opportunities and challenges for ccs in a carbonin a

1

Opportunities and Challenges Opportunities and Challenges for CCS for CCS

in a Carbonin a Carbon Constrained WorldConstrained Worldin a Carbonin a Carbon--Constrained WorldConstrained World

Edward S. RubinDepartment of Engineering and Public Policy

Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Presentation to theDiscussion Forum on CCS in the KSA

Dhahran, Saudi ArabiaDecember 9, 2013

Greetings Greetings fromfrom

CarnegieCarnegieCarnegie Carnegie Mellon Mellon

UniversityUniversity

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon University campus ( foreground) in Pittsburgh (background)Carnegie Mellon University campus ( foreground) in Pittsburgh (background)

Outline of TalkOutline of Talk

• Why the interest in CCS?• Current status of technology • Challenges• Opportunities

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie Mellon

Why the interest in CCS ?Why the interest in CCS ?((Carbon Carbon Capture and Storage /Sequestration)Capture and Storage /Sequestration)


2

Emissions of COEmissions of CO22 and other heatand other heat--trapping gases have grown rapidlytrapping gases have grown rapidly

Global Emissions by Source Type


Source: ORNL, 2013

World World Energy Energy Use Continues to GrowUse Continues to Grow~85% of world energy is from fossil fuels

Fossil fuels burned for electricity generation and

transportation are the major sources of CO2 emissions


Source: BP, 2011

As a result, atmospheric As a result, atmospheric GHG GHG levels levels are increasing rapidly …are increasing rapidly …

• Greenhouse gas (GHG) t ti i thconcentrations in the

atmosphere have been increasing as a result of human activities

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie MellonSource: IPCC, 2001

Source: NOAA, 2011

… at an unprecedented rate… at an unprecedented rate

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie MellonSource: NOAA, 2013

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… projected to far exceed past levels… projected to far exceed past levels

Projected increase of up to ~5°C in mean surface temperature by 2100

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie MellonSources: NOAA, 2013; IPCC, 2007; 2013

Dangers of climate change increase Dangers of climate change increase with higher global temperaturewith higher global temperature

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie Mellon Source: IPCC, 2007

More extreme events are expected More extreme events are expected as atmospheric concentration risesas atmospheric concentration risespp

The Climate Policy The Climate Policy GoalGoal

• 1992 U N F k C ti Cli t• 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change called for “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”


*192 countries are parties to the convention

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Implication of StabilizationImplication of Stabilization

• Because GHGs have very long atmospheric lifetimes—y g ptypically measured in centuries (vs. days to weeks for other common air pollutants) —global GHG emissionsmust be reduced significantly in order to stabilize atmospheric concentrations .... no matter what stabilization target is selected


Analogy: To stabilize the rising water level in a slow-draining tub, the faucets must be tightened to a trickle

Mitigating Climate Change Mitigating Climate Change Requires Requires Large Emission Large Emission Reductions, Reductions, SoonSoon

To avoid serious impacts (>2ºC rise), the IPCC assessment indicates a need for large reductions in GHGs by 2050

Required change in global GHG emissions from 2000 to 2050

–50% to –85%


Source: IPCC, 2007

Motivation and Motivation and Opportunities for Opportunities for CCSCCS

• F il f l ill ti t b d f d d• Fossil fuels will continue to be used for many decades —alternatives not able to substitute quickly

• CCS is the ONLY way to get large CO2 reductions from fossil fuels used for electricity and industrial processes

• CCS also can help decarbonize the transportation sector via low-carbon electricity and hydrogen from fossil fuels


• Energy models show that without CCS, the cost of mitigating climate change will be much higher

CostCost--Effective Global Strategies Effective Global Strategies Require CCS in the PortfolioRequire CCS in the Portfolio

Models show increasing need for CCS gas stabilization goal tightens

$3.0

$4.0

$5.0

$6.0

S $

Dis

coun

ted

to 2

005

450 ppm550 ppm$3.0

$4.0

$5.0

$6.0

S $

Dis

coun

ted

to 2

005

450 ppm550 ppm

Without CCS the cost of stabilization increases sharply


Source: IPCC, 2007$0.0

$1.0

$2.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Trill

ions

of 1

990

US 550 ppm

650 ppm

Fraction of Maximum Potential Storage Capacity Available

$0.0

$1.0

$2.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Trill

ions

of 1

990

US 550 ppm

650 ppm

Fraction of Maximum Potential Storage Capacity Available

Source: J. Edmonds, PNNL, 2008

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Status of CCS technology Status of CCS technology


