optical networks - a view to the future sarnoff symposium...
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All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Optical Networks - A View to the FutureSarnoff Symposium
Princeton, New JerseyMarch 31, 2009
Rod AlfernessChief Scientist, Bell Labs Alcatel-LucentOctober 31, 2008
A Worldwide Web of Optical Experts – My Thanks for Input!
Neal BerganoPietro BernasconiSebastien BigoDan BlumenthalY. K. ChenAndy ChraplyvyLarry ColdrenChris DoerrRene EssiambreOlivier GautheronCary GunnJDSUHerwig Kogelnik
Steve KorotkyTon KoonenDavid NielsenAdel SalehIraj SanieeChandrasekhar SethumadhavanKenichi SatoMeint SmitBob TkachRod TuckerDavid WelchAlan WillnerPeter Winzer
Where Are We Today - Undersea, Long Haul, Metro and Access
Undersea Networks
Flattening the World and Enabling a Global Community!Flattening the World and Enabling a Global Community!
Trans-Oceanic
120-130 Channels @10 Gb/s
Adapted from Undersea Cable, KDD-SCS, 2000 and Night Sky Artificial Light, Cinzano, Falchi, and Elvidge, MN_RAS, 2001.
Optical Transport Networking Evolution: A View from the ’90s
High Capacity Transmission
Fixed Sharing Between Multiple Nodes Passive Access of Wavelength Channels
Automated Connection Provisioning Flexible Adjustment of BandwidthNetwork Self-Healing/Restoration
WDM/Point-to-Point Transport
Fixed WDM/Multipoint Network
Photonic XC and WADMReconfigured WDM/Multipoint Network
Fiber Amplifier
Wavelength Cross-Connect
A Reality Today!A Reality Today!Wavelength Add/Drop (ROADM)
Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
Mesh and Ring Reconfigurable WDM Networks
Leverage OA’s and ROADM/OXC’s for Reduced Network CostLeverage OA’s and ROADM/OXC’s for Reduced Network Cost
T
ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer)
Terminal Equipment
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
TT
T
Network Requires the Connectivity and Capacity Node to Node Demands Justify Wavelength Express- Groom at EdgeROADM $ Competitive with Terminal plus High Capacity Elect ADM
Right Architecture When:Right Architecture When:
Commercial Long Haul Systems:~ 1-5 Tb/s ( ~100x that 1998!)~ 80 Wavelengths@40 Gb/s
ROADM-Based Metro Networks
TDM/SONET
POS, RPR
GigE, FC
ROADM
BBBBAccessAccess
FTTC ONUMobility
EoMPLS EoMPLS Metro AccessMetro Access
Mobility
A Growing ROADM Market: JDSU, “25,000 Sold, Courtesy JDSU
Major Deployments – Especially in USMajor Deployments – Especially in US
ROADM Evolution
Enhances Functionality to Improve Remote Configuration and Reduce Operation Costs.Enhances Functionality to Improve Remote Configuration and Reduce Operation Costs.
In Thru
Add Drop
InAdd
Thru
Drop
Switch/VOA array
ConventionalROADM In Thru
Drop
ROADM/XCIn WDM 1
WDM 2
WDM 3
1x3 WSS ROADM
.
Higher Capacity, More Flexible Connectivity, Smaller Footprint and Lower CostHigher Capacity, More Flexible Connectivity, Smaller Footprint and Lower Cost
1xN Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS)- ROADM Building Module Scalable to NxN Cross-Connect
– 40 wave flat-top AWGs (5 elements)– 1x2 switching stages (120 elements)– VOA arrays (160 elements)– 2 levels of metal interconnect
35x70mm
Wavelength cross-connect:
1x4 WSS
1x4 WSS
1x4 WSS
1x4 WSS
WDM Out 3
WDM In
1x4 WSS WDM Out 2
WDM Out 1
WDM Out 4
40λ, 1x4 WSS PLC:
Mark Earnshaw
– low cost non-hermetic packaging– hitless switching– narrowcast, multicast and broadcast flexibility
1xk WSS Function:
1x4
1xk WSS Function:
Large Scale Integration PLCLarge Scale Integration PLC
PLC Advantages:PLC Advantages:
Fiber Expanding into Access
Broadband to business, homes, and base stationsBroadband to business, homes, and base stations
Router
PSTNSwitch
Internet
PSTN
MetroNetworks
Central OfficeD
emar
cG
atew
ay Phone
Video
PC
ONU/ONT
Analog VideoOverlay
Single ordual fiber
Dedicated fiber(s)to eachhome or business(same wavelengths)
Passive Split:no electronics,no power
PON OLT
Multi-faceted video is driving network demand!Multi-faceted video is driving network demand!
