optical design and standards
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Peter Thorns Head of Strategic Lighting Applications Thorn G.P.S. 20th April 2010
Opt ic a l Des ign and St andardsOpt ic a l Des ign and St andards
Materials in lightingMaterials in lighting
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The purpose of materials in luminaires
Housing of components
Environmental protection
Optics for light emission control
Insulation of conductors
Enclosure appearance and aesthetics
Fixings supports and seals
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Controlling light
Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,louvres, diffusers, refractor, etc... Many believe they want luminaires that will
provide the most light for the money. Unfortunately as efficiency increases,luminaire brightness usually does to and excess high angle brightness cancreate discomfort (glare) - enough in fact to defeat the purpose of additionallux. Thus fixture choice is a trade off between quantity (efficiency) and quality(comfort).
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Controlling light
Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,louvres, diffusers, refractor, etc... Many believe they want luminaires that will
provide the most light for the money. Unfortunately as efficiency increases,luminaire brightness usually does to and excess high angle brightness cancreate discomfort (glare) - enough in fact to defeat the purpose of additionallux. Thus fixture choice is a trade off between quantity (efficiency) and quality(comfort).
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Ii Ir
Reflectance
Ii Io
Reflectance
Ii I
Reflectance
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Ii
Io
Ii
Ir
Ii
I
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Limiting
angle
Limiting
ray
Perforated
baffle
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Refraction
Ii
I
r
i i'r'r
D
A
P
B C
Q
n1n
2
n3
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Refraction
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Refraction
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Refraction
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Controlling light
Methods of optical control
Reflection
Diffusion
Obstruction
Refraction
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A brief look backwards
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
Why Metals?
Low cost
Long life
Appropriate
Versatile
Optics quality
Easy to process
Strength
Conductive
Reusable
Recyclable
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
Selection criteria
Photometric Performance:LOR
and distribution
Subjective feel: Iridescence,Milkiness,
Dark Light appearance, brightness
Cost: Material cost, fabrication ease/scrap
Service life
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
Raw88%
Satin84%
Texture84%
Enhanced95%
Highspecular88%
LowSpecular88%
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
MATERIAL TOTAL DIFFUSE
REFLECTIVITY REFLECTIVITY
% %
Multi-layer polymer mirror >98
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Metal vs. Plastic effect of reflectance
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
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Metal vs. Plastic effect of reflectance
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Metal vs. Plastic - metal
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
Why Plastics?
Light weight
Corrosion resistant
Easy to process
Insulator
Low cost process
Less waste
Recyclable
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
Plastics Development
1920S-1930S: polystyrene, acrylic, PVC
1940S: polyester, nylon, polyethylene
1950S: GRP, polypropylene,polycarbonate, ABS
1960S-1970S:high temperaturematerials, PPS
1980S-PRESENT: Blends
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
PMMA PC PS PP PP TV20
Polymethylmethacrylat
Polycarbonate Polystyrol Polypropylen Polypropylen
visually high-qualitymaterial with a highaging and weather
stability
high-qualitytranparent
thermoplasticmaterial
good fortransparentapplications
environmentallycompatiblealternative to
PVC for interiorapplications
talcumconcentrated PP
Density g/cm 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05
UV resistance high good poor poor medium
Temperature resistance good high good good/medium high
Light transmission high high high poor bad
Impact strength poor high bad high good
Scratch resistance high poor good poor medium
Chemical resistance poor poor medium high high
Surface glossy glossy glossy matt matt
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
MATERIAL Transmission % Reflectance %
2mm Diffusion material 83 8
2mm Thick opal light 38 47
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
Micro-prisms
Microprism/lenses are small lenses,generally with less than a millimetre
(mm) in diameter.
Excellent for deglaring indirect ordiffused light by redirecting high angleincident light down towards the working
plane. However the fact that it isinjection moulded often limits the sizeand shape available.
These materials do not hide the lamp.The prisms tend to just displace thelamp image or make 1 lamp look like 3.
