operations nougat and sun - osti.gov

POR-2293(EX) (WT-2293)( EX)

EXTRACTED VERSION

u ofthe DVENSE N U C W

OPERATIONS NOUGAT AND SUN BEAM Organizational, Operational, Funding, and Logistic Summary

Deputy Chief of Staff Weapons Effects and Tests Field Command Defense Atomic Support Agency Sandia Base. NM

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L 27 February 1964

NOTICE This is an extract of POR-2293 (WT-2293), Operations NOUGAT and SUN BEAM. $ \

k! ?

Extracted version prepared for Director DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY Washington. DC 20305-1000

1 September 1985

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PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, DC 20305-1000, IF YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH IT DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST,OR IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY YOUR ORGANIZATION.

UNCLASSIFIED Ruuirv cuss IFICATION OF rnis P A G ~

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE I.. w o R T SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

UNCLASSIFIED L.. SECURITY CLPSSIFICATON AUTUORITY

Ih. DECWSIFIUTION I W W N G W I N G SCHEDULE

t, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

i.. NAME OF PERWRMING ORCIANUATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL Weapons E f fec ts and Tests

ir ADDRESS (my. star.. .nd m c d )

M apYkaW> F ie ld Command, DASA

Sandla Base, NM

la. NAME OF FUNOlNGlSPONSORlNG 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 0RGANUIM)N 41 Wd)

lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS

3 . OISTRIBUTIONI WAIIABKITY of u w R T

Approved f o r pub l i c release; d i s t r i b u t i o n i s unl imlted.

POR-2293 (EX) (WT-2293) (EX) 5. MONITORING ORGANUATKIN rernui NUMBERW

la. NAME OF MONITORING ORGAUUATON

Defense Atomlc Support Agency

Washlngton, DC

7b. ADDRESS (W, S U n , d UI cod.)

9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IMNTIFCATION NUMBER

I k ADDRESS (City, Stan. .nd ZPIccodr) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS

PROGPAM CCESSION n0.

I TITLE fMde S.cumy ClmihrarmJ OPERATIONS NOUGAT AND SUN BEAM; ORGANIZATIONAL, OPERATIONAL, FUNDING. AND LOGISTIC SUMMARY, Extracted Verslon 1. PERSONAL WTIIOR(S)

22 TEL P UQ In. CcdeJ I h2-52Y-YM '23 NAME OF RESPONliOLE INDIVIDUAL MARK 0. FLCHP

3.. TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT Weor, Vonm 08yJ 5 PAGE COUNT FROM TO - 1964fFebruaryf27 182

~ . s u P P L E M E N T ~ R I N O T A ~ O N s r e o r t as a sens t ve m a r y n orma on remove n or er o rov ide an unclassifia!'vers!on f;r ul:l~mttedidlstri~:::on 'Tie w i i was perf%ed b: t h i

Eefense Nuclear Agency i n support o f the DoD Nuclear Test Fersonnel Review Program. 7. COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS ~ C o n ( i M m nwrn if r*omq and aCnnfy by bloct numbrr)

FIELO I GROUP I SU84ROUP Sun Beam 1x I 7 I Nniinat

22c. OFFICE SYMBOL DNA/ISCM

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9 ABSTPACl ( C o m n * m nwm if nmruv and &mi~ by Mork numberJ This r e p o r t covers the organizat ional , operational, funding, and l o g i s t l c por t ions o f t he DoD-DASA e f f o r t a t the Nevada Test S i t e dur ing Operations Nougat and Sun Beam. Operations included Shots Hard Hat, Marshmallow. Danny Boy, Johnie Boy, Small Boy. L i t t l e F e l l e r I and 11, and t h e Vela-Uniform Program. The f i e l d a c t i v i t i e s s ta r ted i n November 1961 and ended i n September 1962.

Appendixes A through C contain shot and meteorological data, copies o f statements o f au tho r i t y and agreements. i n f o r n a t i o n on repo r t i ng procedures, and a l i s t of a l l repor ts r e s u l t i n g from both the Nevada and P a c i f i c t e s t operations conducted dur ing 1962. repor ts on the P a c l f l c t e s t s are l i s t e d as a convenience t o readers in te res ted i n r e l a t e d pro jec ts i n Operatton Domlnlc.

The

FOREWORD

classified material has been remved in order to make the information

The effort to declassify this report has been accomplished available on an unclassified, open publication basis, to any interested parties. specifically to support the Department of Defense Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) Program. The objective is to facilitate studies of the lor levels of radiation received by some individuals during the atmospheric nuclear test program by making as much information as possible available to all interested parties.

The material which has been deleted is either currently classified as Restricted Data or Pormerly Restricted Data under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (as amended), or is National Security Information, or has been determined to be critical military information which could reveal system or equipment vulnerabilities and is, therefdre, not appropriate for open publication.

The Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) believes that though all classified material has been deleted, the report accurately portrays the contents of the original. DNA also believes that the deleted material is of little Or no significance to studies into the amounts, or types, of radiation received by any individuals during the atmospheric nuclear test program.

OPERATIONS NOUGAT AND SUN BEAM

ORGANIZATIONAL, OPERATIONAL, FUNDING, AND LOGISTIC SUMMARY

Deputy Chief of Staff Weapons Effect6 and Tes t s Field Command Defense Atomic Support Agency Sandia Base, New Mexico

ABSTRACT

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4.10 Fhdiologl~d survey, Shot Job& Bag. D+1 dny----------------- AreacontpJ1, aots-11 Boy -- ---- ----------------- -----_

4.13 Radiological survey, Shot S d l Boy, D + l dny ----------------- 4.14 Radiological survey, Shot Small Boy, D+11 d a y s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.15 Proille view of aircraft and b.lloone, B-hour, Shot S d l BOY ------- 4-16 F-1OOF project, 8-U - - - - - - - - - - --------------- -- m

B-52/GAM-71 pro)&, Shot Small Boy- -- - - - -- - ---- -- - - ---- _ _ 4.18 Aircraft pndrocket operations, Shot S d l Boy ----------------- 98 4.19 Complete thing signal layout, Shot S d Boy------------------ 4.20 T l m t n g s m 4'out. 2.OOO-fOOt &E, Shot 8 d B O Y - - - - - - - - - - - 100 4.21 Radiological survey, Shot Little Feller I. H+ 1 hour - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 101 4.22 Radlologlcal survey. Shot Little FeUerI. D+1 dry--------------- 102

5.2 Housing c m p , Arm 16 ___- - - -____- - - - - - - - - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 127 6.1 Typical tunnel liner wlth foam back-packlng, Shot Hard Eat- -- - - - - - - - 146 6.2 miCd bunker C O n S t N C ~ O U , Shot 8 d l B o y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147

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4.11 4.12 Radiological survey. Shot S d Boy, H+1 hour-----------------

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4.23 Firingprocedure, Shot Little Feller I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.1 Vehlcls Inventory b y e u of ~ u f n o t u r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 126

6.3 spD&orm in smpll Bay aep - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ - - - - - 14.9

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This report covers the activities of the Continental Test Organization ( C W of the Weapons Effects and Tests Group (FCWT). Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency (FCDASA), from November 1961 through September 1962. During this period, an In past test series, a Joint Atomic Energy Commiilmlm @EC)-Department of Defense (WD) test orgaaization conducted the activities at the Nevada T e d Bite (NTS).

The AEC Is charged with the management of the NTS. Durlag joht operatlolu. the DOD Test Group relies on the AEC for certaln tspes of suppwt. AppeDdk C contalnil a copy of the Memorandum of Agreement between the AEC r d DOD. whlch outllnes the areas of responslbllltles as they exhted for the 1962 NTS teat activlties. Thls report will not atrempt to cover the AEC actlvitles durinp thls period but will brle5y describe the AEC- DOD relationship.

The Project Officers Interim Reports (POIRs) cmerlng the prelimlnnry results of the technicd projects have been distributed and will be superseded by the Project Ofticera Reports (PORE) as the final data becomes avnilnble. T U report does not Include the technlcal Badings of the projects but rather 1s meant 88 a record of the operatlord and logirticd aspects of the operation. A listing of all PORE for both the Nevada Md Pacific operations Is included h Appendlx A.

1.1 bIIssION

Tho FCDASA mlsilon for weapon6 effects testing was 5rst outllned In the two docu- menta shown ln AppeDdLx D (In 1959. the Armed Force6 SpecW Weapons Project become the Defeme Atomlc Support Agemy). Them guldellnem are NIl In effect although mlnor modlficntlons have been made when necessary. The mlsslm may prellently be aummarleed .II follows:

to the Armed Forces and the weapons effects phaees of developmental or other tests of atomic weapons Involving nuclear dstonpllons wlthln the Continental United Statea and overeeaa.

(2) To coordlnata md suppor& all DOD actlvltles and aaslst in the support of the AEC in the conduct of jomt tests involving nuclear detonations within the Continental United States.

analat In the preparation of tedmlul wd opsrationrl reports of tests.

a) To axerclse technlul direction of stomlc weapons effects tests of prlmary concern

(3) To complete dernlled plans, prepore for and corduct the technlcd programs, and

(4) To coordlnate military operatlonal training. troop participation, troop observer

program. and the DOD aapectm of ofnclrl visitor and publio information program& (Du- lng operational pbnws of jolnt AEC-DOD c0ntlnent.d iests, thla orgnnlzauon is integrated Into the AEC organization at the teat dte.)

Becuw of tbe crab nature of the 1982 tent wrlea. the program6 were passed down h m Esldpuutar8, DASA, by blta pnd pieces M the Information became avnbble. Many of the prevlowly p h d program# w e n b a r e d h scope or modified; In addition. complstely new programs were deflnsd. To consoUdate and clarity dl the directives laaued up to that t he . Chief, DASA (CBDASA). wnt a messpge to Commander, FCDASA, 18 February 1982, summnrhlng the dlrectlonm concerning the teat aeries M of that date (Appaodlx E). Further

Figure 1.1 shows the shot locations at NTS.

to the test prcgrams were mode u they hecame necessary. Tabla 1.1 Usta the nctlvitisa corductad at NT8 durlng the Nougat and Sun Beam wries.

