opportunistic protozoa2015/12/2 1 弓形蟲 衛福部疾病管制署 中區傳染病防治醫療網...

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2015/12/2 1 弓形蟲 衛福部 疾病管制署 中區傳染病防治醫療網 王任賢 指揮官 Opportunistic protozoa Pathogens Disease Sites parasitized Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis All cells except RBC Cryptosporidium spp. cryptosporidiosis Intestinal epithelium Isospora spp. isosporiasis Intestinal epithelium microsporidia microsporidiosis Intestinal epithelium Brain, liver, kidney… Blastocystis hominus blastocystosis intestine Pneumocystis jeroveci (Pneumocystis carinii) Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) lung Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) 剛第弓形蟲(Toxoplasma gondii) 全世界都有的病 人畜共通的寄生蟲弓形蟲是伺機型寄生蟲 可感染動物、牛、鳥、齧齒類、猪、羊、人 產生的疾病為弓形蟲症 產生的疾病為弓形蟲症 弓形蟲症為羊流產的首要病因 為細胞內寄生蟲 終極宿主為貓科動物 中間宿主為哺乳動物 Toxoplasma gondii has very low host specificity , and it will probably infect almost any mammal. It invades all kinds of cells except RBC Cats (both domestic and wild) are the only definitive hosts and can also be the intermediate hosts Introduction The disease that Toxoplasma gondii caused (toxoplasmosis) has been found in virtually every country of the world Toxoplasmosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients and congenitally infected infants ‐‐ opportunistic infection for human Morphology Trophozoite The intracellular parasites (tachyzoite速殖子) are 3x6μm, crescent shaped organisms that are enclosed in a cell membrane to form a pseudocyst (假包囊) measuring 10100 μm in size

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  • 2015/12/2

    1

    弓形蟲

    衛福部 疾病管制署

    中區傳染病防治醫療網

    王任賢 指揮官

    Opportunistic protozoaPathogens Disease Sites parasitized

    Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis All cells except RBC

    Cryptosporidium spp. cryptosporidiosis Intestinal epithelium

    Isospora spp. isosporiasis Intestinal epithelium

    microsporidia microsporidiosis Intestinal epitheliumBrain, liver, kidney…

    Blastocystis hominus blastocystosis intestine

    Pneumocystis jeroveci(Pneumocystis carinii)

    Pneumocystispneumonia (PCP)

    lung

    Toxoplasma gondii(toxoplasmosis)

    剛第弓形蟲(Toxoplasma gondii)• 全世界都有的病• 人畜共通的寄生蟲;弓形蟲是伺機型寄生蟲• 可感染動物、牛、鳥、齧齒類、猪、羊、人• 產生的疾病為弓形蟲症產生的疾病為弓形蟲症• 弓形蟲症為羊流產的首要病因• 為細胞內寄生蟲• 終極宿主為貓科動物• 中間宿主為哺乳動物

    • Toxoplasma gondii has very low host specificity, and it will probably infect almost any mammal. It invades all kinds of cells except RBC 

    • Cats (both domestic and wild) are the only definitive hostsand can also be the intermediate hosts

    Introduction

    • The disease that Toxoplasma gondii caused (toxoplasmosis) has been found in virtually every country of the world

    • Toxoplasmosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients and congenitally infected infants ‐‐opportunistic infection for human

    Morphology• Trophozoite

    – The intracellular parasites (tachyzoite速殖子) are 3x6µm, crescent shaped organisms that are enclosed in a cell membrane to form a pseudocyst (假包囊) measuring 10‐100 µm in size

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    Morphology

    • Pseudocyst ‐‐intracellular tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii

    Morphology• A cyst (包囊)of Toxoplasma gondii filled with bradyzoites; 

    cyst in cardiac muscle

    Cyst in brain

    Morphology• A sporulated oocyst (卵囊)of Toxoplasma gondii.• The oocyst contains two sporocysts(孢子囊), each of 

    which contain four crescent‐shaped sporozoites (子孢子)