ONU/ONT
ONU/ONT
Residences or Businesses
Economies with the Highest Penetration of Fiber-to-the-Home/Building+LAN
What Will Drive Optical Networks of the Future
Current Environment
We Have “Flattened the World”• People and Multi-Nationals Require Even More “Connection”• Growing Global “Digital” Population- “Reaching the Next Billion”• Growing Global Optics Research Community to Address Challenges
Energy and Carbon Footprint will Drive Future Network Architectureand Technology Decisions
Our Industry is Very Different from 1998• No “Seed Corn” from Monopoly and PTT Research Labs
• Horizontal Industry Complicates Component Investment
• “Over the Top” Companies Capturing Value of “The Network”
Some Shaping ForcesSome Shaping Forces
Powerful Forces Continue to Drive Capacity Demand Growth
… And it will become even more challenging.… And it will become even more challenging.
MassiveData
Volume
Billionsof ContentSources
MoreContent-Centric
Applications
MediaCompanies
HomeSurveillance
Blogs
Internet TV Podcasting
Software
CellPhones
Consumers
DistributedWorkspace
Sensors
TiVoCloud Computing
Rich Multimedia
Movies
Live Broadcasts
… New Invention will be Essential to Meet the Demand!… New Invention will be Essential to Meet the Demand!
Contemporary Backbone Network
Traffic– ~16 PB/day (2007)
Growth Rate– 40-60% CAGR
(~30-110X in 10 years)
Source: Stankey, AT&T Analyst Conference, 2007.
Network Traffic and Link Loads
Scenario: 3 Tbps YE 2008 + 50% CAGR (4X/3.5year)Scenario: 3 Tbps YE 2008 + 50% CAGR (4X/3.5year)IN
GRE
SS/E
GRE
SS T
RAFF
IC (
Tbps
)
~55X / 10 years~55X / 10 years
AVE
RAG
E LI
NK
LOA
D (
chan
nels
)
1
10
100
1000
10000
YEAR2008 2012 2014 20182010 2016
TRAFFIC
10G’s40G’s
100G’s1T’s
1
10
100
1000
10000
2018: Terabit/sec Wavelengths?2018: Terabit/sec Wavelengths?
Courtesy: Steve Korotky
“The Network” Going Forward
Communication Directions and ChallengesCommunication Directions and Challenges
ONE Network– Data/Optical, Wireline/Wireless Convergence – Ethernet (with WDM) Will Blur the Metro/Enterprise Boundary– Low-Cost Storage in the Network- a “Wildcard”
Broadband Mobile Use– Ubiquitous, Smaller Cells (eg, home femtos) Will Drive Optical Backhaul – Use BB Wireline Network to Increase Wireless BW (Network MIMO)– Mobility is the “Friend of Optical”- Backhaul Critical
Global Total Presence– Symmetric Bandwidth to End Users– Very High Resolution Video ( 3-D?) Displays– “Flattened the Globe” “Better than being there”
The Network:– “Learns” How to Optimize Itself– Is the Computer; Is the Sensor– Is Power Efficient and Affordable!
Ubiquitous Mobility will Drive More Optical Infrastructure
Channel and user data known by all coordinated bases
Inter-base Coordinated Networks (Network MIMO) to Maximize Wireless BandwidthApplicable to Any Wireless Network (3G, 4G, 802.11, etc.)Will Drive Metro/Access BW, but Must be Cost-EffectiveBackhaul
Mobile Society that Needs to Stay in TouchMobile Society that Needs to Stay in Touch
Video of the Future?