1.2 ORGANIZATION

Flgure 1.2 shows the general pardlellsm of AEC and DOD orgnnlzptional structure am it pertab to nuclear wepponm testing at NTS. Levels of coordlnauon are indicated, and the operntiod control of .cturl teats Is shown.

Tbe FCW orgaalzatlon M it d a t e d for the 1982 test Serles la shown In Flgure 1.3. Tbe KISO-PCW golnt AEC-DOD) organlzatiw for w c l e u tea- at the Nevpdp Teat

Site Is shown In FLgure 1.4. The dud nature of FCWT In conoectlorr with activlties at the Nevpdp Test Site should be noted. As FCW, It coordinated DOD activities and integrated into the Nevada Test Site Organization RpTSO). hruishlng a Wtary Deputy to the Test Mmnnger, supplementing other NTSO poaltions as requlred, and furnishing the DOD Sup- port DlreCtOr and the coordlnnUng staff for DOD acttvities. As CTO, It WM a user of the test site.

The Continental Test OrgPnlzation as it exlsted for Operation Sun Beam is shown In Figure 1.5. The Asslutant Deputy Chief of Staff for CTO aerved an MUtary Deputy to the Test Mpnnger. NTSO, as Chief of the DOD coordinntlng staff in NTSO, and as Teat Croup DImCtOr of CTO.

1.3 PERSONNEL

On 4 January 1962. the strength of CTO wan as bted In Table 1.2. A gradual buildup of personoel, beghlng the latter pprt of January and extendhg Into March, brought nctupl streugtb up to thnt authorlzed. It WM UaII determined that uslgned permrutel were work- lng 60 to 70 and more houri a week. and that uldltionrl bslp w needed. On 28 March. FCDASA w requested by FCWT to prbvlde an ddltiond 2 officers, 21 enlisted men, d 2 CiVlllPnS.

neaa dates Ipprcuched Mod ndditlod tea rapulrementa were received. it WM apparent more help wan weded. In mid-May, FCWT submitted a manpower study to FCDASA. reque6Ung that -SA provide 38 omceri pnd 42 eadlmted men to augment the strength at NTS. Subsequently, CRDASA dlrected FCDASA to meet the requirement and later asked the t h e e wrvices for certrln crltlcd personnel. On 1 June. the CTO strength at NTS had Increased to 80 omcera urd 140 enlluted men. Personnel contlnued to report from Sandla Bua; Eea&rurteri, DAS& d the wrvices. By mid-July, there were 92 officers. 186 enllsted mea. d 9 clvLIl.ns asnlgned to CTO. In addition to those personnel assigned to CTO. 66 officers and 112 enlisted men at N T S were assigned to DO&*- project ngencle~ many of these pernome1 asslated the CTO assigned pernonnel when necessary.

Throughout Aprll. these personnel reported either at Sandla Base or NTS. As rem-

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Mar the events were completed. only per-1 muired for the rollup Wra- 4 ~ u g u ~ t , *e UOM were retained.

CTO strength, including Bondla Base and NT8 pernormel. had dropped to sz officers 96 enlisted men. A comparison Of personnel buildup wlth workld is shown & Figure 1.6.

Whmt th workload vu rapidly decreMtng. Althaea mod of theme pernorms1 -re very well qualified and would have neen of great value earller In the operation, tYOre e effectively used because of their late arrival.

to a skeleton group as a r e d t of the mintmum perwrmel requlrementm b t n g & moratorium period. It was anticipated that, in the event testing was resumed, thfs group d d serve as a nucleus around which the Test Group would be bullt.

stre-. In addition, efforts were made to obtain augmentation permnnel in adequate numbers to 5eld the inttially authorized tests, as well an to complete the p l w for anticipated tests. The initial study requesting personnel augmentation was prepared in October 1961 and quickly approved by the Joint Chiefs of S t d f (JCS). In general, the e r - vices reacted rapidly in pmvlding personnel for Msignment against the 66 Pugmenution manpower spaces approved by the JCS on, 17 November 1961. However, all the newly authorized m p o w e r spaces were not filled until May 1962. In general, these were officer personnel who required special scientific or technical backgrounds, ahich it is assumed the services experienced some difficulty in providing on M extremely short lead time.

At the time the moratorium was lifted, the nuclear testing program was envisioned as having a reasonably long preparation period, a s h d been the case in past test operations. There waa also a sincere qrration in many quarterr as to whether ths national foreign policy would permit resumption of full-scale nuclear testing. In addition, the loss of the requested personnel from their current asslgnmenta might have resulted in extreme delays in the projects on which they were wor!dng aud might have caused undue personal hardship on the Individuals. These factors resulted in a natural reticence to request large numbers of technically qualified personnel from the Armed Forces.

Mthough nome question existed as to whether 5naI approval for conducting the tests would be granted, the various laboratories responsible for weapons effects studies were a n x t ~ a to plan Scientific prolects. Requests for prolect psrUcipation on p l m d test6 and propods for additional teat8 poured lntn Beadquarters. DASA. For example. Wot small &y. which conaiated of 31 projectll In December 1961. fl.pUtr hnd a totrl of 13 idenU5able projects by the t h e it was m y executed. Because of the uncertain d o o k for testlng after the 1962 test series. every effort was made to satisfy as mnny testing requirements a8 possible during that series.

be m&cted in the Pacific are& The Initial personnel requirements generated by the P,dnc operation were met by pulling p e r s o ~ e l from staffs already overburdened by the Nevada operational requlrements.

buis from wILhl0 Be.dpuarters. DASA, aad FCDASA. S W e s requesting more complete relief of (he personnel problem were submitied psriodically but were for the moat part not acted up00 because of the uncertainties of continued testing.

As of the present tune (April 1963). no satisfactory solution~to the problem of person- ne1 procurement for crash programs in nuclear testing has been found. The permanent staff of FCWT hre been enIarged to the point where it cpll handle currently proposed test

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a personnel P h P W plan waa Implemented.

A. F&um 1.6 l l lUstrLte8 , the pedf perbonnel rPeIl@h waa rs~ched &h &

At the time the moratorium on nuclear issthg was first lifted, FCWT hpd hen r h o e d

Upon resumption of testing. action was tpken immediately to bring FCWT to authorized

In early January 1962, dtrectlons were recelved by FCWT that additional testing would

Efforts to obtpin more personnel continued. Requests were filled on an individual

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opratIms. p h d e d n reumubh lead tlme Is avlllrble. VUlCU8 Proposals have &de in m attempt to prepare for crash pmgroms elmllar to Opsrotlons Nougat. D O W ~ , .ad &ID ~aun. but the D I W ~ O U ~ bnva been deemed lmprnctlcnble or not In the hest Intereats of the overall DOD scientlfic efforL A comprehenslve 6twb of the overdl de- mion, funcdons, d orgnnlzatlon of the entlre DASA complex 16 currently underway at the waabgton b v e t AI ~mportant part of thls rtudy concerns the proper orgrnivtion .ad the present ~ t i d policy governing nuclear te- la much that It appsars U e I y thpt our bot capnb~llty wlll ever again he reduced to the low level reached during the nuclear tea- morntorlum that began in 1956 .Id d d In 1961.

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for tho plarmbg md field execution of DOD Wapo~ efcW tests. However,

TABLE 1.1 SHOT SUMldARY'

Date, 1962 Shot

15 Feb Hard Eat

5 Mar D-Y Boy

20 Jun Marshmallow

7 Jul Little Feller II 11 Jul Jobnie Boy

14 Jul 8 d Boy 11 Jul Llttle Feller I

Thls lletlng doea not Include the shots Lo. the Vela-Uniform Pmgrnm (detection Improvement studles) wnducted on a continuing basls since 6 September 1961.

TABLE 1.2 CTO PERSONNEL GTRENGTH. 4 JANUARY 1962

Otficer Enliited Clvilian Total - ~

AutboriZed 35 88 4 127

A i r l p e d 21 66 2 09

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~lgure 1.1 Map of Nevada Test Site.

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Chapter 2

ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT

2.1 ADMINISTRATION BRANCH

The Administrative Office at NTS was staffed to provlde the lame servlces as the Administrative Offlce In FCWT at Sandla Base. During the p p l r load In the summer of 1962. there were 2 officers and 7 d a t e d men asslgned. Services were prwlded as follows:

2.1.1 Mail and Recorda. Classi5ed and unclnsllfied documents were processed through the Administratlve Office, which had at Its dlsposol a cryptographic center (provided by the AEC on a contract basin) and po.tOl facllltiea. both located withln Camp Mercury. Official and personal ri@l service was provlded on a daily basis. Registry service was provided through the local post Office for the mailing of Classified documents.

A classified document primary account was establlsbed at the site In October 1961 by Field Command. Commonly referred to as a drop account, it provided the Test Organiza- tion with the necessary 5exibillty to monitor and control classifled material with a minimum of security problems and a w m u m of efficiency. Secondary accounts were establlahed for the technical programs. to provide them wfth clasaffled materid on a permanent basis.

in this aystem. Although the Test Organization as a whole was set up on the decentralized files system. it proved practical to maintain a message reference file in the Administrative Office.

area8. This was mninly operated under a clvllian contract system however, liberal UBP was made of mllitary trafBc to those areas.

Files were based on the Functional Files System. but they were dlfficult to malntain

A courier system was operated on a daily basis between the baae camp and forward

2.1.2 Finance. The main effort in thla area was to provlde uslstpnce ln the filing of per diem vouchers for military personnel, regardless of home atation, on TLW at the site. After a trip to NTS by the Finance Offlcer, It waa recommended that a full-time finance clerk be assigned to the Administrative Offlce when testing hlt a pak A check-cashinc fpclllty waa provlded by a local contractor, with appropriate personnel Pppolnted to authen- ticate identification of individuals desiring to cash checks ( a local requirement). As needed, assistance was given on problems arising with respect to other financial matters.