    • Only cats produce and pass Toxoplasma oocysts; i t di t 10approximate diameter = 10 µm

    • 弓形蟲所有的成長時期均具有感染性• 感染的風險族群

    • 孕婦

    弓形蟲感染

    孕婦

    • 肉品處理者• 吃生肉的人

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    貓 (家貓或野貓)

    • 為弓形蟲的終極宿主– 貓會因食用到感染的齧齒類動物而感染弓形蟲

    • 弓形蟲在貓細胞內進行有性與無性生殖• 蟲卵會由糞便中排出

    人類 (哺乳類)

    • 為中間宿主• 只遂行無性生殖• 速殖體(tachyzoite):可移動又可致病• 速殖體(tachyzoite):可移動又可致病• 緩殖體(bradyzoite): 不可移動且生長緩慢的組織包囊(tissue cyst)

    Life Cycle• Two host pattern with alternation of generations‐‐‐‐mammal mammal

    • Toxoplasma gondii is a serious zoonotic parasite that has almost all the warm blooded animals as 

    Life Cycle

    the reservior hosts (intermediate hosts)• Life cycle includes two phases called the intestinal (or enteroepithelial) and extraintestinal phases

    • The intestinal phase occurs in cats only and produces "oocysts" (___ hosts)– Schizogony – schizontmerozoite asexual reproduction– Gametogony – male & female gamete fertilize  oocyst sexual reproduction

    Life Cycle

    p– Sporogony – sporocyst sporozoites   asexual reproduction

    • The extraintestinal phase occurs in all infected animals (including cats) and produces trophozoites ‐‐ asexual reproduction (__ hosts)– Tachyzoites – pseudocysts– Bradyzoites ‐‐ cysts

    • Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted by ingestion of oocysts (in cat feces) or “pseudocysts" or “cysts"(in raw or undercooked meat)

    • Shedding of oocysts in faeces is most common in 

    Life Cycle

    g ykittens, but can occur in any age of cat 

    • Oocysts can remain infectious for several months and are quite resistant to disinfectants, drying and freezing. Tissue cysts are less resistant, and are destroyed by proper cooking of food

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    剛地弓形蟲的型態變化(所有型態均有感染力)

    1. TACHYZOITES2. TISSUE CYSTS3. BRADYZOIT4. OOCYSTS

    Oocysts

    速殖體

    • 速殖體存在於感染早期的體液中• 新月型,一頭尖一頭鈍,細胞核位於鈍端• 遂行無性生殖遂行無性生殖

    – 遂行胞內二殖法(endodyogeny)– 可感染巨嗜與非巨噬細胞

    緩殖體

    • 位在組織囊胞內的慢速繁殖體• 緩殖體代表在慢性感染時期• 緩殖體通常對腸道中的酸及消化酶有抗藥性• 組織囊胞壁最終會溶解,釋放出緩殖體感染組織,• 組織囊胞壁最終會溶解,釋放出緩殖體感染組織,再轉化成速殖體

    • 緩殖體可自腸道釋放出,若食入具有高度傳染性

    貓糞中的卵囊體(Oocyst)

    • 貓食入動物組織中的緩殖體• 貓小腸中會產生出配子體(gametocytes)• 配子體交配後形成卵囊體由糞便排出• 貓在吃入組織囊體後3‐5天就可產出卵囊體• 卵囊體需要氧氣才能在1‐5天內發芽

    卵囊體(Oocyst)

    胞幼(sporocysts)

    形成孢子的卵囊體

    未形成孢子的卵囊體Unsporulated Oocyst

    二個胞幼(sporocysts)

    Tissue phase (intermediate hosts).

    Intermediate host gets infected by ingesting 

    Oocytes do not become infectious until they sporulate, sporulation occurs

    1‐ 5 days after that the oocyte is excreted in the feces.

    g f y g gsporulated oocysts.

    Intermediate host

    Human, cattle, birds, rodents, pigs, and sheep.