The light can be split into the spectrum
at some angles as well.
(Pitch)0.4mm
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
Micro-prisms
Can give improved optical control due toless aberration in prism forming
O i l D i d S d d
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
MCPET
99% total reflectance
Relatively expensive
Glossy finish (so try to use it where youcant see it!)
MCPET is very easy to thermoform anddoesnt lose any of its reflectance
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
WhiteOptics
97% total reflectance
Highly diffuse
Less expensive
Laminated on a steel or aluminiumsubstrate, therefore easy to use
The gloss level is only 8%, meaning youcould use it in place of textured painted
steel
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Satinated material
High light transmission
Good hiding power
Low inner reflection
Impact resistant + UV stable
Light weight
Diffuser beads suspended in clearacrylic or polycarbonate material scatterthe light while the matt, textured finishreduces losses via reflection.
This has the added bonus of appearing
higher tier than opals.
It is very good when used as a lightchamber material, diffusing indirect light.
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Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
O ti l D i d St d d
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Glass for opticsClear glass: 80-90%
Sandblasted or frosted:
70-85%
Opalescent: 55-80%
Solid Opal: 15-40%
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Glass
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Prismatic Glasses
+
OMS OMP OMW OME
Standard Semi intensive Semi extensive Extensive Super extensive
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Refractors
+
N1 N2 N3
Symmetrical optic With refractor N1 With refractor N2 With refractor N3
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Metal vs. Plastic Metal + Plastic
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Light Shaping Diffusers (LSDs)
Light shaping diffusers preciselycontrol and distribute light
Transmission can be in the region of92%
The structure of light shaping diffuserscan be considered as micro-lenses
Light shaping diffusers can becombined with other optical
components such as lenses andprismatics
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Light Shaping Diffusers (LSDs)
Light shaping diffusers preciselycontrol and distribute light
Transmission can be in the region of92%
The structure of light shaping diffuserscan be considered as micro-lenses
Light shaping diffusers can becombined with other optical
components such as lenses andprismatics
They come in various materials
including polycarbonate, acrylic andepoxy
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Light Shaping Diffusers (LSDs)
No good at hiding the lamp
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LEDs
Light produced by the diode has topass through a number of materials
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LEDs
Light produced by the diode has topass through a number of materials
Each material will have a differentrefractive index meaning
- Light is lost due to internal reflection atmaterial boundaries
- Light is bent, making optical control moredifficult
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LEDs
Light produced by the diode has topass through a number of materials
Each material will have a differentrefractive index meaning
- Light is lost due to internal reflection atmaterial boundaries
- Light is bent, making optical control moredifficult
So it is important to match the RI of
materials as closely as possible
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LEDs
Light produced by the diode has topass through a number of materials
Each material will have a differentrefractive index meaning
- Light is lost due to internal reflection atmaterial boundaries
- Light is bent, making optical control moredifficult
So it is important to match the RI of
materials as closely as possible
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LEDs
PMMA PC PS PP PP TV20
Polymethylmethacrylat
Polycarbonate Polystyrol Polypropylen Polypropylen
visually high-qualitymaterial with a highaging and weather
stability
high-qualitytranparent
thermoplasticmaterial
good fortransparentapplications
environmentallycompatible
alternative toPVC for interior
applications
talcumconcentrated PP
Density g/cm 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05
UV resistance high good poor poor medium
Temperature resistance good high good good/medium high
Light transmission high high high poor bad
Impact strength poor high bad high good
Scratch resistance high poor good poor medium
Chemical resistance poor poor medium high high
Surface glossy glossy glossy matt matt
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LEDs
Short wavelengths, typically below450nm, result in yellowing of plastic
causing- Loss of light output
- Shift of CCT
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LEDs
Short wavelengths, typically below450nm, result in yellowing of plastic
causing- Loss of light output
- Shift of CCT
Short wavelengths, typically
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
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- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
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- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
- Chemical incompatibility
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
- Chemical incompatibility
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
Due to the silicone based encapsulants(silicone lens) reacting with volatilehydrocarbons
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p g
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
- Chemical incompatibility
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
Due to the silicone based encapsulants(silicone lens) reacting with volatilehydrocarbons
Materials used in the luminaireconstruction can emit volatilehydrocarbons (conformal coatings,
adhesives, gaskets, secondary lens)
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
- Chemical incompatibility
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
Due to the silicone based encapsulants(silicone lens) reacting with volatilehydrocarbons
Materials used in the luminaireconstruction can emit volatilehydrocarbons (conformal coatings,
adhesives, gaskets, secondary lens)
These then diffuse through the siliconelens and react with the LED chip,causing discoloration and loss in lightoutput
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p g
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LEDs
The most common issues affectingquality in LED luminaires are
- Chemical incompatibility
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
The effect is dependant upon heat,photonic energy (brightness) andwavelength of light.