2.1.3 F’ubllcatlons. Puhlicatlons to include applicable servlce regulations, Field Command directives and memorandums, and other pertinent reference material were mnhtained by the Administrative Office. They covered. generally speaking, the admin- lmrative functions of the of5ce. while logistlc references were retained by the Support Branch. Admlolstratlve blank forms were also stocked by t&Administrative Ofice for is8uance to h e TesI Organization as a whole.

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2.1.4 Reprcductlon. Reproductloa facllltles were avdable In the form of a Multlllth Model 80, Thermo-fax, md APECO mnchb3s. Adminlstruttve j3ersoMel in the office were given on-the-job training in the operation of these mfachines. A Ujor &a*& was that only limited maintennnce cmld be performed, and damaging delays were ewri- enced, in that repalrmen had to be bmu@t in from distances of 70 to 125 miles. A ioca] prwhg plant WUI amilable w a cmtrnct b o s i ~ however. limited Ume spd funds in this instance also were hlnderances.

2.1.5 Miscellaneous Services. The Administrative Office maintained a persoanel locator system whereby all mllltnry persomeJ,asslgned to or under the operational control of the Depprtment of Defeme, could be located. At bed, thls operatad poorly, because many personnel failed to comply with the local directive rqulring them to register with the office. An effort was made to require all milltnry organizations to plnce a statement In TDP order. dlrecllql thelr people to regbter or sign in with & DOD Test Organlzntlon upon arrival; this was not enUrely sUCCesSfuf. Ia line wlth ais, a personnel information roater and a telephone directory were published by the office.

Travel orders were cui from t h e to time by the Admlnlatrutlve Offher for personnel attached dlrectly to the Test Orgnnlzation. LOCO1 bUhUM and SOP'S were issued as needed. Morning report changes were sent as rwulred, la PddItlW W SVengtn reports, to cognizant units.

2.2 SECURITY BRANCH

The Security Branch planned and provided (1) clearance of personnel into and out of the test site, (2) badgiag of personnel, (3) clnsslficatlon of documents and photography (6UlI pad motion plchues), and (4) counterintelligence actlvfly as required.

Security guldance and procedures were established in the FCWT CTO SOP'S, 205 series, for contlnentd test opratlona. Additionally. Joint A E C - W D security inatruc- tioM for NTS were published and Issued to peraomel nrrlvlng at the slte. These inatruc- tlons Bet fortb certain baslo rules and ragulntlons requlred at the site.

The DOD Security Otnce. locuted at Camp Mercury. wos responslble 0 the Deputy Test Manager (lurnltary) for physlcal security of the DOD programs, access control of DOD personnel vislUcg the camp, 4 investignUon. revlew, spd clnssiflcatlon of docu- menti and PbdOgraphIc msdle The AEC wo8 responsible for furnlshrng physical security, tba guard force. d phyald barrier requLrsments of DOD Security.

Badglng WM performed by AEC upon r q u e d of and csrtincation by DOD. The badge otflce was operated by Federal Servicrs, Incorporated (FSI) peroonnel under contract to AEC. The DOD Securlty Ofecer certified pl l DOD visitors or project participants asso- clrtadwlth DOD pmgrama ut NT8. by uae oftbe NTS badge card.

U s o n for t r a c enforcement WM eatabllshed wlth the Nye County Sheriff's Depart- msnt. Two security guard posts were established at the DOD compound, 15 February 1962. One offlcer md two snllned men (clerk-Lyplats) nunnod the s~wrlty office from

October 1961 to Map 1962. In June and July, the ofiice staff was augmented by an addi- tlonnl officer. The manpower rqulrements for security personnel were based on the mpgnltude of the ten oprntlon and number of project participants. Durlng peak operation, the lntelllgence coverage wos performed by three tntelligence Corps W C ) agents from the 901at Intelligence Corpe Delochment, Sandla Base, New Mexico.

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uocument and photographic medla revlew snd classlflcaUon servlces were co&cted for all p r o l e d OD an on-dl banis. Approxtmntely 100 WIR reviews were conducted Approximately 5,000 Photogrrphlc Prints Ud Io1,Ooo feet Of mOtiOII-pICture film were revlewd Approximately 3,000 debriefing certlncates were sent to FCWT for file.

Table 2.1 summarlzts the securily activities at NTS during the operational perid.

2.3 FISCAL WNAGEMENT OFFICE

During 1962, the FCWT Fiacal Management Office carried out the budgeting and funding funnioes for both the overseas and continental nuclear test programs. Budget & funding actions were carried out under the pr0vi~lOrU Of the DASA Manual for Nuclear Weapons Effects Finnnclal Management.

The continental program began in 8eptember 1961 and Initially involved reprograming the available Vela-Uniform funds from the Vela-Uniform shade series to pPrticipPtion in the Nougat series. ThIs repmgnmlng hv0lved rppmxirnotely $3.1 million mable 2.4).

The next budgeting was for Shot Hard Hat. It W W Initially budgeted at approximately $1.3 mlUon and, after ndd-on.5 and adjutments. f h d y Cost $1,576,523.00 (Table 2.5).

Funding actions for Shot Small Boy were releaaed to FCDASA on S Januvy 1962. At that tlme, the DAM budget was $8.865.000.00. Immedlately, the servlce-funded program 7 came into existence and finally resulted In controlling an additional $348.233.00. Delays, p-ogram refinements, and adjustments increased the DASA budget an additional $3,462.935.00, for a new final total of $12,696,168.00 (Table 2.6).

Final funding nction for Shot Marshmallow wan not released to FCDASA until 2 Febru- ary: however, incremental funds bad previously been provided. The initial Marshmallow budget, 15 December 1961, was $9,969,910.00. This W a s the initial budget approved by CBDASA and actually led to the fundins relepsc of 2 February 1962. Delays, program reflnernents, and adjustments increased the budget $396,331.00, for a new final total of $10,366,241.00 (Table 2.7).

On 17 January 1962, funds were released by C H D d to FCDASA In the amount of $1,452,640.00 for Ehot Danny Boy, which w s l equal to the initial budpet. Refinements in thin program resulted In a savings of $B38,567.00, for a find budget of $614,073.00 (Table 2.8).

Funds in tbe amount of $1.396.000.00 were releaned by CHDASA to FCDASA on 1 June for shot Johnie Boy, which waa equal to the initial budget. Refinements in this program resulted In a aaving of $287,796.00 for a final budget of $1,105.204.00 (Table 2.9).

On 6 June, funds in the amount of $1241,000.00 were releued by CEDASA to FCDASA for Shots UtUe Feller I md II. This release W M equal to the initid budget. Refincmentn in the progrun decrensed the budget by $230,951.00, for a final total of $1,010.049.00 (Table 2.10).

In addition to the above fun&, approximately $l.OOO,OOO.OO was eapended in X-Mil funds (operntbg funds not chargeable to research programs) durlng th is program in accordance with Pan 3. Paragraph 3, DAM Manual for Nuclear Weapons Effects Financial Management.

budgets be gathered and coordinated by CHDASA. With the exception of Small Boy, all of the .hove programs were, however. completely budgeted by FCDASA.

The emrlence gained in carrying out the budge- and funding functions for these opetlLLons points up the fact that, if strict adherence to the DAp-manual is maintained. the efflciency of these functions and their support and value in accomplishing tbe scien- ufic effort are greatly increased.

The normal procedure prescrlbed in the DASA manud requires that all iaitial test fund

25

"1 'I

2.4 PUBLIC MPOBMATION OFFICE All public Lnformation waa releanel by the AEC-DOD JoInt Office of Informtion ~01). The i n t e r n a t i d nennitivcnesr of nuclear weapona bating c u d the m o d

on public informatlon to be limited to releases necessary to preclude public alum. practice, news releases with text approved by AEC/Washlngton, CIIDASA, and DOD public Af&lrs were nude M prerhot and postlbot announcemenu 011 eventa that might be publicly observable. News media obsewers were not authorized for my of the events.

2.5 VISITORSBUREAU

Established ia late September 1981, shortly after the reaum$Uon of U. 9. r m c l e ~ the Visitors Bureau was placed under the supervision of the FCWT PI0 and staffed with personnel on TDY from FCDASA. The staff conslated Of one officer and taro enlisted men, who were augmented by escort officers and drivers M required. Durlng events of primary interest to DOD. such as Hard Hat and Marshmallow wben large numbers of obsewers were on band, 12 to 15 escort officers were required. Escort offlcers were obtained from FCDASA and Sixrh Army on a request-when-needed basis.

and a briefing room. During the peak periods from January to June 1962, office space was obtained near the Las Vegas Commercial Airport (McCarran Field) to assist in handling visitors. The visitor bureau personnel met arriving visitors, arranged quarters, provided transportation, arranged for tours and briefings, and obtained appropriate escort of5cers. Visitors were of *%me major categories:

(1) DOD military and contractor personnel on official business. This was a continuing md dally workload with visitors to attend meetings, confer witb personnel at NTS, visit site locatlons. etc. It is estimated that. during operations Nougat and Sun Beam, visitors of this type averaged more than 500 per month.

were groups headed by general officers of the A i r Force, Army, d Navg to obtain the lateat informailon cm U. S. tew md to see tho ncUvltp at the test site. During Opera- tIons Nougat and Sun Beam, there were apprDxlmately 18 gmups of VIP level and numerous other groups requiring special attention.

(3) On d l events of primary interegt to the DOD, official observers were present. For Hard Hat and Danny Boy, &re were approximately 150 to 200 observers, and Mprabmallow had In uces i of 1,000.

Facilities consisted of a quonset In the DOD area at Mercury, which housed the office

(2) Senior DOD officers for orientation, briefing. and tour of the test site. These

2.6 TECHNICAL MFORMATION BRANCH

The Tschnlcal Information Branch (TIB) at NTS provided W t e d drdling nnd typing aisiatance to pmjecta in the field for apecial situations, edited and processed the POIRs for printing. and prepared briefing charts for use at the site.