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    Cats Ingest of asexual stage tachyzoites & bradyzoites

    Multiplication

    Gametocytes

    Zygote

    Oocyst

    Encapsulation of zygote within a rigid wall

    Cat’s intestinal enterocytes

    Bradyzoites infect cells and become trophozoites.

    Merozoites

    Ingestion of sporulated oocyst by the intermediate host: human, sheep,...Sporozoites multiply in

    Trophozoites rupture enterocytes &transported via lymphatics and

    disseminated hematogenouslythroughout the tissue .

    Unsporulated Oocyst

    enterocytes

    Sporulated Oocyst

    感染源

    _ 食用卵囊體汙染的食物或飲水_ 未煮熟的肉類_ 母嬰垂直傳染_ 器官移植(罕)_ 輸血(罕)

    DEFINITIVE HOST

    TOXOPLASMA TRANSMISSION

    INTERMEDIATE HOST

    吃入感染宿主的速殖體或緩殖體

    弓形蟲感染症

    1) 後天弓形蟲感染– 輕度淋巴炎性反應

    2) 先天弓形蟲感染

    Pathogenesis• In general, most of the human population infected 

    with Toxoplasma are asymptomatic carriers• There are a number of factors which determine 

    whether an infected host will express diseasewhether an infected host will express disease symptoms–The strain of the pathogen (RH strain)–The susceptibility of the host ‐‐ immunocompromised–Age of the host – new born infants–Degree of acquired immunity 

    Pathogenesis

    The tachyzoites directly destroy host cells

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    Clinical features

    • Although Toxoplasma infection is common (~13% overall world prevalence), it rarely produces symptoms in normal individuals

    • Could be classified as – Congenital toxoplasmosis – Acquired toxoplasmosis

    Congenital Toxoplasmosis• Two types:

    – Asymptomatic  Congenital Toxo• 60% of infected• may suffer from Long Term Sequela

    Symptomatic Congenital Toxo– Symptomatic Congenital Toxo• 40% of infected• more likely if mother infected in 1st/2nd Trimester• Severe damage to fetus = stillbirth or abortion• or may be severely affected

    Asymptomatic Congenital Toxo

    • Diagnosis:– + IgM titer in serum of newborn (TORCH +)– no overt clinical disease at birth

    • Long Term Sequela:• Long Term Sequela:– within 7 years of birth  ‐ children born to  women with high levels of  Toxo antibody had

    • 2x > frequency of deafness• 60% more microcephaly (small head)• 30% more Low IQ  babies

    Symptomatic Congenital Toxo

    • Spontaneous abortion or stillbirths• Bilateral retinochoroiditis• Microcephalus or hydrocephalus

    b l l f• Intracerebral calcification• Neurological Damage• Learning Difficulties• Jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly

    Acquired Toxoplasmosis

    • usually asymptomatic– majority of population was infected

    • IgG titer is demonstrable for 10 yr. post‐infection

    • Symptoms – flu like• Symptoms – flu‐like– swollen neck (cervical lymphadenopathy)– fever,  malaise– enlarged liver/spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)– mimics infectious mononucleosis

    Toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients

    • A significant OI (opportunistic Infection in AIDS)– Toxo lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands)– Toxo encephalitis (TE) & CNS Toxo death– pulmonary Toxo & Toxo pneumonia– UTIs ‐ Toxo urinary tract infections– disseminated Toxo

    • Peritonitis, chorioretinitis, etc.

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    Immunology

    • Both humoral and cell mediated immune responses are stimulated in normal individuals

    • CMI is protective – Th1 cytokines such as IFN‐gamma, IL‐12

    • Humoral response is of diagnostic value

    Diagnosis

    • Microscopic Examination‐Smears and Sections– Specimens‐Blood, Sputum, CSF, bone marrow, p , ,‐Tissue Biopsy

    • Animal Inoculation• Serological tests – IHA, IFA, ELISA (IgM/IgG)• PCR & DNA probes

    Positive result of IFA

    Epidemiology and control• Worldwide cases of congenital toxoplasmosis are estimated at between 140,900 and 1,127,200, based on an estimated rate of 0.1 to 0.8% of 140.9 million live births in 1992

    • Some countries have instituted screening programs of pregnant women

    • About 5‐10% of AIDS patients complicated with toxoplasmosis

    Reasons of epidemic• Source of oocysts ...