It occurs even when no phosphor ispresent, although not for red or greenLEDs.
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Why test?
In God we trust
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Accelerated UV exposure rig
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
YellownessIndex
Flame retardant acrylic
Polycarbonate
Flame retardant acrylic
Acrylic styrene copolymer
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
5
10
15
20
25
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
The Acid attack test
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Plastic viewed between cross polariser to revel stress inthe material.
The greater the number of fringes the higher is the stresslevel.
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Concentrated stressPoorly annealed/tempered
Distributed stressWell annealed
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Modelling of profile ofa plastic toggle
Red spots showconcentrated stress
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Micro-organism attack
Insect/animal attack
Fire attack
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
FLAMMABILITY TEST
MATERIAL Fire Growth rate Total heat Release Smoke Growth rate Total Smoke prod'n Lateral Flame Spread Flam ing Droplets
FIGRA W/s (0.2MJ) THR MJ (600s) SMOGRA (m2s2) TSP m2 (600s) LFS Yes/No
Polycarbonate 3mm 0 0.3 0 26 N N
GRP Class 1 1mm 967 6.1 557 428 N N
Prismatic polystyrene 3mm 286 28 156 1513 N Y
PET 3mm 12 1.4 11 0 N N
PVC prismatic 3mm 99 1.8 138 253 N N
Acrylic sheet 3mm 2904 126 93 346 N N
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Micro-organism attack
Insect/animal attack
Fire attack
Misuse
Tensile test
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Micro-organism attack
Insect/animal attack
Fire attack
Misuse
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Breakdown mechanisms in materials
Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Chemical attack
Hydrolysis
Stress attack
Micro-organism attack
Insect/animal attack
Fire attack
Misuse
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Environmental factors
Solid objects
Fingers
Dust
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Environmental factors
Solid objects
Fingers
Dust
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Environmental factors
Solid objects
Fingers
Dust
Moisture
Humidity
Drips
Jets
Immersion
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Environmental factors
Solid objects
Fingers
Dust
Moisture
Humidity
Drips
Jets
Immersion
Optical Design and StandardsTP(a) and TP(b)
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TP(a) and TP(b)
The BS2782 Rate of Burning Test iscalled up by the UK BuildingRegulations, Approved Document B
covering Fire Safety, as a suitable testfor TP(a) and TP(b) rating assessment
Part B2 gives requirements for wall anceiling linings, with clause 6.10 to 6.16covering use of thermoplastic materials.Clauses 6.13 to 6.15 being specific tolighting diffusers
Optical Design and StandardsTP(a) and TP(b)
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Criteria for TP(a) rating
Criteria for TP(b) rating
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.13 restricts the scope ofrequirements to recessedluminaires only.
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.14 is concerned just with firerated ceilings for luminaire diffusersthis would really be a very special case.
Protection of the integrity of a fire ratedceiling would normally be provided by aseparate cover (or casing) over the backof the luminaire so that the luminaire isnot critical to the fire rating of the ceiling
system.