Data Rates for 2D and Holographic Video DisplaysData Rates for 2D and Holographic Video Displays
HiDef 2D Video (1920x1080 pixels @ 24 fps):1-2m display size, 1.2Gb/s uncompressed, 25 Mb/s compressed
HiDef Stereoscopic Video (2 x 1920x1080 pixels @ 24 fps):1-2m display size, 2.4Gb/s uncompressed, 50 Mb/s compressed
HiDef Holographic Video - horizontal parallax only (400,000x1080 pixels @ 60 fps)0.5m display size, 0.62 Tb/s uncompressed data rate, ~60 Gb/s compressed,>100 Teraflops for real-time computer-generated video holograms
HiDef Holographic Video- full parallax (400,000x400,000 pixels @60 fps)0.5m display size, 230 Tb/s uncompressed, ~23 Tb/s compressed
Courtesy: Randy Giles
Progress in Optical Transmission - Getting Another Factor of 50-100 on a single Fiber
- Challenging and Exciting!
Optical Transmission Research Records: Slowing
Research RecordsResearch Records
Syst
em C
apac
ity
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
10
100
1
10
100
Year
Single channel
Gb/
sTb
/s
(ETDM)
?
Multi-c
hann
el
Optical AmplifierWDM
Courtesy- Peter Winzer
25.6-Tb/s Transmission Research Demonstration
PC
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
TX 1
TX 2
ODD
EVEN
C1..C79
L
CC/L C/L
Raman L
CC/L
80km SSMF DCFL
CC/L C/L Delay
3-dB Coupler
PC PBS
L
CC/L C/L
AWGAWG
AWGAWGL1..L79
C/L
C2..C80AWGAWG
L2..L80
C/L
PCEDFAs
RX/Dmux
ClockRec.
Delay InterferometerPC PBS
C or L EDFA
INT
INT
Postcompensation
INT
INT
•Tunable 0.6-nm Filters
RX In
PC
PC
PC
OEQ
C or L EDFA
Spans (×3)
AWGAWG
ControlClock/2Clock/2
Clock/2MZ
π/2MZ
MZMZ
π/2π/2MZMZ
42.7 Gb/s
42.7 Gb/s
50GHz/100GHz Interleavers
160 WDM channels
C and L bands: 50-GHz grid
Polarization multiplexing
42.7-Gbaud (85.4-Gb/s) DQPSK ineach polarization yields 160 Gb/s in each WDM channel w/7% FEC
3.2 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency
240 km (three 80-km SSMF spans)
EDFAs + distributed Raman
Gnauck et al., OFC’07 PDP 19
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
1548 1549 1550 1551
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
e Po
wer
(dB
)
80 Gbit/s DQPSK
Wavelength (nm)
Rela
tive
Pow
er (
dB)
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Wavelength (nm)
Rela
tive
Pow
er (
dB)
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
80 channels 2 x 80 Gbit/s
80 channels 2 x 80 Gbit/s
C-Band L-Band
Wavelength [nm]Wavelength [nm]
Spec
trum
[dB
]
9 THz @ 193 THz5% Bandwidth
Advanced Modulation Formats for 100 Gb/s
1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol
~28 Gbaud(pol-muxed (D)QPSK, 16-QAM, …)
~112 Gbaud(OOK, DB/PSBT, …)
~56 Gbaud(DQPSK, pol-muxed OOK, …)
Im{Ex}
Re{Ex}
Ex … Optical field, x-polarizationEy … Optical field, y-polarization
Im{Ex}
Re{Ex}
Im{Ex}
Re{Ex}
Im{Ey}
Re{Ey}
Im{Ex}
Re{Ex}
DPSK
OOK
Multi-symbol to Reduce Baud Rate > ReachMulti-symbol to Reduce Baud Rate > Reach
Lower Spectral Width to Reduce Impairments and Ability to Transit ROADMLower Spectral Width to Reduce Impairments and Ability to Transit ROADM
Coherent and OFDM Encoding Also Attractive with Electronic Transmission Impairment MitigationCoherent and OFDM Encoding Also Attractive with Electronic Transmission Impairment Mitigation
Multi-level Modulation Formats for 100Gb/s – Impairments & Complexities
1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol 8 bits/symbol
~112 Gbaud ~56 Gbaud ~28 Gbaud ~14 Gbaud
Required OSNR
Tolerance to CD, PMD, filtering (ROADMs)
112G112G 56G56G
28G28G
28 GS/s28 GS/s56 GS/s56 GS/s
Data
OEQ
If modulator bandwidth too low
OR:
Pol.
x
y
90de
ghy
brid
ADC
+ D
SP
90de
ghy
brid
Laser
x
y
Hardware feasibility Integration Essential!