Schematic of a CCS SystemSchematic of a CCS System

Power Plantor Industrial

Process

Air orOxygen

Fossil Fuels;Biomass

CO2

CO2Capture &Compress

CO2Transport

CO2 Storage (Sequestration)


UsefulProducts

(Electricity, Fuels,Chemicals, Hydrogen)

- Pre-combustion- Post-combustion- Oxy-combustion

- Pipeline- Tanker

- Depleted oil/gas fields- Deep saline formations- Unmineable coal seams- Ocean- Mineralization- Reuse

Many Ways to Capture COMany Ways to Capture CO22

CO2 Separation and Capture

MEACausticOther

Chemical

Physical

Absorption

AluminaZeoliteActivated C

Adsorber Beds

Regeneration Method

Adsorption Cryogenics

PolyphenyleneoxidePolydimethylsiloxane

Gas Separation

Gas Absorption

Membranes Microbial/AlgalSystems


SelexolRectisolOther

y

Pressure SwingTemperature SwingWashing

g

Polypropelene

Ceramic BasedSystems

Choice of technology depends strongly on application

Leading Candidates for CCSLeading Candidates for CCS

• Fossil fuel power plantsp p Coal and petroleum combustion Natural gas combined cycle plants Integrated gasification combined cycle plants

• Other large industrial sources of CO2 such as: Refineries, fuel processing, and petrochemical plants


Hydrogen and ammonia production plants Pulp and paper plants Cement plants Steel production processes

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Current Applications of CO2 Capture

Natural gas processing plant


Source: IEA GHG, 2008

Current Applications of CO2 CaptureGas-fired power plant

(slip stream)Coal-fired power plant

(slip stream)H2 production plant


(Source: (IEA GHG)(Source: Flour Daniel) (Source: Chevron-Texaco)

> 3000 miles of pipeline in western U.S.; ~50 MtCO2/yr transported

CO2 Pipelines are Commercial


Source: NRDCSource: USDOE/Battelle

Options for Geological Sequestration

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie MellonSource: IPCC, 2005

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Geological Storage of Captured CO2 in a Geological Formation

Krechba

Teg

Reg

Garet elBefinat Hassi MoumeneIn Salah

Gour Mahmoud

Proposed ISG PipelineREB

Hassi BirRekaiz

Hassi Messaoud

Hassi R’Mel

Tiguentourine (BP)

Algiers

Tangiers

Lisbon

Cordoba

Cartagena

M O R O C C O

A L G E R I A

S P A I N

L I B Y A

SkikdaTunis

In Salah Project

Krechba

Teg

Reg

Garet elBefinat Hassi MoumeneIn Salah

Gour Mahmoud

Proposed ISG PipelineREB

Hassi BirRekaiz

Hassi Messaoud

Hassi R’Mel

Tiguentourine (BP)

Algiers

Tangiers

Lisbon

Cordoba

Cartagena

M O R O C C O

A L G E R I A

S P A I N

L I B Y A

SkikdaTunis

In Salah Project

In Salah /Krechba (Algeria)

02151093

MAURITANIA M A L I

N I G E R

02151093

MAURITANIA M A L I

N I G E R


Source: BPG a s

W a te r

C a r b o n if e r o u s R e s e r v o ir ~ 2 0 m e t r e s t h ic k

C a r b o n i f e r o u s M u d s t o n e s ~ 9 5 0 m e t r e s t h ic k

C r e t a c e o u s S a n d s t o n e s & M u d s t o n e s ~ 9 0 0 m e t r e s t h i c k (R e g io n a l A q u if e r ) 4 G a s

P r o d u c t io n W e l ls

3 C O 2

In j e c t io n W e l ls

P r o c e s s i n g F a c i l it ie s

A m in e C O 2 R e m o v a l

T h e C O 2 S t o r a g e S c h e m e a t K r e c h b a

G a s

W a te r





3 C O 2





G a s

W a te r





3 C O 2




G a s

W a te r





3 C O 2




G a s

W a te r





3 C O 2





Weyburn Field, Canada

Geological Storage with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Dakota Coal Gasification Plant, NDRegina

WeyburnWeyburnRegina

WeyburnWeyburn

Bismarck

North Dakota

Saskatchewan CanadaUSA

yy

COCO22Bismarck

North Dakota

Saskatchewan CanadaUSA

yy

COCO22Sources: IEAGHG; NRDC; USDOE


65 Large65 Large--Scale Projects Globally Scale Projects Globally (at various stages of development)*(at various stages of development)*

