optical Filtering on 20-Gbit/S RZ-DQPSK Transmission over 2000 Km in a 64-Channel DWDM System 377 Pierpaolo Boffi, Lucia Marazzi, Paolo Martelli, Livio Paradiso, Paola Parolari, Aldo Righetti, Rocco Siano and Mario Martinelli

Combined (Symbol and Classical) DWDM Data Transmission 384 A. O. Nekuchaev and U. Yusupaliev

Integrated Direct-Modulation based Quantum Cryptography System 390 Johann Cussey, Matthieu Block, Jean-Marc Merolla and Steven. W McLaughlin

DPSK over Inverse-RZ Optical Pulses for 2-bit per Symbol Transmission 396 Tetsuya Miyazaki and Fumito Kubota

PART B3: All-optical processing 401

A 40 GHz Polarization Maintaining Picosecond Modelocked Fiber Laser Employing Photonic Crystal Fiber 403 Kazi S. Abedin and Fumito Kubota

40 GHz Adiabatic Soliton Generation From a Dual Frequency Beat Signal using Dispersion Decreasing Fiber Based Raman Amplification 409 Ju Han Lee, Taichi Kogure, Young- Geun Han , Sang Hyuck Kim, Sang Bae Lee and David J. Richardson

All-Optical Nonlinear Signal Processing at a RZ Receiver 416 Sonia Boscolo, Sergei K Turitsyn and Keith J. Blow

Modification of Decoder for 2-D Wavelength/Time Optical CDMA System by Optical Hard-Limiters 422 JozefChovan and Frantisek Uherek

XI

The Integration of the All-Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter using Self-Frequency Shifting in Fiber and a Pulse-Shaping Technique 430 Takashi Nishitani, Tsuyoshi Konishi and Kazuyoshi Itoh

BER Improvement using a 2-R Regenerator Based on an Asymmetric Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror 438 Markus Meissner, Klaus Sponsel, Kristian Cvecek, Andreas Benz, Stefan Weisser, Bernard Schmauss and Gerd Leuchs

Calculate BER Improvement due to Nonlinear Regenerators 445 F. G. Sun, Z. G. Lu, G. Z. Xiao and C, P. Grover

PARTB4: Photonic devices 449

Bragg Gratings Photoimprinted in Integrated Optical Components: Improving of Apodization Profiles 451 Lech Wosinski, Romano Setzu and Matteo Dainese

External Optical Modulator using a Low-Cost Fabry- Perot Laser Diode for Optical Access Networks 459 H. J. Lee, H. Yoo, Y. D. Jeong and Y. K Won

An Accurate Model of a Full Optical Encoder/Decoder in a WGR Configuration 466 Gabriella Cincotti, Naoya Wada andKen-ichi Kitayama

Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating as Electrically Tunable True Time Delay Line 474 Vincenzo Italia, Marco Pisco, Stefania Campopiano, Andrea Cusano andAntonello Cutolo

Analysis of Tuning Time in Multiple-Section Current-Injection Tunable Laser Diodes 481 Efraim Buimovich-Rotem and Dan Sadot

Changing Resonance Wavelengths of Long-Period Fiber Gratings by the Glass Structure Modification 489 Katsumi Morishita andAkihiro Kaino

PART B5: Polarization mode dispersion 497

Adaptive Electronic Processing in Optical PMD-Impaired Systems 499 T, Foggi, G. Colavolpe, E. Forestieri and G. Prati

Xll

PSO Algorithm used for Searching the Optimum of Automatic PMD Compensation 507 Xiaoguang Zhang, Yuan Zheng, Yu Shen, Jianzhong Zhang and Bojun Yang

Dynamical Limitations of Single-Stage PMD Compensators 517 Ernesto Ciaramella

New Approach to Optical Polarisation Mode Dispersion Mitigation: Experimental Analysis of the Dynamic Performances of a Cost-Driven Device 524

Raoul Fiorone, Aldo Perasso, Massimo Speciale, Marco Camera and Andrea Corti

Numerical Implementation of the Coarse-step Method with a Varying Differential-Group Delay 530 M. Eberhard and C. Braimiotis

POSTER SESSION 535

All Optical 3R Regeneration and Wavelength Convertion 537 Davide Massimiliano Forin , Franco Curti, Giorgio Maria Tosi Beleffi, Francesco Matera , Andrea Reale, Silvello Betti, Simone Monterosso, Alessandro Fiorelli, Michele Guglielmucci and Sergio Cascelli

Experimental Study of Reshaping Retiming Gates for 3R Regeneration 545 M. Gay, L. Bramerie, G. Girault, V. Roncin andJ.-C. Simon

Chirp-Free Transmission through a NOLM Based Optical Regenerator 552 K. Sponsel, M. Meissner, K. Cvecek, B. Schmauss and G. Leuchs

Propagation of Unequal OTDM Data Channels in 2R Regenerated System 560 Zhijian Huang, Ashley Gray, Igor Khrushchev and Ian Bennion

2-R Regeneration Exploiting Self-Phase Modulation in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 565 Gianluca Meloni, Antonella Bogoni andLuca Poti

Two Pump OPA for OTDM Pulses Amplification 573 Lucia Marazzi, Paola Parolari, Pierpaolo Boffi, Elisabetta Rognoni, Paolo Gaviraghi and Mario Martinelli