TXTX
RXRX
Courtesy: Peter Winzer
Next Gen Ethernet: 100GbE
– Access rates of 10G now for Server Farms, aggregation into higher rates required
– More capacity per wavelength needed in the future core
– Growing demand for data traffic (IP TV/Video, etc.)– Enabling higher port/switching capacities per footprint– Follow the historical trend …
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.01
0.1
1
10
100
Spee
d [G
b/s]
Year
100G
Why 100G Ethernet?Why 100G Ethernet?
10 dB
85 GHz
FrequencyTr
ansm
issi
on
Switch
400 kmLoop
100 kmNZDF
DCF
100 kmNZDF
DCF
Switchλ1
λ10
100 kmNZDF
Raman
DCF
100 kmNZDF
DCFPre-comp
Post-compClock recovery
Balanced RX
BERT
4:1Demux
DFB
π/2
Raman
Raman Raman
Express
Inte
rleav
er
1 x 9WSS
τAddDrop
Express 1 x 4WSS
τ
Add Drop53.5-Gb/sQuadrature (Q)
53.5-Gb/s In-phase (I)
OEQ
Pol. Pol.Pol.
Pol.
Pol.ROADM #1
ROADM #2
Express
Drop / Add
AWG
(a)
(b)
Wavelength
ROADM in
NRZ-DQPSK on 100-GHz grid over 1200 km and ROADMs
1.0 Tb/s capacity (10 x 107 Gb/s)High spectral efficiency, 1.0 bit/s/Hz, (100-GHz spacing)No polarization multiplexing
P. Winzer et al., OFC 2007
Network Upgrade at 100 G- Realizing the Value of Wavelength Routed Ring and Mesh Networks
100 Gb/s DQPSK Field Trial on Legacy ROADM Network
111 km
96 km93 km
106 km
98 km504 km
Leveraging Optical Network Value via Line Terminal UpgradeLeveraging Optical Network Value via Line Terminal Upgrade
100G Receiver next to LambdaXtreme®at the Miami Central Office
100G Transmitter at theTampa Central Office
503-km Verizon field routeoperating LambdaXtreme®
The Next Factor of 20-40 Will be Very Challenging!
Fiber Capacity Estimate
Capacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmissionCapacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmission
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
4-ASK, M-PSK
Real part of field ( mW1/2 )Imag
par
t of
fie
ld (
mW
1/2
)
Constellation Example
Complex optical transmitter and receivers
ASK: Amplitude-shift keying, M-PSK: M-ary Phase-shift keying
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40012345678
SNR (dB)
Capa
city
per
uni
t ba
ndw
idth
(bit
s/s/
Hz)
1-ASK, M-PSK4-ASK, M-PSK16-ASK, M-PSK
~7 bits/s/Hz
Shan
non
limit
• For 2000 km, a spectral efficiency of ~7 bits/s/Hz per polarization can be achieved which corresponds to an increase of about one order of magnitude in spectral efficiency over commercial systems
• Deployed systems can transmit ~5 Tb/s over ~2000 km. For such a distance, the capacity limit of fiber is expected to be ~500 Tb/s or ~100 times the capacity of commercial systems
Courtesy: Rene Essiambre
Results Obtained Using 112-Gb/s 16-QAM
25 GHz
• ROADM concatenation & 300-km transmission on a 25-GHz WDM grid• 1 dB penalty for 7 ROADMs[Winzer et al., ECOC’08]
• Record spectral efficiency (6.2 b/s/Hz) and 630-km transmission• 1 Tb/s in 1.2 nm of optical spectrum[Gnauck et al., OFC’09]
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
193.30 193.35 193.40 193.45 193.50 193.55
Frequency (THz)
Rel
ativ
e Po
wer
(dB
)150 GHz (1.2 nm)
(18-pm resolution bandwidth)
Asia Opt. Fiber Comm. & Optoelec. Exp. & Conf. (AOE) | October 2008
Fiber and Amplifier Advances will be Essential!
www.nrl.navy.mil
www.crystal-fibre.com
www.bath.ac.uk/physics/
P. Kaiser et al., 1972Courtesty: Herwig Kogelnik
Expanding the Role of Optics in NetworksReal Time Switching/Routing
What’s Next for Photonic Switching in the Network?
