opportunities & challenges of scs in indian conditions
TRANSCRIPT
WELCOME
Speaker : Sunil Kumar(A-2012-40-004)
Opportunities & Challenges of Soil
Carbon Sequestration in
Indian Conditions
Introduction
Ways that carbon can be sequestered
Soil carbon sequestration
Opportunities to sequester carbon in soil
Challenges in soil carbon sequestration
Conclusion.
OUTLINE
3
INTRODUCTION
4
Climate change is an important environmental issue
that has captured the world’s attention during the
recent past.
Global climate change commonly referred to as
global warming, is a serious environmental issue
affecting human life and planet earth.
5
The continued increase in CO2 concentration in the
atmosphere is believed to be accelerated by human
activities such as burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation.
One of the approaches to reducing CO2
concentration in the atmosphere is carbon
sequestration.
6
Carbon sequestration
Carbon Sequestration/CO2 storage is the placement
of CO2 into a depository in such a way that it
remains safely stored and not released back to the
atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide emission in top five countries
CHINA; 9700
USA; 5420
INDIA; 1970
RUSSIA; 1830
JAPAN; 1240
Million tonnes per annum
http://www.pbl.nl/en/, 2013 Netherlands Environment Agency
Sources of carbon dioxide emission
Man made sources Industries Transportation Land use change Soil cultivation Biomass burning
Natural sources
Volcanoes
Wild fires
Decomposition
Respiration
Sources of carbon dioxide emission
Ways that carbon can be sequestered
Geological sequestration: Underground
Ocean sequestration: Deep in ocean
Terrestrial sequestration: In plants and soil
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Geological sequestration
Carbon extractedfrom a coal or otherfossil fuel…
is currently burned and emitted to air
CO2 is captured as concentratedhigh pressure fluid.
CO2 is shipped as supercritical fluid via pipeline to a selected, permitted injection site.
CO2 injected at pressure intopore space at depths below and isolated (sequestered)from potable water.
Various physical and geochemical trapping mechanisms
would prevent the CO2 from escaping to the surface.
For well-selected, designed and managed geological storage
sites, the IPCC estimates that CO2 could be trapped for
millions of years, and the sites are likely to retain over 99 per
cent of the injected CO2 over 1,000 years.
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Ocean Sequestration
Carbon is naturally stored in the ocean via two pumps, solubility and
biological and there are analogous man made methods, direct
injection and ocean fertilization, respectively.
At the present time, approximately one third of human generated
emissions are estimated to be entering the ocean.
Geological and ocean carbon sequestration is not yet
viable at a commercial level.
Small scale projects demonstrated but carbon
sequestration is still a developing technology due to high
price of installing these carbon capture systems.
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Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration
The process through which CO2 from the atmosphere is
absorbed naturally through photosynthesis & stored as
carbon in biomass & soils.
SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Soil is a major source and sink of atmospheric CO₂.
Soil carbon sequestration refers to the storage of carbon in soil.
The awareness of green house gas emissions and concerns about the global warming have led to an increased interest in sequestering carbon in soils.
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SOIL :THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL CARBON POOL
The global soil carbon pool amounts to 2500 Gt. The total soil
carbon pool is four times the biotic pool and three times the
atmospheric pool.
Soil organic carbon stocks in soils of India have been estimated
to be 21 Pg (upper 30 cm) and 63 Pg (upper 150 cm).
Lal (2004)
Benefits of Soil Carbon Sequestration
Improved agricultural performance
Increased soil fertility
Healthier ecology
Improved soil structure
Less erosion
Better water use and storage
Improved biodiversity
Opportunities to sequester carbon in soil
Crop management
Tillage & Residue management
Nutrient management
Agroforestry & Grasslands
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Crop Management Strategies for C Sequestration
Enhance C inputs Reduce C losses Crop rotations Fallow management
To increase soil carbon levels, we need crop rotations that
reduce fallow periods.