Operations Nougat and Sun Beam, conducted concurrently at the Nevada Test Site, generated a record total of 101 projects reporting on wespona effects te6ts conducted during a 2O-day period. TIE was responsible for processing the POIRs submitted by these projects during a period of less than 2 months. This responsibility mcluded: (1 i coordinatmg the preparation of the interim reports In accordance with DASA requirements, (2) reviewing certnln aspects of the technical content, and (3) performing preliminary editorial review. = L a -

In addinon. Tl€l prepared much of fbe originEd nr twrk aod tgpd m ~ y of the manu-

26

I

rrfp.. IO offering assistwice to numerous prolact agencles that ladred the required resources for preprtmg the porn6 IO the field. T b very heavy d e d ibr brieflog cbarta constltutsd a s&able portion of ths w

workload. Durlrp the apprmdrmte 45-day period from 16 June to 1 Auguat 1962, TIB prepared approximately 110 brienrtg charts. During this same perlod, TIB also prepared .pproxlmakely 110 pieces of orIgird artwork for Porn mauuscripta.

lmtructlons disaemlnnted in a 20 AprU 1962 letter from CHDASA (Appendix F), . which requlred that copfea 02 each draft POKR he forwarded to Headquarters DASA wlthin 90 d ~ y s of the laat event reported upoo. As a result, the POlRs were puhllshed and dlstrib- u t d In record t h e .

Each WIR draft wan firat reviewed by the appropriate Program Director. The draft WM mordfnnted by TIB, then revleured and approved by the Deputy Teat Mp49per (Military).

M e r completion of this on-sfte processlnq, the approved mauuscrlpt WM transmitted to the Tschnlcd InformnUm Branch, FCWT, at Sandla Baas. There the POIR WM even 5 a l Pnalysis aid edltorinl review pad was prepared for prlnthg @reparation of camera copy). After f ind makeup and proofreading, the canera oopy was trpllllmltted to the Fleld Command Pr- Plant, PCIG. 8mik Base. for prlnrhg. Prhted coplea were tranamltted to FCW for preparation of mpillng mDterld8 and then to the Fleld Commmd A d J u M Gemrd for distrlbution. CTbe PORI were processed as outliaed in A p p s ~ d ~ x F. )

omcers, on temporary duty from Headgunrters DASA, were assigned. At the peak of the workload. the branch had been augmented to a total strength of 2 officers, 10 enlisted men, aad 1 civilian.

Army llnlaon team (2 officers, 1 clerk). occupied by approximately four Support Ulvlnlon personnel.

Mod of the proJect. completed thelr POIR manurcrlpta at NTS. to oomplp wth n u

ki early June, TIB at NTS WM manned by three enlisted men only. By mid-June two

TIB occupled Quonset 36 in the DOD compoqnd, together with a Headquarters Sixth For a part of the time, the bullding was also

2.7 MEDICAL SERVICES

(ka medlcal offher and slx corpsmen were authorlsed the Laa Vegas Branch. Support Division. 4 assl8ted in opsrathg a dlapensruy In Building 100 at Camp Mercury.

The hcllity, drugs, medlctnes. and moot medlcal pnd surglcd instruments were p r d d by the AEC. The dally rick call wan scheduled from 0800 to 1000 hours 011

weekdays and from OB00 to 1000 b a v s on Sundaya and holidays. Two amhulanoes were provided thh ac-tivl~ were made avaUable by the AEC M site population dictated.

hut the ntaff could and dld admlntster treatment to AEC and contractor personnel as speclfled in AEC-DOD reclproul agreemenu. Patlenm requirlog hospltalkatlon were moved by unbuknce to Nellis Alr Force Base Hospital or to a clvUlpn h0epit.d a8 ap- proprhte.

the ?leld Commnnd Table of Allowmcer. Addltlod ambulances

Tba prlmuy responal5Ulty of thls milltary contingent WM to treat DOD personnel.

2.8 CHAPLAIN SERVICES

The AEC M the povernment agency olprating the Nevada Test Slte u1p8 responsible for provldhg a chapel hcillty. One or more of5ce-type trallers were used for this purpose. Chl ra . lectern, ud organ were also supplied with the h c i l l p

of Ebppl.las from Sandla Bane. Lake Mend Base. and Idlm Sprbgn Air Force Bane. The ~ . l s t l P c e 02 the Fleld Command, DASA Chaplain WM sec&&io arrange lapae

27

T ~ B out-of-pocket travel expenses of these chphhs were reimbursed ty tbe AEC ~011- tractor. Both Protestant and Catholic chaplpln kits were avallabh from T.bls of aW- ance equipment authorized FCWT. When feadble. personnel of other tban p m b m or Catholic faiths were provided transportation to adjacent c l v l l h COmmuni t ies to services upon their request.

AB indicated in Table 5.12, the mnnnlng chart providsd for one chap& my.

2.9 PROGRAM 9

2.9.1 Mission. The mission of Program 9 Is to provide all types of support. during both testing and wntsstlng periods, as required by PCWT lad ~a . The following areas of support are apeci5cally Itemized.

port DOD operations. Normally, budgew and funds for all photographic support rq*& by MID agenciea Administers. coordinates. m d controls all pkhgr@y, 4 phoro- graphic badgmg, in support of W D actlvlties.

Photographc support is provided, through DOD mervke kciiitles avdable, or by contract with, Army PIctoriaI Center; Lookout Mooucltnlo Laboratorlee Edgerton, &r- meshnusen and Crier. hc. (EOatG); and other contract agencies.

Provides. by furnishing or arranglng for, all photographic services r e q u r d V) ntp-

Photographic support provided includes but is not llmited to: (1) Technical photography. (2) Documentary photography. (3) Photographic processing, including still, motion picture, a d oscllloscope paper,

(4) Refrigerated storage of photographic materials. (5) Projection equipment and facillties. (6) Classi5cation and reclassification of photographic materials OLI required. (7) Acts as official archives and depoeltory of photograptuc negative materlals md

in color or black and white.

mahtalne reference 5lm llbrary contalnlng technical motion pictures and atill photo- graph6 tpken during teat operation& Msembles cataloga, accounta for, reproduces. rod -res 5lms and photographs.

(8) Coordlnates and plans photographic test functions wlth CHDASA and otber sclen- tlGc agenciea participating in test programs In continental and overseas test program%

(9) Produces Class A motion-picture 5lm report. as dtrected; act8 OLI techulcd .dvlsor.

0 0 ) P h and manages execution a d report preparation of such scientific axparhentm u are anslgned

(11) Provides management in the design of mcdlflcntions to aircraft for optical and pbmgmpMc OperatiOM.

(12) Manages or monttors data reduction d malyais of Opucpl records. 0 3 ) I# responsible for the manufacture of photographic hrle5ng materials and for t&

imue and maintenpace of a Presentation Bwk and master prints of briefing slldes, charts, and other v l s d rmurrlpls.

2.9.2 Technld Photography. Program 9 determined the requirements and sollcited proposlls from quaiifled agencies for accomplishment of the technical photography. Dur- q Nougat pad Sun Beam, technical photography was performed for FCDASA by EG&G. U. S. A l r Force, U. S. Army, and. in some cases, by the Sandia F_opratiOn.

to imure that che sclentinc phenomena were properly photographed. Le.. optimum frame The responaiblc Wncy worked very closely with Program 9 and with the other projects

28

t

rates ad angles, so that measurements and data reduction and andyris could be -de. Upon completion of the measurement photography. copies of the film were made av&ble to the project concerned and to the Program 9 archiven.

2.9.3 Documentary Still Photography. During test periods, the function of providing still photo coverage for the scientific projects md documeatation of the event itself. pa well a s a11 types of still photo support required at the test location. was given to an agency to perform as a project. This effort was designated Project 9.2 and. depending on the anticipated workload. consisted of from 1 officer and 5 enlisted men to 2 officers d 11 enlisted men. At least 2 men were put on fly- status to h d I e law-level (under 5.000 feet) vertlcal and obllque aerial photography.

Project 9.2 was required to provide every type of photo-support under all field conditions. It d s o supported other $on-DOD) agencies at times, and in turn received support fro& them. Some measure of support -6 given to such agencies M the AEC. Lawmaw Radiatlon Laboratory (LRL), Los Alamos Sclentlflc Laboratory (LASL). EG&G, and Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECO). A tabulation of the photo production of Project 9.2 during Operatlone Nougat nnd Sun Beam is glven in Table 2.2.

2.9.4 Photograptur Processing. Prior to resumptlon of testing in 1961, a 10- by 40- foot specially designed photo-trailer wa8 Installed at Sand19 Base and operated by Program 9 personnel. All necessary types of photographic processing and operations were performed there.

When testing resumed, this trailer was sent to hTS. Project 9.2 personnel were r e sponsihle Ior photographic processing at NTS.

As a result of the experience gained during thls operation, efforts are being made to increase Program 9's processing capability. Based on previous experlence, the least costly and most versatile method of providing the required capabflity would be m the form of moblle, self-contalned tralier laboratorlea. These unit8 could be easily pad quckly deployed a6 needed by standard transportation mema and requlre little or no site preparation. During test periods. one or two U h l y skllled operators could train the necessary augmentation service personnel and operate the laboratories in the field During nontest periods. the laboratories could be used. ntored. redeployed, or loaned wlth the costs of upkeep borne by the uaer a# with other DASA test equipment.

Test activity h a clearly down that four general types of laboratory caphillty, or eoaaguratlona. wlll be requlmd for future test operations. Each should be a self-suffl- cleat unlt: black-ad-white 16/35-mm motion-plnue processlng and printing laboratory, black-and-white and color atill processing and printing laboratory, color 16/35-mm motion-picture procemslng and printing laboratory. and prelltninary measurement. data reduction. fllm handling and storage laboratory.