First, some learnings from Today’s Optical NetworksFirst, some learnings from Today’s Optical Networks
Why WDM Networks Prevailed?– Reduced Network and Operations Cost
Key Optical Switch Characteristic?– Flow switch, Bit rate agnostic, slow (ms) acceptable
Address New Converged (WDM/Packet) Transport ArchitecturesExplore the role of photonics to scale packet switch/ and routersExplore and drive optical technologies that cost-effectively enable these directions
Reasonable next steps for photonic switching?Reasonable next steps for photonic switching?
Transforming The Way We Use Light:
Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)– 2D integrated diffraction grating– Commonly used as optical
Mux/Demux– Cheap piece of glass
Next Generation Packet Routers Wavelength SwitchingNext Generation Packet Routers Wavelength Switching
Tunable 20-channel WC
EfficiencyTime-Multiplexed WDM:Ring Architecture with WDM Scalability and TDM/Packet Granularity
SingleLambda
drop
Burstreceiver
Tunablelaser
Aggregator
SingleLambda
drop
Burstreceiver
Tunablelaser
Deaggregator Deaggregator Aggregator
•Simple optical Add/Drop.•Sub-wavelength granularity.•Growable to full WDM.
10G/40G Data Envelopes
Tx
StaticOADM
Rx
Tx
StaticOADM
Rx
Tx
Static
OAD
M
RxTx
Stat
icO
ADM
Rx
Bandwidth Granularity
# of Transmitters /Receivers
Bandwidth Efficiency
Scalability
SONET Ring 50 Mb/s N 1/N 10/40 Gb/s
T-WDM Ring 50 Mb/s N Close to 100%
5 Tb/s
WDM Ring 10 or 40 Gb/s
N(N-1) 100% 5 Tb/s
N-Node Ring comparison:T-WDM Ring:
Zirngibl, et al, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent
Expanding Optical Switching to the Packet Layer
Load-balanced architecture for high-capacity optical packet switch
– 3-stage architecture•Fast switching in the wavelength domain
•Simplified distributed scheduling•Highly scalable
– Well suited for optical implementation
WS: wavelength switch HD: header detector TB: time buffer
λ1.. λN
…
1st StageSpace Switch
λ1,λ2,…,λN
λ1,λ2,…,λN
λ1,λ2,…,λN
2nd StageTime Switch
…WS1
WS2
WSM
MxN
AW
G
HD1
HDN
…3rd Stage
Space Switch
TB1
TBN
WS1
WS2
WSN
λ1,λ2,…,λN
λ1,λ2,…,λN
λ1,λ2,…,λN
NxM
AW
G
WS1
WS2
WSM
…HD2 TB2
High-capacity photonic packet switchData in the Optical Domain-Network (DOD-N)High-capacity photonic packet switchData in the Optical Domain-Network (DOD-N)
λ1
λN
λ1.. λN
Rx
Rx
Rx
EXC
Tx
Tx
Tx
λ1
λN
OEO with el. cross-connect and fix wavelength Tx
PassiveNxM
Crossbar
Optical fabric based upon λ-switching and wavelength selective crossbar
– How to do it with off-the-shelf parts– How to skip the electronic cross-
connect– How to skip OEO with an all-optical
monolithic chip
λ1
λN
λ1.. λN
Rx
Rx
Rx λ1
λN
OeO with fast tunable Tx
λ3
FTTx
FTTxFTTx
Courtesy: Dave NeilsonPietro Bernasconi
FTTP Evolution: WDM PON
Low-cost, integrated WDM technologies are key to cost-effective very-high broadband services to the homeLow-cost, integrated WDM technologies are key to cost-effective very-high broadband services to the home
OtherNetworks
Router
PSTNSwitch
Internet
PSTN
Central Office
WDM OLT
WDMMux/
Demux
Single ordual fiber
Dedicated wavelength& fiber(s) to eachhome or business
Passive:no electronics,
no power
Dem
arc
Gatew
ay
Phone
Video
PC
Residencesor Businesses
ONU/ONT
ONU/ONT
ONU/ONT
Different bit rates, protocols, and services for each subEasy to upgrade sub without affecting othersGood subscriber isolation Consider PON for Metro Networks?