Especially rotations with fallow periods during the summer
when temperatures result in maximum soil respiration rates. 21
Carbon sequestration rate in rice-wheat and maize-wheat system (0-60 cm profile)
Kukal et al. (2009)Sandy loam
pH=7.9Ludhiana
Treatments
Carbon sequestration rate (kg ha-1 yr-1)
Rice -wheat Maize-wheat
N120 130 30
N120P 30 190 40
N120P30K 30 260 80
FYM 20 t ha-1 310 140
LSD (0.05) 40 30
22
Long term effect of manure and fertilizers on total organic carbon (g kg-1) under rice-wheat-jute system
Fallow Control N NP NPK NPK + FYM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6.1
5.15.7
6.3
7.47.90-15 cm
Barrackpore (West Bengal), pH = 7.1 Manna et al. (2006)
Initial TOC=7.12
TreatmentsYears
2004- 2005 2005- 2006
Coconut + banana 1.23 1.25
Coconut + maize 1.18 1.21
Coconut + pineapple 1.25 1.30
CD(0.05) 0.05 0.04
Sudha and George (2011)
Soil organic carbon (%) under different cropping systems at 0-15 cm soil depth
Thiruvananthapuram, Clay loam, pH-5.8 24
Change in total organic carbon (Mg ha-1) under different treatments at 0-15 cm depth in rice-wheat cropping system
Fallow Control NPK NPK + FYM NPK +PS NPK + GM0
5
10
15
20
25
18.8
14.7
17.8
21.3 19.918.3
BCKV, West Bengal (Sandy loam, pH- 7.2) Ghosh et al. (2012)
PS=Paddy straw, GM=Green manure
Soil organic carbon (g kg-1) in rice-wheat system
Benbi and Brar (2009)
26
Ludhiana
Tillage and Residue management
27
Effect of straw management and tillage system on organic carbon and carbon sequestration in soil after wheat
Treatments Organic carbon (%) C sequestered (%)
Straw burned- CT 0.35 -
Straw burned- ZT 0.36 -
Straw incorporated- CT 0.44 16.6
Straw mulched- ZT 0.48 25.2
CD (0.05) 0.05-
Singh et al. (2009)Ludhiana (Sandy loam, pH-7.8)
CT= Conventional tillage, ZT= Zero tillage
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Soil organic carbon stock (Mg ha-1 yr-1) under lantana application
M0 F100% M10 F100% M20 F100% M30 F100%
0.06
0.310000000000002
0.410.46
Palampur Raina (2007)Lantana application on fresh weight basis. M0= 0, M10=10 t/ha, M20= 20 t/ha, M30= 30 t/ha
Silty clay loam
TreatmentsYear
2004- 2005 2005- 2006
Residue management
Surface mulching 1.31 1.37
Residue incorporation 1.13 1.13
CD (0.05) 0.04 0.04
Tillage
Conventional tillage 1.22 1.22
Reduced tillage 1.22 1.29
CD (0.05) NS 0.04
Sudha and George (2011)
Soil organic carbon (%) under residue management and tillage at 0-15 cm soil depth
Thiruvananthapuram, Clay loam, pH-5.8
Coconut based cropping system, maize, banana, pineapple
30
Treatments
Mean annual C input (Mg ha−1)
Stubble Root RD
C input through
crop residue
C input throughorganics
Total C
input
Control 0.05 0.22 0.31 0.59 e - 0.59
25 kg N (urea) 0.08 0.29 0.41 0.78 c - 0.78
50 kg N (urea) 0.09 0.33 0.46 0.85 b - 0.85
25 kg N (FYM)+25 kg N (urea) 0.10 0.31 0.44 0.87 b 1.48 2.35
25 kg N (CR)+25 kg N (urea) 0.09 0.29 0.41 0.80 c 2.22 3.02
25 kg N (Leucaena)+25 kg N (urea) 0.08 0.24 0.33 0.65 d 0.28 0.93
25 kg N (CR)+25 kg N (Leucaena) 0.10 0.33 0.46 0.90 a 2.50 3.40
Srinivasarao et al. (2012)
Carbon input to soil from rainfed sorghum under different fertilizer and manurial treatments
HyderabadClay
pH= 8.0Mean (1985–2007)
RD= Rhizodeposition
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NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
32
Treatments 0-15 cm 15-30 cm
Control0.41 0.32
100% NPK0.52 0.40
50% N (FYM ) + 50% NPK0.62 0.46
50% N (wheat straw ) + 50% NPK0.59 0.42
50% N (Sesbania aculeata) + 50% NPK0.60 0.43
CD (0.05)0.03 0.02
Kumar et al. (2012)Hisar (Sandy loam), pH = 7.82
Soil organic carbon (%) as affected by the application of fertilizers and organics in pearl millet-wheat cropping system
33
Treatments
0–15 cm soil Depth
SOC (g kg-1)
Carbon sequestration
(Mg C ha-1)
Carbon sequestration rate
(Mg C ha-1 yr-1)