B a e d on the best e8timates avdable. at least two trallers of each type would be required to provide a mmmum capability for future test operations. Only LD this manner can the ~ L I C ~ ~ M ~ I I ~ demand. for opucd and pbotographlc recording. k met for hoih con- tlnental and overseas operations.

2.9.5 Documenrary Motlon Pictures. The requirements for the various types of motion pictures such as effects films. commander's reports. etc.. and straight documentary films were handled as Project 9.3. Although this was done by variourrmilitary agencies in the past, in thin test serlen documentnry and production fllms were produced for

29

FCDASA by Lookout Mountnln perSOCLUe1. f iOjeCt 9.3 rnnged in She from 2 enlisted men to 2 officers, 6 edisted men, and 4 civilians at the height of Operntlons Nougat pnd sun Beam.

In addition to making the required films, Project 9.3 had the processing. editing, .& other associated steps in movie production accomplished at their home base in ~ ~ l l y w w d , California. It wau there also that all of the origmd negatives were stored In air-con& tloned. humidity-controlled vaults. The use of this fllm was bY authorization of pmgram 9, such control being necessary because of the nature and classification of the material. This control was stlll necessary after reclassification by the DOD Classification officer. to prevent unauthorized use or releaue of D A W film.

Technical Representative was appointed by FCDASA to coordinate and to give approval tO the Script. the interlock print, and to the answer print. and to make s u e the release Prints met dl requirements. both scientific and technical. Direct cwtact between these representatives and the duction agency was authorized at all times.

of these prints was determined according to the type audience they were made for, their security classification, and the purpose of the nlm. 1.e.. *ani%. information. etc.

35- or 16-mm, and/or black-ad-white 35- or 16-mm prints could be made. A general summarization of the amount of original 35-mm color negative exposed is given in Table 2.3.

A Commnnd Representative wp. 4PJhtud by CHDASA. M d

The number of release prints to be made was decided bY CHDASA. The distribution

AU motion pictures were exposed on 35-mm color negative from which color prints,

2.9.6 Storage of Photographic Materials. All film, prior to exposure, was treated as contraband material. Since film stored for any length of time, and in warm weather, requires refrigeration, (hi6 film was kept in krge locked refrigerator!& This servlce was offered to those projects authorized to do their own photography; and during Opera- tlons Nougat and Sun Beam as much as 60 ft' of motion-picture film. dosimeter film, sUll film, and photographic emulsion was in storage.

WOS gtven to Program 9 p11 was the aupervlsion of the use and reuse of these 5lms.

negative materia are maintained and filed in Pmgram 9. all puthorized agencies upon request.

Respmibllity for storage and safekeeping of motion-picture films of all test actlvitkes

StiU-picmre negatives, color transparencies and negatives, and various types of test This material is available to

30

TABLE 2.1 DOD SECURITY AND CLASSIFICATION ACTMTIES

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Juri jul

Personnel Baaing

INTC Site Survey

Security Surveys, Limited

Unannounced INTC Checks

Security Lectures

Visual Technlcal Inspections

Security Violation Investigations

General INTC Investigation

Document Classification

Photographic Claaslfication

Security SOP'S Rewritten

327 385

1

1

4

4

4

5

4

200

435 439

4 4

8 8

1

2 3

5 7

11 9

300 800

604

4

8

1 T -

15

8

700

1,332

1

4

1 2

6

20

25

1,500

2

1.667

1

5

10

2

15

101

1,500

2 -~

All INTC activities were carried out by the 901st Intelligence Corps Detachment from Spndia Base. New Mexico.

31

TABLE 2.2 PHOTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION FOR OPERATIONS NOUGAT AND SUN BEAM

Negatives Number and Duplicate of Work

l1 l4 Negatlves Orders

Prints 4 x 5 8 x 10 Shot

D-Y BOY 593 438 18 14 Hard Hat 6.241 1.674 6 228 52 Marshmallow 5.058 11,267 22 1,336 139 Little Feller II 588 1,880 8 140 13

Johnie Bog 174 34 3 8 96 6 Small Boy 8,124 8,369 12 1.376 141 Uttle Feller f 972 1,392 8 169 9 Sedan 68 863 37 6

148 All Nougat Series 2.677

TOTALS 24.395 31,691 76 4.118 528 - - - - 718 12 - 5,465

TABLE 2.3 SUMMARY OF MOTION-PICTURE FILM MPQSED

~~ ~

Shot Motion-Picture Footage

Danny Boy Hard Hat Marshmnllow Lirtle Feller II

Johnle Boy Small Boy Llrtle Feller 1 Gedpn

13,700 19.600 30,000 9,900

5.900 49.400 21,700 2,400

Ail Nougnt Series 50,000

TUTAL 202,600 -

TABLE 2.4 DASA BUDGET, VELA UNIFORM

1.1 Sandia Ccupcpation 1.2 StWd Research Insti tute 1.3 --on, Genneshaussn and G r l a

1.6 Holmes md Harper 1.7 Space Technology Laboratories

1.4

1.8 sanlia ca-poratim

PTWlm 9

Ubtted states Caast and GeodetfC sav ice

Total

$ 574,943.59 938,176.35

429, m3.26 115,135 .E

241, €87.81

22,153.u

E-+= ,32712 9.05

9.1 WatcMys Zxperiment Station $ 105,563.61

9.3 Aracy picteal center 19,2l4.X

9.4 Attcpic W r g y C d s a i o n 3,632.0C

9.2 plc-turial Center 57,000. os 9.3 Lookout K o m t a i n A i r Force Station 112,4?T, .oo

9.5 United Elcctro Dynnrlcs 34,962 .7i 9.61 Field Support 273.26 9.62 Lcgls t icn l sum& -0- 9.59 AFr Fmce Special Weapons Center 5,000.00 39.0 General Smart 936.46 39.1 mela suypm't 65,000.00 39.2 G e m SupPmt 46,33L.'P 60.6 Spedd RBdio Brmdcast h e l l i t f e s n , m . k i 60.6 RQerton, Gemeshausen snd Crier

Miscellanew Total

-- e e

33

- TABLE 2.5 DASA BUDGET, HARD HAT

9.2 9.3 9.4 9.7

9.e

9.9 6o.j

70.1 70.4 70.5 70.6

Holmes and X a r v e r / aeynolds Electrical and $ Ihggineering Ccmpaqv 703,450 .n

Stanfcud Sesearch Inst i tute 133,598 .gO s.snaIa corporation 191,574.46 Colorado Bureau of I3ne.s 13,5j? .92 a e r t o n , Gerneshausen and Grier, Inc.

Total

Army Pictorial Center $ 3,375.00 Lookout l.iountain Air F a c e Station 2,8&. 34 Atcmtc Energy Cwdssicn 3,457.80 Holmes and Narver / Reynolds Electrical 6116.

Ihgbeering Ccmpaqy Holmes and N m r / Reynolds Electrical and

Meld Canmsnd Holmes and N- / Reynolds ELectrical and

Iicienda Test Site CrmmuTLlcations Nevada Ttst Si te

Ihgbeering C m p w

- e r a C m a n y

274,737.14

206,340.93 8,783.25

Field C d , Dctcnse A t d c Suppcot Agency - Travel Cbllgation Authority / Nevnda Ttst Si te

Total

34

TABLE 2.6 DASA BUDGET, SMALL BOY

Rogra;, 1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1 - 5 1.6 1-7 1.8 1.9

Pr~grm 2

2.2 2.3 2.4 2-7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.u 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15

Rwr= 3

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Prcgrar, 5

6.1 6.2 6.3

6.5

6.7 - € . 0

6.4

6.6

Bellist ics Research Laboratory stanid Research Inst i tute Air Farce Special Weapom Center naval Dn?nance Laboratory Stanford Research Insti tute Sandia Corporatian Space Tecbaology Labomtmles Watmqys bperiment Station iiaterways kperlment Station

T o t a l

U. S. Amy Signel Research and Ikvelopment Laboratory Nuclear Defense Laboratmy mclcar Defense Labomtmy United States Weather Bureau mclear Dererrse Laboratory Navy Radiological Defeme Labomtory Xavy Radiologicel Defense Laboratory navy Radiological Defenee Laboratory lJuclear lkfense Laboratory Ruclear Defense Laboratory Navy Rahidlcglcel Defen6e Laboratory Ballist ics Research Labomtory

T o t a l

Massachusetts Ins t i tu te of Techuology Waterways Fzqxrlment Station mvaL ClVFl mglnealng Laboratory U i s t i c s Research Laboratory

Total

Sandla Corporation Mamcmd Fuse QQ.nce LebomtoIy

S I g . d Research rud D M l m e n t Laboratory Sandla C q o r a t i m Air Farce Special Weapcm Center United States Coast and Geodetic Senrlce A F ~ Force spec_ial Weaoom Center

HUghc6 AirUan CCmpaqY

Totel

$ 367,056.43

23,319.96 mr762 .72

220,369-83 166,514.77

$ 1,439,342.00 1,505tlW. 00 1,158,250.00

369,576 .OO 533, Q 472,549 -00 19,375.94 5 7 , 4 9 6 . ~

102,p1.-. 3 5,056,902.32

35

TABLE 2.6 CONlTNUED

-0grsm 7

7.1 7 -14 7.2 7.5 7-6 7.61 7.8 7.0 7.10 7-32 7-13 7.14 7-15 7.17

Rw= 9

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.8 9.10

9-72 9.n

Field Ccunnand, Defense A t d c Support Agency

Lookout M o u n t a i n Air Force S t a t i m N e l d C d , Defense A t d c fltPp0I-t Agency Field C d , Defense Atardc Suppa-t Agency Field Ccmmand, Defense A t d c support Agency -on, GameshauEen and (pier Waterways -ent Statlcol ~ e l d ccrmnard, Defurse A t d c ~ u p p m t Agency Blga-hn, Camesheusen and (pier