E.S. Rubin, Carnegie Mellon *Source: GCCSI, 2013

Major CCS Demonstration ProjectsProject Locations & Cost Share

LargeLarge--Scale U.S. Scale U.S. DemonstrationsDemonstrations(as of March 2013)(as of March 2013)

CCPI

ICCS Area 1

FutureGen 2.0

Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project

Transport Gasifier w/ Carbon Capture~$2.01B – Total, $270M – ‐DOE

Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of AdvancedIGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture

~$1.7B – Total$450M – DOE

EOR – ~2.2 MM TPY 2017 start

HECA

FutureGen 2.0Large‐scale Testing of Oxy‐Combustion w/ CO2 Capture

and Sequestration in Saline FormationProject: ~$1.65B – Total; ~$1.0B – DOE

SALINE – 1 MM TPY 2017 start

Archer Daniels MidlandCO2 Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2 Stored in Saline Reservoir$208M – Total, $141M – DOE

SALINE – ~0.9 MM TPY 2014 start



NRGW.A. Parish Generating Station

Post Combustion CO2 Capture$775 M – Total$167M – DOE


HECACommercial Demo of AdvancedIGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B – Total, $408M – DOE


Leucadia EnergyCO2 Capture from Methanol Plant

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$436M ‐ Total, $261M – DOEEOR – ~4.5 MM TPY 2017 start

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2 Capture from Steam Methane Reformers

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M – Total, $284M – DOE


Source: USDOE, 2013

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ChallengesChallenges


Barriers to CCS DeploymentBarriers to CCS Deployment

• CCS is relatively expensiveCCS is relatively expensive

• Not yet proven at full-scale power plants

• Some remaining legal and regulatory issues (related mainly to geological storage)

• U t i bli t i l


• Uncertain public acceptance in some places

• Financing large-scale demonstration projects has been a major hurdle

Incremental Cost of CCS for New Incremental Cost of CCS for New Power Plants Using Current TechnologyPower Plants Using Current Technology

Increase in levelized cost for 90% capture

Incremental Cost of CCS relative relative to same plant typeto same plant type without CCS

based on bituminous coals

Supercritical Pulverized Coal Plant

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plant

Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plant

Increases in capital cost ($/kW) and generation cost ($/kWh)

~ 60–80% ~ 30–50% ~ 30–40%

Increase in levelized cost for 90% capture


The added cost to consumers will be much smaller, reflecting the number and type of CCS plants in the generation mix at any given time.

Typical Cost of COTypical Cost of CO22 AvoidedAvoided(Relative to (Relative to the same plant type w/o the same plant type w/o CCS)CCS)

Levelized cost in US$ per tonne COLevelized cost in US$ per tonne CO22 avoidedavoided

Power Plant System (relative to the same relative to the same plant without CCS)plant without CCS)

New Supercritical Pulverized Coal Plant

New Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plant

New Natural Gas Combined

Cycle Plant

Deep aquifer storage ~ $70 /tCO2 ~ $40 /tCO2 ~ $120 /tCO2

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) l t Cost reduced by ~ $10–30 /tCO2


(EOR) plus storage Cost reduced by $10 30 /tCO2

Source: Based on IPCC, 2005; Rubin et al, 2007; DOE, 2007

Many industrial processes have similar costs of CO2 avoided

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Barriers Barriers to CCS to CCS Deployment Deployment (2)(2)

• Policy

• Policy

• Policy


Without a policy requirement or incentivethere is little or no reason to deploy CCS

Strong Interactions Between Strong Interactions Between Policy and Other Key FactorsPolicy and Other Key Factors

These interactions depend

CCS Tech.& Cost

Public Acceptance

PolicyActions

These interactions depend strongly on local and

national settings


Legal & Reg.Issues

University-based programs like KACST-TIC CCS

can inform and influence these interactions

OpportunitiesOpportunities


First largeFirst large--scale power plant scale power plant demonstrations coming soondemonstrations coming soon

• Sask Power Boundary Dam j (C d )project (Canada)

• 110 MW coal-fired unit• Post-combustion capture +EOR • ~ 1 Mt CO2/yr

• Southern Co Kemper County


Southern Co. Kemper County IGCC project (Mississippi)

• 582 MW coal-fired unit• Pre-combustion capture +EOR • ~ 3.5 Mt CO2/yr

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R&D R&D programs programs are are developing developing advanced technologies to reduce costs advanced technologies to reduce costs