Control 3.26 d 1.94 c 0.22 c
100% N 3.53 c 2.18 c 0.24 c
100% NP 3.60 c 2.16 c 0.24 c
100% NPK 4.11 b 3.30 b 0.37 b
100% NPK + FYM 4.55 a 4.10 a 0.46 a
Brar et al. (2013)
Effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers on carbon sequestration under rice–wheat cropping system
Ludhiana Loamy sand pH = 8.3 34
Soil organic carbon (%) as influenced by organic nutrition in rice-vegetable based sequence
100%
FYM
100%
VM
100%
PM
100%
UREA
125%
FYM
125%
VM
125%
PM
150%
FYM
150%
VM
150%
PM0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.440.47
0.5
0.40.45
0.480.52
0.460.49
0.54
OC %
Meena and Singh (2012)(Sandy clay loam, pH- 7.12) VaranasiInitial SOC=0.38 VM=vermicompost, PM=Poultry manure
Soil organic carbon (g kg-1) as influenced by FYM and inorganic fertilizer in rice-wheat system
Treatments
Soil Depth
Rice Wheat
0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30
N120 3.4 d 2.5 c 3.9 c 2.7 c
N12O P 30 3.8 c 2.7 c 4.4 b 2.9 bc
N120 P30 K 30 5.3 b 3.0 b 4.9 a 3.1 b
FYM 6.2 a 3.4 a 5.1 a 3.4 a
Control 3.0 d 2.0 d 2.9 d 2.3 d
Kukal et al. (2009)Sandy loam pH=8.1Ludhiana 36
TreatmentsSoil organic carbon
SOC (g kg-1 soil) Amount (Mg ha-1)
Control 6.01 35.5
N20 P35 6.70 38.7
N20 K33 6.45 37.6
N20 P35 K33 7.51 43.1
N20 + FYM 10 Mg ha-1 9.63 54.7
NPK+FYM 10.76 60.3
Initial 5.54 33.3
LSD (0.05) 0.9 0.8
Kundu et al. (2007)
Soil organic carbon at 0–45 cm as affected by 30 years of fertilizer application in a rainfed soybean–wheat rotation
Sandy loam, pH= 6.1Almora 37
Treatments
0–20 cm soil Depth
SOC (Mg ha-1)
CS(Mg C ha-1)
CSR(Mg C ha-1 yr-1)
Control32.2 D -3.57 D -0.18 D
100% NPK36.2 C 0.43 C 0.02 C
50% NPK + 4 Mg ha−1 GNS 47.2 A 11.43 A 0.57 A
50% NPK + 4 Mg ha−1 FYM 45.9 A 10.13 A 0.51 A
5Mg ha−1 FYM 42.4 B 6.63 B 0.33 B
Soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration (CS) and under different fertilization in long term mono cropping of groundnut
Srinivasarao et al. (2012)HyderabadSandy loam
pH= 6.1
CSR= Carbon sequestration rate
38
Organic carbon sequestered annually in soil profile (0-45cm) in a long term fertilizer experiment
50%NPK 100%NPK 150%NPK 100%NP 100%N 100%NPK+FYM
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
100
200
500
150 130
700
OC
seq
ues
tere
d (
kg h
a -1 y
r -1)
Rudrappa et al. (2006)New Delhi Sandy Clay loam, pH = 8.3
Maize-wheat-cowpea
Agroforestry
Land use
0-15 cm soil layer
Tree age (yrs)
One Three Six
Agroforestry 12.4 14.6 15.8
Sole crop (wheat) 9.0 9.6 9.2
LSD (0.05) 1.6 1.1 0.9
15-30 cm soil layer
Agroforestry 10.8 11.3 13.3
Sole crop (wheat) 8.10 8.32 8.10
LSD (0.05) 1.1 0.9 0.7
Gupta et al. (2009)
Total soil organic carbon pool (Mg ha -1) affected by poplar (Poplulus deltoides) based agro-forestry
Ludhiana Sandy loam, pH = 7.9 41
Biomass
Systems
Above ground biomass
Below ground biomass
Above ground carbon
Below ground carbon
Horti pastoral 15.26 5.37 6.86 2.41
Silvi pastoral 32.72 11.50 14.72 5.17
Agri siliviculture 34.05 11.97 15.32 5.38
Horti silvipastoral 18.20 6.40 8.19 2.88
Pure forest 134.18 47.16 60.38 21.32
Natural grassland 3.44 1.03 1.54 0.46
CD= 0.05 13.31 4.45 0.03 5.99
Khaki and Wani (2011)
Biomass production (t ha-1) and carbon stock (t ha-1) under different land use systems
Paonta Sahib 42
Soil carbon sequestration (t ha-1) of natural forest ecosystems
Treatments 0-20 cm 20-40 cm Total
Oak forest 52.6 a 49.1 ab 101.8
Pine forest 52.2 a 47.5 abc 99.7
Oak and Pine forest 63.5 a 54.1 a 111.4
Mixed Broad leaved forest 55.8 a 46.0 bcd 101.9
Acacia forest 55.0 a 47.9 abc 109.1
Scrub 53.6 a 39.0 bcd 92.6
Grassland 50.5 a 31.1 cd 81.6
Devi et al. (2013)Solan, Clay Loam, pH=6.3-8.0 43
Soil organic carbon concentration and stock under different land use
Treatments SOC (%) SOC stock (t ha-1)
Grassland 5.2 187
Acacia plantation 4.6 173
Cardamom plantation 4.0 154