Pictorial Center

Total

Grand Total M e d

8 105,000.00 n2,000.00 12,500.00

6 , 2 0 0 . ~ 1,950.00 2,000.00 13,000.00 55,000.00 3,000.00

10,ooo.w 5,500.00 u,500.00 7,503.00

d $ 2,073,032.59

10,000.0c. ~,562.72

94,464.47

12,502 .z7 1o,ooo.00 456,969 .&

25,000. W

151,173.3L

&I m ~r & $12,696,167.94

36

TABLE 2.7 DASA BUDGET, MARSHMALLOW, FY 1962-1963

R(m AGma A M O W

Prqpam 8

8 l O rn 813 816.1 816.2 816.3 808 822 823 824.1 824.2 824.4 830 832.1 832.2 833.4 835 -1 835.2 836.1 838 841 842 Blwn 851.2 851 3 85l.4 852.2 852.4 852.5 854.1

859.3 859.4 e92 893 891

:;i

OD0

lhvsl Research IabmtQry Bdgertoa, Genneshaumn, rud Crier LDclrhced Missile and space mvlsim St~~Ucird Research Instltute W o x d Research Inrtltute

Research Institute &teaford Rescaroh Institute Stanfad Research Institdte Amerfcan Science Md Fqlneecrlng ALr F a r c e Specla Veaparra Center S, B. Plesset Asrccintes Atcmic R~ergy Cmmission' Alt Fcrce Speclsl Weapcma Center Mr Force Special Weapons Center Alr Force Special Yeapans Center America Science and R&gineerlng ~r Force special Weapms Center Air Force Special Ucapms Center Air Fmce Gpecld Weapms Center Air Fmce Specfd Weapms Center Edgertm, Oermsshausen rud Crier Ipigertm, Gemeshausen Md Wer Air Farce Special Weapon6 Center Atmic Bhergy C d s s l m Edgerton, Germeshawen an3 Crier Balmes snd B- Atcmlc Pnrrgv Camniss ia , Atcmic Bhetgy C o n n i s s i m R r y n U Rectrlc rud IWgine+ring Lockhwd wI.nile d space X v l a i o n Atcmic &era C d s s i m Atcmic C d 6 s l Q ~ c y n d d s n e c t r i c and mgineerw meld camand, mfenae Ataoic support Age= A r q Plctorfal Center r a k e M a m t a b P l c t d d Szndce A t o n i c &erg). C a w n . t s s ~ n n / ~ Ridge Atanic Bbayrr Cmtulsslm

Grard T o t a l mail&

485,562.00

86.800.00 25,000.00

37

TABLE 2.8 DASA BUDGET, DANNY BOT

PRcUEcr AGENCY A M O W

Bogram 1

1.1 Sandia Corporations $ 43,836.n 1.2 Waterways Experiment Station 104,631.65 1 . 3 saperton, Gemeshausen, and Gricr 49, ses. 33 1.5 Reynolds Electric and mglneering C c m p q 15,216.67 1 . 6 Watervays Kperiment Station 32,756.65 1 . 7 spece Technology L a b o r a t q 6099.97 1.9 h m c e Radiation Laboratcay - 0-

Total a252,2W .9E Ragram 2

2.4 Lavrence Radiation Laboratory $ 6.442.1.2 2-5

Progam 9

Nuclear Ikiense Laboratmy

9.2 ILny Pictoriel Center 9.3 Lookout Hountain Air Force Sratlon 9.4 Atcmic mer= camuission/cuk Ridge 9.9 Lawrence Radiation Labmatory '9.ll Meld Cmnnand 9.12 Reynolds Electric and RginCClEg CanPm 9 . n

Tota l * 75. 1 .12

$ 5,oos.c.: 9,126.97 10,ooo.00 39,831.82 2,817.65 7,466.43 91.619.61

38

T A B U 2.9 DASA BUDGET, JOHNIE BOY

Rogram 1

1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.11; 1.15

R- 2

2.3 2.4 2.E 2.5 2.13 2.16 2.x

R%== 6

6.6

Rce= 9

9.2 7 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.61 9.7 9.12 9.53

Ballistics Research Labaratmy Watmreys Z ~ e r i n e n t S+.at:on Watelvays Experbent Stat ion ~eynalds Electric and Fqineering ccnpany Waterways Bgerinent Station Waterways m e r i i e n t Station Stadcod Research Inst i tute Air Force Special Veapons Center Sandie Corporation Sea Space

Total

Nuclear ikfense Laborezmy Nuclear Defense Laboratory Ikclee- k f e ~ 5 e Labore',cq. ~ a v y Radlolcgical Defense Laboratow Air Farce Special Weapons Center &L.eer Ilesearc:: am? Develqment Laboretory mclear Defense Laboratory

T o t a l

Air Force Special 'deapons Center T o t a l

k r y Pfctmid Center

A t a d e mergy Cmmiasion / canmunications ReynDLds Electric and Eaginerring Canpaw R e y n o l d s Electric and w e e r i n g C o m p w Sohes rind &mer Vatenmy W e r i m 2 t Ste t ion Obliga-.:cm Authmlty

Lookcut Mountain Air Farce Station Rcp&6

Total

Grand T o t a l Fund&

$ ll0,[email protected] 1x .025.?0 32; 500. OC 7.W.30

23; 00c . 00 E:,3C: .33

8,979.57 8e, L65. oc

39

TABLE 2.10 DASA BULIGET, LITPLE FELLER I AND n

1.1 1 - 3 1 .5 1 . 9

program 2

2.3 2.4 2.8 2.16 2.17 2.m

prWam a 8.1

Rmm 9

9 . 2 9 . 3 9.4 9.5 9.7

9.61 9.62

;:2

Bal l i s t i c s Research Labmatmy Be l l i s t i c s Research Laboretan ,--- -- -mer Research and DmlGent Laboratory Waterways EqHriment Station

16,142 .n Total

Nuclear Defense Laboratory $ 57,661.92 mclear Defense Laboratmy 24,000.00 Auclear Defense Labmatcay 44,728.42

1Suclear Defense Laboratory

WUeer Research and Developnent Labmatory w a 5 . ~ Nlathrrrp Aviation Carporetion 2P,7C5.95

Totel

S i g n a l Research Development Laboratory

Anny P l c t m l d Center Eigerton, Germcshauen and. Crier, Inc.

Canmunications Holmes and Nwer Yatmmys Erperiment Station General suPP0I-t Held Support (hllgmtion Authoriw

R e p r d E

Total

Total

Grand Total Funded

40

Chapter 3

ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

3.1 m S I O N

The mlsslon of the EnginwrLng and COnStNerion Dlvlslon W C ) , FCWT. was to provide construction and Geld support at the VprIOUS test PlteS In support Of the W D nuclear tests.

Other collateral functions conslated of coordfiytlDp slte selection activities. develop- lng plot plans and lnstrvment layouts, wrlthg button-up and reentry plans, and provlding technical test construction advlce nnd mervlces to other personnel of FCwT. In addition, ltplso~ wao effectnd hemeen the AEC Arahltect-Engineer, cone.truction contractors, .nd the projens. Project personnel were not authorized direct contact with construction contractors.

3.2 ENGINEERING

The englneerlng portion of the mIas100 was accomplished by determining. reviewing. and coordlnat!ng all construction requirements of approved scientific programs. The approved requiremenu were forwarded to the proper agency for design and planning. The engineering section reviewed all designs for practicability, sultability. and timeli- ness. On approval by the engineering section, Geld constructlon was directed.

The flow of crlterla and accompsnying coordination required from the submission of a project's requirements until receipt of the requirements by the construction contractor Is lndlcated In w e 3.1.

3.3 CONSTRUCTION

All fleld m t r u c t l o n In support of the DOD test activltles waa accomplished by EDC. To mc0mpll.h thls portion of the mission, a permanent fleld offlce waa manned at NTS by M man9 an 10 engineer offlcers. The branch coordlnated all phaaes of support con- atructlon beroleen the constructlon contractor and sclentlflc personnel, inspected con- atructlon an it progressed, monltored the expenditure of allocated funds, and provided neld mu~port In tbs form of labor, equipment. and incldentpl materials tu all projects In the field.

In addltlon, E&C formulated and supervlaed the execution of the button-up plan, coor- dlaoted on device emplacement, provided support for the rsentry acuvlties, and supervised the postshot recovery of data and Instruments.

lined below. The scope of the work accomplished during Operations Nougat and Sun Beam is out-

3.3.1 Hard Hat. Work was begun In early November 1961. and all projects were completed for the ready date of 15 February 1962. Responsbth~for the work was taken

41

Over from LRL, Lollipop event, in an inactive state and rePct1Vated in a week. The work accompliobed consisted of completing the underground inetnunent holes. htpu14B 16 structural tea sectlorn and the 450 gages in the total of 48 test S ~ O M , drilling 8,550 feet of deep instrument holes, and installing numerous underground and surface instruments. EDC assisted in the emplacement of instruments and supervised the grouting of dl holes. Figures 3.2 and 3.3 ahow the scope of conatructloa

A summary of the major constructlon items follows:

Project 1.2, Close-In Earth Motlon. Gages were iaetalled at seven surface 1ca- tions and various depths in seven deep vertical holes at horizontal range. from 0 to 3.000 f e e t In oddltion. six small-dlameter heavy-walled tubes were p l o d In boler drllled from the Station 1500 tunnels. with the remote ends penetrating the sxplosion cavity. Instrumentation required the installation of 72 gage chunnela with necessary recorder shelters nnd facilities.

Project 1.3, Surface Motion Photography. One portion of the project required that two target arrays and two camera stations be built. The second portion required the construction of three inertial weight and camera stations at ranges from surface zero of 50. 450. and 950 feet. The inertial weight target assembly consisted Of a weighted indi- cator suspended on a helical spring from a 100-foot tower in front of a graduated target. The tower and targets were rigidly anch0red.h the ground.

Project 1.4, Strong-Motion Seismic Measurements. Nine strong-motion statione. each consisting of an instrument shelter mounted on a concrete pad and provided with the necessary timing signals. were constructed.