X l l l

Applications of Free Space Optics for Broadband Access 579 E. Leitgeb, M. Gebhart, U. Birnbacher, S. Sheikh Muhammad and Ch. Chlestil

Polarization Conversion Induced in A Non-Conventionally Biased Centrosymmetric Photorefractive Crystal 587 Claudio Crognale andLuigi Rosa

Transient Control by Free ASE Light Re-Circulation in EDFA based WDM Ring Networks 595 Giovanni Sacchi, Simone Sugliani, Antonella Bogoni, Antonio D'Errico, Fabrizio Di Pasquale, R. Di Muro, R. Magri, G. Bruno andF. Cavalieri

Novel Optical Direct Detection Scheme for DPSK Signals using Fibre Bragg Gratings 601 P. Munoz, I. Tafur Monroy, R. Garcia, J. J. Vegas, F.M. Huijskens, S. Sales, A. Gonzalez, J. Capmany, A.M.J. Koonen

Authors' Index 607

Preface

There has continuously been a massive growth of Internet traffic for these years despite the "bubble burst" in year 2000. As the telecom market is gradually picking up, it would be a consensus in telecom and data-com industries that the CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) to rebuild the network infrastructure to cope with this traffic growth would be imminent, while the OPEX (Operational Expenditures) has to be within a tight constraint. Therefore, the newly built 2r^-century network has to fully evolve from voice-oriented legacy networks, not only by increasing the transmission capacity of WDM links but also by introducing switching technologies in optical domain to provide full-connectivity to support a wide variety of services.

This book stems from the technical contributions presented at the Optical Networks and Technology Conference (OpNeTec), inaugurated this year 2004 in Pisa, Italy, and collects innovations of optical network technologies toward the 2V^ century network. High-quality recent research results on optical networks and related technologies are presented, including IP over WDM integration, burst and packet switchings, control and managements, operation, metro- and access networks, and components and devices in the perspective of network application. An effort has been made throughout the conference, hopefully reflected at least partially in this book, to bring together researchers, scientists, and engineers working both academia and industries to discuss the relative impact of networks on technologies and vice versa, with a vision of the future. Too often the photonic communication field is approached as it were a mature field where systems and technologies have their own lives. Photonics is still in its infancy, playing the correlation and reciprocal influence of technology and

XVI

system/network solutions a key role, deserving more attention and consideration on both sides.

Ken-ichi Kitayama Francesco Masetti-Placci

Giancarlo Prati

Acknowledgments

The editors wish to express their sincere thanks to the members of the International Program Committee of the First Optical Networks & Technologies Conference (OpNeTec), which was held in October 18-20, 2004 in Pisa, Italy, whose cooperation was essential to the organization of the conference and to the publication of this book.

The conference would not have been possible without the support of the Italian National Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT) and the work of the Organizing Committee.

The editors would also like to gratefully acknowledged the following organizations and institution hereafter:

Agilent Technologies Alcatel Anritsu IFIP-Technical Committee on Communication Systems (TC6) Marconi Communications Siemens Telecom Lab Italia

Committees

General Chairman Giancarlo Prati, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna & CNIT

Technical Program Co-Chairs K. Kitayama (Co-chair), Osaka University, Japan F. Masetti-Placci (Co-chair), Alcatel CIT, France

International Program Committee S. Araki, NEC Corporation, Japan K. Asatani, Kogakuin University, Japan K. Blow, Aston University, U.K. A. Bonati, Alcatel Italy A. Bononi, University of Parma, Italy A. Cantoni, W. Australian Telecomm. Research Inst., Australia R. Castelli, Alcatel, Italy D. Chiaroni, Alcatel CIT, France W. Chujo, Communication Research Lab., Thailand S. Dixit, Nokia Research Center, USA A. Fumagalli, University of Texas at Dallas, USA P. Franco, Pirelli Labs, Italy P. Gambini, Agilent Technologies, Italy R. Gangopadhyay, IIT Kharagpur, India P. Ghiggino, Marconi, U.K. C. Glingener, Marconi, Germany E. Guarene, Telecom ItaUa Lab, Italy

XX

L. Jereb, Budapest Univ. of Tech. & Econ., Hungary L. Kazovsky, Stanford University, USA S. Bae Lee, KIST, Korea H. T. Muftah, University of Ottawa, Canada G. Morthier, Ghent University, Belgium F. Neri, Politecnico di Torino, Italy H. Onaka, Fujitsu Lab, Japan H. Perros, North Carolina State University, USA F. Russo, University of Pisa, Italy R. Sabella, Ericsson, Italy S. Saracino, Siemens CNX, Italy K. Stubkjaer, Tech.. University of Denmark, Denmark L. Wosinska, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Organizing Committee A. Bogoni, CNIT, Italy P. Castoldi, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna & CNIT, Italy E. Ciaramella, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna & CNIT, Italy S. Cinquini, Telecom Italia, Italy F. Di Pasquale, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna & CNIT, Italy K. Ennser, CNIT, Italy S. Giordano, University of Pisa, Italy L. Poti', CNIT, Italy

CNIT Secretariat M. E. Razzoli, CNIT, Italy A. Letta, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italy

Publications K. Ennser, CNIT, Italy