Extending Optics into the Home?
Extending Optical Reach into the Home?
Versatile BB In-Home NetworksVersatile BB In-Home Networks
Converged in-homebackbone network,integrating wired &wireless services
reduces installation and maintenance effortseases introduction and upgrading of servicesintegration e.g. by WDM
Coax Cable network
Twisted Pair network
RG
PCHDTVmobile
laptop
VoIP
faxprint PDA
mp3 download
Satellite dish/
FWA dish
optical fibre
optical fibre
webcam
coax
POF
SMF
Optical Fibrenetwork
Converged In-Home Network on Plastic Optical Fiber
Converged In-Home Network on Plastic Optical Fiber
Courtesy: Ton Koonen
… Integrated Technologies Will be Key…
but which one?
Large-Scale DWDM DQPSK Tx PIC 10 Channels x 40 Gb/s
I Q
DFB
PM
υ Tunable
AWG
NestedMZM
BER = 5E-4
BER = 4E-4
A
21.5Gb/s NRZ Balanced Receiver Eye
-9
-6
-3
0
3
0 5 10 15 20Frequency (GHz)
10 L
og (
S21
) (dB
, opt
ical
)
S21 Frequency Response
Small-signal BW > 20GHzSmall-signal BW > 20GHz10 frequency-tunable DFB lasers with backside power monitors10(I) + 10(Q) nested Mach-Zehnder modulator pairs1 AWG111 integrated elements in total on chip
Courtesy: Dave Welch, Infinera
16 QAM Modulator PIC
3.1 mm
Pulse carver EAM (not used)
EAM #1 EAM #2
EAM #3 EAM #4
0°-720-180°
90°-720-90°
Star coupler0.17
0.33
0.330.17
Phase shifter/attenuator
Stretched vertically for clarity
Use same output inlet width for all four ports.Input inlet width selected to achieve the 1:2:2:1 power splitting ratio.
The phase shifters were used only for testing and were not used in the experiment
C. R. Doerr, et al., OFC, PDP20, 2008.
Monolithic InP 107-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK Receiver
Monitor photodiode pads
Photodiode pads
1 × 2 MMI coupler
Current-injection phase shifter padThermo-optic phase shifter pad
2 × 4 star coupler
n-contact pads
C. R. Doerr et al. OFC 2008
100 Gb/s Digital CircuitsInP D-FF up to 152 GHz clock speed
divider-core
GND peaking line
Static divider ÷ 4
38 x 4 = 152 GHz clock speed
Power consumption 25 mW/latch at 100 GHz
Critical building block for MUX / DEMUX , CDR, etc.
M S
clk clk
clk ÷ 2
N. Weimann, et al., IPRM 2008
Silicon CMOS Photonics Technology
Single Laser Powers 4 Lanes
Wafer Scale Testability
Integrated Electronics
Integrated Photo-Detectors
Fiber-to-the-Chip Coupling
On-Die Modulators
Implemented on a monolithic CMOS die and packaged in standard connectors
Courtesy- Cary Gunn, Luxtera
Silicon Coherent Receiver PIC
112-Gb/s PDM-QPSK
Coh Rx PICECL
28 Gb/s
28 Gb/s
PBS
Pol-muxECL
Storagescope
215-1 PRBS
High-speed probes
Row of silicon PICs
Fiber array
Signal
LO
C. R. Doerr, et al., PD paper, OFC 2009.
Concluding Remarks
The MessageThe Message
Over Last the 10 years, with WDM, We have increased Commercial Optical Systems Capacity by ~100 and deployed Wavelength Routed Optical Networks to Reduce Network Cost and Enable Graceful UpgradeOver next 10 years, We Expect Capacity Needs to Increase another50 to 100 times. Can We Meet That Challenge in Cost-Effective Solutions that our Industry and Society have come to Expect?Research, Inventions and Integration Required! The Best of Optics and Electronics; Integration for complex active functions and lower cost; improved amplifiers and/or fibers; Optimization Algorithms Demand will Challenge Switch/Routing- Optics will likely play a role in the solutionWhen Demand in the Home Requires it, WDM PONS Will Offer Ultra-Broadband Services yet to be DevisedA Challenging and Exciting Decade Ahead!
Thank You!