Project 3.1. Loading, Response, and Evaluation of Rock and Tunnel Liner Struc- tures. The plan of instrumentation for the tunnel liners was developed by the Universiry of Illinois in collaboration with Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and Holmes and Narver, Inc. (HbrN). Forty-eight structures were instrumented. A total of 869 measurements, 108 transient and 751 static, were required by the plan. The instrument plan Is illus- trated in Figure 3.4.

Project 3.2, Electronic Measurements in Rock and Tunnel Liner Structures. Forty- three test structures were instrumented with 108 channels for electronic measurements that were recorded at a recordlng station on the surface. 2,000 feet from the main vertical ah.R

particle-motlon and free-5eld measurements in six deep underfiound instrument holes drilled from the tunnel floors. Instrument installation. 1.986 feet of drilling, a surface rscording pruk. ard cahllng for recording and timing si@s were required to support thi4 project

Project 3.11, Photogrpphic Measurements in Rock and Tunnel Liner Structures. Three undergroucd camera stations were co~ t ruc led , 10 photograph structures during

-

Pro;act 3.3. Partlcle blotlon. Stress. aod Strrln in Gmite. Thb project made

the test

Project 3.12, Reed Gage Measurements in Rock and Tunnel Liner Structures. Twenty ihock spectra p g e s were installed on underground structures and in canisters grouted in the floor of the horizontal access tunnels.

A i r Force Tschnlcnl Applications Center (AFI'AC) Projects. In-abtiiiion to the a b o v e - l i d projects. ELC supported 15 AFI'AC-sponsored projects. Although no great

42

E O M V U C ~ I O ~ volume was inwlved, a great deal of time-consuming coordlnntion of small detalls requlred many man-hours.

AEC Projects. AEC projects measuring permanent dlsplacemsnt. hydrodynamic pressure. shock pressure, and Etres8 history were supported. Major effort ConsIEted of underground drilling, placing of instruments. and running of recording cables. .

Following Hard Hat, .E&C supervIMd the reentry and recovery of h8trumenta and structures. This work extended over a perfod of about 4 months.

3.3.2 Marshmallow. E&C performed Its normal mission in support of Mnrshmallow pod, In addltlm. provided me program dlrectnr to supervlse the 850 serles programs. The went was originally scheduled to occur In the 01 drift of the UlZe tunnel in Area 12. Damage to the tunnel Incident to the Antler event and predicted selamlc acUvlty resulting from scheduled adjacent events required that the project be located in a remote and relatively quiet area. E&C m d t n a t e d all actlvltles neceswy to select a new area, aud, after extensive investigation. Area 16 was selected as the most sultable.

and. in addttion, was responsible for cwrdlnatlng and scbedullng all activity undergruud: Tbe ELC Officer, fvnctloning as a program offlcer, supervlsed the following projects

Title - - Project

651.2 Common Pipe aud Support 851.4 Plpe Response 852.1 852.2 852.4 Tunnel Construction 652.5 Field Support 854.1 Catchers and Closures 854.2 End Plate Shields 854.3 Imploder Components 854.4 Flux Screem 855.0 Reentry 856.0 Timlng and Signals

Excavation of Tunnel and Construction Vacuum System Installation and Operation

Work wan begun on the site In early November 1961. and the tunnel was portaled. 27 November. The work proceeded on a 3-shift, 7-day-week basls. and m e 1 excavation waa completed 5 Mnrch 1962 (Fipues 3.5 ad 3.6). The total length of drlft was 3,005 feet, and a volume of 28.450 yd' of mck was sxcavated Dressing of the drlft. including alcoves. shleld wall, capxlal cable. mecbnlcal systems, etc., requlred an addltlonal 2% months.

The mymm was Installed by EGLG. supported by REECO Inbor. The Installation work started 20 bfarcb 1962 ad w a s completed 3 blay. Construction effort waa also expended on other major faclllties such as machine shops, trsller-mounted recording centers, etc.

At mbot time, the vacuum wan drawn down to 0.7 micron of mercury. Reentry was completed and sample recovery waa begun 1 week after the shot. Recov-

EAC 8uprvlsad the contractlog for the purchase and fabrlcatlon of tbe vacuum uystem.

ery was completed 12 August. and the tunnel was turned over to the AEC for addltional postshot acploration.

3.3.3 Danny Boy. This shot was fielded by LRL for DOD. O n c e r of E&C served on the .tpff of the Technical Duector and coordinated all DOD construction requirements

43

through the LRL EOC Dlvislon. LRL mpervised pad i ~ ~ e c t m c l dl 5eld c o a ~ t r u c t l ~ ~ The major items accomplished under this OrganiZPtiOn were: 0) htrument emplacement drllltng of four 120-foot drill holes and one 80-foot &ill hole, (2) p0s-a of three 300-foot drlll holes. pad (3) constructlon of two revetted camera stations.

3.3.4 Johnie Boy. This shot wan fielded by WD. and dl engineering a d construction lctlvities were under the S u p s ~ S l O ~ Of mc. All Sits se~sction activities were cmrdf- nated. and field actlvities were superviled by Uc. m o r COnStrUCtiOn items provided for thls event were ai follwi:

Project 1.1, Alrblast Constructed 12 mtations along the b h t line. provided anchoring system for airborne StatIOM, h t a l l e d instruments. lmtalled recording cables, and provided a revetted recordlng bunker.

Project 1.2. Ground Motion. Provided 5ve underground instrument ShtlOnS from 200 to 500 feet from ground zero.

Project 1.5, Throwcut Diarlbution. Installed 200 collectors in an array 360- around g r d zero at distances from 200 to 2,000 feet

Project 1.7. Shock Spectra. Conrhucted four atations and protective structures around ground zero.

Project 1.9. Crater Dlmenslons. Placed 15 sand columns in l2O-fcmt drill holes at various distances from ground zero.

hofect 1.12, Surface Permanent Displacement. Provided second-order pre- nnd postshot survey of an array of concrete monuments located 360' around ground zero at distpnces from 100 to 500 feet

Project 1.13, Permanent Di6plPCement at Depth. Drilled and cased sk 100-foot- deep holes at various dlstpaces around ground zero.

Projects 2.3 and 2.4. Radiation Measurements. Installed multiple passive dose rate detectors.

Project 2.9, Fallout Sampllng. Installed 16 fallout collector statlons at varions dlluaceo around ground zero.

Project 6.6. Electromagnetic (EM) Effects. Installed electromagnetk instrumentation md cotupuasd a racordlng bunker.

ponshot neld #upport actlvitles over a period of 8 months. To complete the scientlflc studles. It WM neces.pry to provide and supervlse extenslve

3.3.5 Little Feller I. Because of the purpoae of this shot. very llftle coMtructlon s u p port was rsqulred from U C . In general, only field aupport Items, hcludlng 6urvsging and rod construction. were furnlsbed.

3.3.6 Little Feller U. Englneering aupport f a this shot followed the n o d teat support pattern, with U C mordhatlng the site selection actlvltles. providing all conotruction m~pport. d coductlng poatshot actlvities through January 1963. Cowtrwtion closely followed that of Johnle Boy md Is not repeated here.

44

3.3.7 8 d m. ate adectlon audlei for thlr .bot were LnlUated In the fpIl of 1961, d a d m ground zero slre WM apprwed by the DOD Test Director in December 1961, dtar wordintion r i th the PgencIea Cooducthg the primary EM aperImemr.

pleted until sbortly before shot time. Thta situation made plannrng and exeauuon of the oonatruction portrcul.rly dliILcult krt could not be avo1dal. becaw new projecti were conunuously behg added. nod chngsa to dstlns PmlCCtS were frequent An attsmpt to .tPbUze the altuwon wan made by estpbliihlng cutoff &tes for subrm~aion of criteria charges. but lack of enforcement broke down the system.

ti5c prolects were supported In the del& and shock and EM progrpms. Other co~t ruc t ion . t h w b not as extenslve, was exacting. At the peak of the wor*lond. 10 mlllrPrg englwers wre .ss@ed to EbC at ms. One of the complicated problems faced was the assignmeat of red estate with& the test array. ' Thta problem WEE eolved generally to the laUafactIon Of all projects. bowwer, the MI- time effort of one offlccr was requlred to plan aod cwrdlnate the details. The plpnning w m further complicated by the requirement of mplly EM pmlects that no wire or wbd metal oblects be placed In the viclnlty of their dsta-COlleCtlng LMtrumentS. The extensive paruc~patian ~n Small Boy makes It Impracticable to list In detail the m)or Conltructlon items required to support the sclentlfic program, however. the job included deep-hole hnt-ntstion. erectlon of antennas, conatruction of masslve underground r e c o r m bunkers, road and trrd constructlon, and many otber ltems (Figure 3.1).

The aasembly of construction crlterk WM begun In December 1961 &d not m y corn-

8 d eOy had the most aaenalve pnrUclp0tlon of any W D eves FLftg-three scien- blnjor construction WM regulred by the blast

3.3.8 Vela-Unlform. Throughout the entlre perlcd of Operations Nougat and Sun Beam, E&C provided construcuon support for Vela-Uniform projects, regardiem of .ha p ~ c l p r u o n . Sqmrt wp. given u, 117 pro]ectS pr t lc lpt lng on 42 events. It ranged from drUlIng and Instrurnentlng deep underground (1,200 feet. maxtmum) boles to provldiog survey support to fix the posltlon of trailer-mounted surface stotians.

!n Table s.1 helps to envlsion the magnitude of the acUvIUes engaged In by EplC during 1962.

The Wxllation of events. DOD partfclpathg projects, and ConstruCUOn support costs

3.4 PROBLEM AREAS

The paramount problem encountered during these operations was the compressed time frame In which events were planned. flelded, m d itred. The short Ume frame frequently required EbC tn begin construction before the scientific projects hnd completely finalized their requirements. This procedure complicated the coordlnntlon problem, required frequent 5eld changes, and Incremd ccets.