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.15 is the main clause givingdetails to the use of TP(a) and TP(b)rated plastic materials
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.15 is the main clause givingdetails to the use of TP(a) and TP(b)rated plastic materials
As you can see you are free to useTP(a) rated materials in almost allsituations without any specialrestrictions. The more flammable TP(b)
rated materials can still be used but onlyunder prescribed conditions Table 11and Diagram 27 give more informationto this.
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.15 is the main clausegiving details to the use of TP(a)and TP(b) rated plastic materials
As you can see you are free touse TP(a) rated materials inalmost all situations without any
special restrictions. The moreflammable TP(b) rated materialscan still be used but only underprescribed conditions Table 11
and Diagram 27 give moreinformation to this.
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TP(a) and TP(b)
Clause 6.15 is the main clausegiving details to the use of TP(a)and TP(b) rated plastic materials
As you can see you are free touse TP(a) rated materials inalmost all situations without any
special restrictions. The moreflammable TP(b) rated materialscan still be used but only underprescribed conditions Table 11
and Diagram 27 give moreinformation to this.
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European standards
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European standards
Societies Associations Standards Laws anddirectives
World CIE WTO ISO UN
Continents IESNA,CIEChina,
IESAustralia
NEMACCI
AMF
ANSI, ASTMCCC
ASI..
FederalGovernments
European (Lux Europa) CELMA
ELC
CEN EU
National,in eachcountry, f.e.
LiTG, CIBSE,LTG, SLG,AFE, NsVV, ...
ZVEI, FEEI,LIF, SdlE
DIN, BSI, ON,AFNOR, SNI,
National lawse.g. Buildingregulations
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European standards
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European standards
Societies Associations Standards Laws anddirectives
World CIE WTO ISO UN
Continents IESNA, CIEChina,IESAustralia
NEMACCIAMF
ANSI, ASTMCCCASI..
FederalGovernments
European (Lux Europa) CELMA
ELC
CEN EU
National,in each country,f.e.
LiTG, CIBSE,LTG, SLG, AFE,NsVV, ...
ZVEI, FEEI, LIF,SdlE
DIN, BSI, ON,AFNOR, SNI,
National laws f.e.Buildingregulations,EnEV, ....
Exploitation Dedicatedlighting experts
Companieslighting experts
Appointednationaldelegates
Politicans,lobbyists
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European standards
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European standards
CEN TC169 Light and Lighting
WG1 Terms and definitions
WG2 Lighting of work places
WG3 Emergency lighting
WG4 Sports lighting
WG5 Road lighting
WG6 Tunnel lighting
WG7 Photometry
WG8 Exposure to incoherentradiations
WG9 Energy requirements forlighting in buildings
WG10 Characterisation of
optical materials
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u opea sta da ds
A CEN working group (WG10) islooking into producing a standard(s)with respect to the performance of
materials
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p
A CEN working group (WG10) islooking into producing a standard(s)with respect to the performance of
materials
The current work will cover
- Untreated base materials, including
- Aluminium
- Steel
- Plastic
- Glass
- Surface treated materials, including
- Polished materials- Anodized materials
- Vacuum metallized materials
- Painted materials
- Multilayer systems
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It involves measurement methods andperformance criteria
- Diffuse reflectance- Specular reflectance
- Colour
- Durability with respect to
- Temperature
- Humidity
- UV-exposure
- Abrasion
- Scratch resistance
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A material will be given a reflectanceclass (1 10) based upon totalreflectance
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p
Additional data will be provided by themanufacturer based upon durabilitytests
Optical Design and StandardsTrends in materials
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Use less materials
Use finished materials
Use efficient materials
Reduce range of materials
Recycle materials
Blend with efficient light sources
Optical Design and StandardsTrends in materials
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91/91
Use less materials
Use finished materials
Use efficient materials
Reduce range of materials
Recycle materials
Blend with efficient light sources
Thank-you