    – domestic and wild cats, passes tons of oocysts

    • Persist in environment if moist– reservoir of infective oocysts

    • Many intermediate hosts with infective stage– reservoir of infective tissue cysts

    Epidemiology and control• Transmission route for humans 

    – Infected • by ingesting infective oocysts (in >4 day old cat feces)b i ti t h it b d it• by ingesting tachyzoites or bradyzoites in rare meat

    • by receiving blood or tissues with “‐zoites”• CONGENITALLY by transplacental tachyzoites

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    Epidemiology and control• Avoid contact with cat feces• Change cat litter daily to prevent infective oocyst formation

    • Pregnant women should avoid all contact with cats• Instituted screening programmes of pregnant women

    • Avoid raw or undercooked meat• Handle uncooked meat carefully• Wash your hands

    Treatment

    • Combination Therapy– Pyrimethamine plus either– Sulfadiazine or– Trisulfapyrimidines

    • During pregnancy,– Spiramycin until delivery

    Summary

    • Toxoplasma gondii: pathogenesis, clinical features, control– Opportunistic infection

    What are the infective stages of toxoplasma– What are the infective stages of toxoplasmagondii?

    – Please describe the possible consequences of toxoplasma infection in a young lady.

    • What parasitic diseases can be transmitted by blood transfusion?

    先天性弓形蟲症

    1. Intracerebral calcification2. Chorioretinitis3. Hydrocephaly4. Microcephaly 5. Convulsions6. Mental retardation7. Cardiomegaly

    Congenital toxoplasmosis is a problem in 1‐5/1000 pregnancies

    • If a woman is infected for the first timeduring pregnancy the parasite can crossthe placenta and cause fetal disease.

    • Both the* probability and severity of the

    * Intracerebral calcification.

    disease depend on when the infectiontakes place during pregnancy.

    • Early: low transmission, but severedisease

    • Late: high transmission, more benignsymptoms.

    Hydrocephaly.

    Lab Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis:1) The demonstration of the Toxoplasma gondii organism in blood, body 

    fluids, or tissue.2) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigen in blood or body fluids by 

    enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.3) The Sabin‐Feldman dye test: is a sensitive and specific neutralization 

    test. It measures IgG antibody and is the standard reference test for toxoplasmosis. High titers suggest acute disease.

    4) Serologically: IgM fluorescent antibody test detects IgM antibodies ) g y g y gwithin the first week of infection, but titers fall within a few months.

    5) Polymerase Chain Reaction on body fluids, including CSF, amniotic fluid, and blood.

    6) Skin test results showing delayed skin hypersensitivity to Toxoplasma gondii antigens.

    7) Antibody levels in aqueous humor or CSF may reflect local antibody production and infection.

    8) Animal inoculation: inoculation of suspected infected tissues into experimental animals.

    9) Culture: inoculation of suspected infected tissues into tissue culture.

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    Amniocentesis• Done around 16th week of pregnancy• A long needle is inserted into the Amniotic sac and  amniotic 

    fluid is drawn.

    Indication for Amniocentesis

    • Fetal cells are pulled from the Amniotic sac / fluid and are grown in a laboratory culture for chromosomal analysis..

    • The age and sex of the unborn child can be determined as well as any genetic or metabolic problems.  Other kinds of birth defects can be discovered. 

    • Parasitological diagnosis: examination of amniotic fluid e.g., for presence of Toxoplasma gondii .

    Collecting CSF into sterile tubes• Lumbar puncture may be performed to analyze CSF, which:– May have mild mononuclear pelocytosis and elevated protein.

    – When cytocentrifuged and stained with Giemsa, can sometimes show tachyzoites.

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