Chemical

Post-combustion (existing, new PC)

Pre-combustion (IGCC) Chemical


Pre-combustion (IGCC) Chemical


Pre-combustion (IGCC)


Pre-combustion (IGCC)

Advanced physical solventsAdvanced chemical solvents

Amine solvents

Chemical loopingOTM boilerBiological processesCAR process

Ionic liquidsMetal organic frameworksEnzymatic membranes

t Red

uctio

n B

enef

it

PBI membranes Solid sorbentsMembrane systemsITMs

( )

Oxycombustion (new PC)

CO2 compression (all)


Amine solvents



t Red

uctio

n B

enef

it


( )




Amine solvents



t Red

uctio

n B

enef

it


( )



( )




Time to Commercialization

solventsAmmoniaCO2 com-pression

Physical solventsCryogenic oxygen

Present

Cos

5+ years 10+ years 15+ years 20+ years

Biomass co-firing

Time to Commercialization



Present

Cos


Biomass co-firing



Present

Cos


Biomass co-firing

Source: USDOE, 2010

At Carnegie Mellon we study and At Carnegie Mellon we study and model advanced CCS technologiesmodel advanced CCS technologies

• Performance and Cost Models of Ad d CO C t S tAdvanced CO2 Capture Systems:

Advanced liquid solvents (Peter Versteeg)

Solid sorbent systems (Justin Glier)

Membrane capture systems (Haibo Zhai)

Advanced oxy combustion (Kyle Borgert)


Advanced oxy-combustion (Kyle Borgert)

Chemical looping combustion (Hari Mantripragada)

• Software Development & Dist. (Karen Kietzke)

IECM: A Tool for Analyzing IECM: A Tool for Analyzing Power Plant Design OptionsPower Plant Design Options

• A desktop/laptop computer simulation model developed for DOE/NETL p

• Provides systematic estimates of performance, emissions, costs anduncertainties for preliminary design of:

PC, IGCC and NGCC plants All flue/fuel gas treatment systems CO capture and storage options


CO2 capture and storage options (pre- and post-combustion, oxy-combustion; transport, storage)

• Free and publicly available at: www.iecm-online.com

IECM Users and UsesIECM Users and Uses

n >2200 Users >800 Organizations > 50 Countries IECM IS USED FOR:13%

37%33%

11%

6%

Utility Company

Other Company

University+NGOs

Government

Unknown

2%10%

Organization Type

13%

37%33%

11%

6%

Utility Company

Other Company

University+NGOs

Government

Unknown

2%10%

Organization Type

• Process design

• Technology evaluation

• Cost estimation

• R&D management

• Risk analysis

• Environmental


21%

9%

58%

US+Canada

Europe

Asia+Pacific

Other

Unknown

GeographicRegion

21%

9%

58%

US+Canada

Europe

Asia+Pacific

Other

Unknown

GeographicRegion

• Environmental compliance

• Marketing studies

• Strategic planning

• Teaching/Education

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A Global Network of Universities A Global Network of Universities are Pursuing CCS Researchare Pursuing CCS Research

Here are two examples of networks on whose Board or Steering Committee I serve


The KACSTThe KACST--TIC on CCS at KFUPM TIC on CCS at KFUPM will play an important role in …will play an important role in …

• Enhancing scientific and technological understanding of CCS

• Developing strategic technology initiatives in the area of CCS

• Promoting university-industry research collaboration and tech transfer

• Enhancing infrastructure for CCS research and education

• Strengthening research and science and engineering education in the KSA.

• Developing and implementing best practices for CCS in the KSA

• D l i lt f di d i ti l t d t CCS i th


• Developing a culture of discovery and innovation related to CCS in the academic environment

• Creating, developing and enhancing capacities that are capable of transforming fundamental research into commercial products

• Investigating the economic and social impact of CCS in the KSA

Together, we can help create a bridge Together, we can help create a bridge to a sustainable energy futureto a sustainable energy future

Fossil fuels w/CCS

CurrentCurrentCurrentCurrentSustainable Energy Sustainable Energy SystemsSystems


Car

bon

Sequ

estra

tion

Car

bon

Sequ

estra

tion

Ener

gyEf

ficie

ncy

Ener

gyEf

ficie

ncy

Ren

ewab

les

Ren

ewab

les

Fossil Fossil Fuel Fuel

EconomyEconomy

Fossil Fossil Fuel Fuel

EconomyEconomy

Thank YouThank You


[email protected]@cmu.edu

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