Open scrub 3.9 151
Pine plantation 3.5 137
Tea plantation 2.9 118
Rubber plantation2.4 95
Homestead 1.9 77
Sreekanth et al. (2013)Kottayam (Kerala), Clay loam 44
Clean development Mechanism (CDM)
45
Clean development Mechanism (CDM)
In the recent past CDM projects have been attracting
carbon trading. India has also caught with the trend.
At the global level, so for 299 such projects have been
registered with UNFCCC that have the capacity to
save 577 million tonnes of CO2 annually.
Out of these firms 32% are from India. Some of them
are in the agroforestry sector like the two biomass
based projects of LANCO group in Andhra Pradesh.46
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32%
2%
2%3%
3%
5%6%7%
22%
18%
India
Rep. of Korea
Argentina
Malaysia
Honcuras
Chile
China
Mexico
Brazil
Other's
Registered CDM projects by countries with UNFCCC
Challenges in soil carbon sequestration
48
Deforestation
Residue burning
Conventional tillage
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Reduced inputs of organic matter
Deforestation
Forests are the most effective system of carbon sequestration in nature.
Deforestation causes loss of a valuable resource of carbon sequestration along
with additional increase of CO2 in atmosphere.
Deforestation accounts for an annual release of carbon between 90 – 250 Mt,
about one third of which comes from oxidation of soil carbon in the tropics.
(Lal 2010)
Residue Burning
This method is used to clear the land cheaply in short duration.
It leads to emission of greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide, causing global warming and loss of plant nutrients like N,
P and S.
It releases 12 Mt CO2 ha-1 as well as other more potent
greenhouse gases.
Heat generated from the burning of crop residues
elevates soil temperature causing death of active
beneficial microbial population.
Repeated burnings in a field, however, diminishes the
microbial population permanently.
Conventional tillage
Conventional agricultural practices such as ploughing, removal of crop
residues, soil fertility mining and accelerated soil erosion are mainly
responsible for low SOC in cultivated soils.
Soil erosion alone leads to a soil C loss of 4.3 to 7.3 Tg C y-1 (Lal,
2004).
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Chemical and physical properties of soil are degraded which reduces
the ability of soil to support plant and microbial growth.
This results in reduced efficiency of soil and plants to sequester the
carbon from atmosphere.
Several studies had shown that imbalanced fertilization leads to
decrease in crop yield and SOC buildup.
(Manna et al. 2005; Rudrappa et al. 2006; Kukal et al. 2009)
Reduced inputs of organic matter
Rainfed condition : Green manure crops will not decompose readily due to lack of water.
For higher cropping intensity land is unavailable for green manure cultivation.
Disease, insects and nematodes may come up due to improper decomposition.
Green manuring
CONCLUSIONS
Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are
increasing and the threat of global climate change requires
our attention.
Soil carbon sequestration is an effective tool to sequester
atmospheric CO2 with better practical application than other
approaches.
Soil carbon sequestration provide vast opportunity to
sequester carbon in the soil.
A diversity of agricultural management practices can be employed to sequester more carbon in plants and soil:
Crop management.
Nutrient management.
Residue management and conservation tillage.
Agro-forestry. Soil carbon sequestration using innovative soil and crop
management practices is needed to augment soil carbon storage.
Combination of different agricultural management practices can enhance soil carbon sequestration.
conti….
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