A second major problem w a ~ created by the sudden trmaltlon *om a relatlvely orderly pmcsdure to 4 sudden crMh effort Thls crash effon &troduced mpqy Inexperienced people lnto the overall program and resulted In much Inefficiency, accompanied by in- C M M ~ costa Many of the new people. lucluling those of the iupport contractor, attempted to take shortcuts or chonge the exlstlng system, thus introducing confusion, contllcts pad, at t lmen. ruffled tempers. The eupport contractor bad a particularly difficult time when requlred to expand forces by a factor of approximately 4 to satisfy the support requirements. Many of the new employees were explolters. Thls resulted In poor workmanshlp, errors, spd omissions, which increased the wo$$.load on the EDC

45

perrormel. The Archltsct-hglneer OrgnnlzPUon dl0 faced the rapid expnnaion problem u.3 MI h.n&cllpped by inexperienced personnel. h b l e m s of the ArChItect-Eweer hd a savere &eat on a l l followIql Mpm in the oonstructlon process.

Other problems that affectad the progress of canstructlon included temperatures r n g - from subfreezing to above 10V F. strong dust-laden winds that frequently caused

.hutdoam of field work, u.3 the relatively Wide mcatterhg O f SIUS 011 Which even- were rchsduled

46

TABLE 3.1 SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTION ACTMTIES

shot W D Projects Construction c o g

Hard Hat 25 s 1,I11,000 hbarnhmallow 26 3.208.000 D-Y eoY 14 682,000 Small Boy 53 4.040,OOO

Liffle Feller I and ll 24 395,000 Jo&e Boy 17 674,000 Vela-Uniform (42 events) - 117 806.000

TOTALS 49 276 %10.916,000

47

L

Elevator Shaft 4

- 36- inch diameter Cosed Hole

lest Drifts -1

Figure 3.2 Cross section view of Hard Hat tunnel.

49

!STATION LAYOUT W D HAT PROJ 1.2

800 5 1 30 5N

I

LEGEND I ODrrp hob a surfocr gogr X Surfocr gages only

1 Do 579,000

Figure 3.3 Surface inatrumentatlon, Shot Hard Hat.

so

Chapter 4

OPERATIONS

4.1 FUNCTIONS

The functions of the Operations Division were as follows: (1) Prepared the operations plan in coordination with the program directors to include

the conditions under which a shot would be cancelled or held. (2) Prepared the Rad-Safe and reentry plans. (3) Prepared the plan for personuel control during,hutton-up. (4) Prepared the air operations plan. ( 5 ) Prepared the air support plan and arranged for the required air support. (6) Coordinated with AEC for use of the bombiag range areas outside the test site. (7) Planned and arranged for communications facilities required for the test. (8) Obtained authorization for use of radiofrequencies. (9) Planned and arranged for timing signals required by the projects. (10) Obtained and provided required meteorological support. (11) Planned and coordinated troop participation. (12) Controlled personnel movements in the test area during button-up. (13) Controlled reentry and recovery in coordination with program directors. (14) Arranged for training and certification of Rad-Safe monitors. (15) Notified off-site agencies and projects of shot time and shot delays.

4.2 BACKGROUND

The Operations Division, CTO, was active at NTS for all eveats of Operations Nougat and Sun Beam. The branch was increased from 2 officers and 2 enlisted men in January 1962 to 12 officers and 6 enlisted men. during Sun Beam, and was organized as a division under the Test Group Director.

For Operations Nougat and Sun Beam, the actlvltles of the Operations Dlviaion included preparation of technIcaVoperational plans, reentry plans. shot delay plans, md air operations plans; preparation and distribution of shot schedules; reviewing and submitting event cards for DOD scienti5c test projects; operation of a forward control point (FCP) on shot a d subsequent days to control reentry into the test areas; scheduling Rad-Safe monitor training for test project personnel; and maintaining radiation exposure records. The division also consolidated communications requirements. requested the purchase of additional equipment to support the test projects, consolidated timing and flrlng requirements, and coordinated the scheduling of a series of dry runs to assure receipt of the signals by the projects. An importanf activity for Small Boy was the coordination of project use of the La6 Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range for instrument emplacement and recovery.

During the planning phase of Small Boy, the division coordinatedthe,positioning .- of aircraft and balloons in the urhorne test array.

All the Sun Beam events were dependent upon the weather. Le., upon the direction and speed of tbe winds. For Johnie Boy and Little Feller I and Ii. one consideration was that

56

the fallout from one event ahould not overlap fpllout from another, thus obscuring or disturbing data. Another consideration for Johnle Boy was the amount of fallout thpt would be deposited off-site. The off-site fallout question compounded the problem on S m a l l Boy in that the emplacement of the fallout collection array was based upon the direction stated early In the program, as required to prevent excessive fallout in certain off-site areas.

The Sun Beam events produced some unusual problems in timing and firing. Careful routing of timhg cables was required on Small Boy because of the electromagaetic pulse (EMP) experiments. On Little Feller I, because the firing was to be done by troops in the Ivy Flats exercise, the normal electronic firing signal could not be used. For this event, electronic signals were furnished for experimental instrumentation, 4 voice countdown was furnished to the firing crew for launch. These problems are discussed in more detail in Section 4.4.7.

4.3 AIR OPERATIONS

The air operations responsibilities Of the Test Director for Sun Beam were handled by the Operations Division, CTO.

Acting for the Test Director on all matters concerning air support for test programs, Ai r Operations was responsible for the following:

(1) Acting as coordinating agency for the Test Director and his subordinate .anits with the AEC and the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) on matters pertaining to: consolidation and submission of requirements, allocation of support capability available, and coordination of all test and support air participation activities within the NTS with the Test Director and staff to insure maximum support for the test program. planning phase for Small Boy, the Operations Division coordinated the positioning of aircraft a d balloons in the test array.

(2) Advising the Test Director on feasibility and capabiiities Of satisfying air requirements.

(3) Maintaining a current list of all aircraft requirements and providing up-to-date information, by event, to AFSWC.

To insure adequate air support, all units subordinate to the Test Director submitted air requirements direct to Operations Division These were consolidated with scientific laboratory requirements and submitted to AFSWC, the organization responsible for pro- vidlng necessary aircraft and support for all NTS activities. Generally, these requirements included Rad-Safe surveys, aerial probe surveys, sample return, recovery, photography, alr sampllng. and special mlssions generated as the test series progressed.

During Sun Beam, several problem areas were encountered by Air Operations, one of which pertained to the aircraft required in support of the NTS program In June 1962. it became necessary to request assistance from CWASA to obtain helicopters for supoort of Su- Beam from other than normal A i r Force sources. Requests for these aircraft through AFSWC bad resulted In a letter horn AFSWC that stated alrcraft with necessary capability were not available from A i r Force Bources.

and base support for these aircrafl had been planned in October 1961. However, as the size of the NTS program grew, the requlrements for aircraft also increased unti!, in January 1962. Nellis AFB informed AFSWC it could no longer furnish adequate support for the NTS aircraft to be stationed at Indian Springs AFB (ISAFB). In June 1962, CTO informed CHDASA of the Lmpact that limited operations at ISAFB would have on the over-

Early in the

Requirements for support and mission aircraft at NTS had been &Mated in April 1961.

57

all teet program at NTS and requested that action be taken with B m r r USA? 0 provide the support required. CRDASA made the request for assirtnnce to B m d q w r s USAF, and a s a result, Headquarters TAC (Tactical Al r Command) waa directed to provide the support required at ISAFB. After this key decision was made, support u was satisfactorily provlded to meet the tight firing rcbadule.

W F and VIIF radio equipment at the FCP. This arrangement was not enurely ~ t i . f p c - tory, because no backup radio was available, and no vlsual obtaervation of the r i rcr .h was possible.

An airlift or shuttle service to transport personnel and cargo between ISAPB and Kirtland AFB w a s established for the test series. The schedule for the Plrllft was frequently devlated from, and on many occasions the alrcraft was laadequate from the standpoint of available space.

Control of helicopters in the forward area (Area 18) was accompliehed with a single

4.4 EVENT ACTIVITIES

The Operations Division activities were governed by the individual events. The types of experiments. time acbedules..burst location. and ewlronmsntPl Epctorta wid so much from event to event that each one had to be handled aa a separate problem. In this section the events a r e reported in chronological order rather than by types of operational problems.

4.4.1 Hard Hat.

Planning. Planning for Hard Hat took place during the moratorium on nuclear testing. Construction of the shaft and time1 was also carried out during the moratorium, with the tunnel and test drlft complex all but completed at the time the test ban was lixled (Flgure 3.2). After lifting of the test ban, the room at the forward face of the tunnel and the numerous test sections were completed and instrumentation installed.

Rad-Safe. Because It waa impossible to foretell tbe degree that radiation mlght leak to the surface, several remote-reading radiation monitors were employed around surface zero and the shaft collar. Others, as well as tunnel condition Indicators. were placed in the tunnel. To contain the ehot and reduce radiation in the shaft and adjacent work area, two sand plugs and a gas seal door were emplaced in the tunnel. Air-sampling p i p s were installed through the plug@ and the gaa mal door to be used duriqg reentry, to determine C O E ~ ~ ~ ~ O I I E just forward of the plugs and door.

teams, Indicated all stations reading background Containment was complete until B+11 hours, when the cavlty formed by the exploslon collapsed, developing a chimney for about 200 feet above shot pohL T h e r e e r , radiation levels reached p e a of 500 mr/hr at surface zero and about the same at the bottom of the elevator shaft, whlle readings inside the gas seal door of the tunnel reached greater than 10 r/hr nt one poht T h e e levels decayed rapidly, so that withln 2 days the outside readings had returned to background, and in 1 week the tunnel inside the gas seal door was down to appmxlmately background level. At no time did radiation effects become a hazard or a problem in reentry.

device and to stem the shot hole, a8 well a s the time-consuming process Of m i n g the sand plugs in the tunnel, caused access to the tunnel to be llmited as early as D-6 days. Stem-

The iaitlnl radiation situation, gathered from remote monitors and ground survey

Personnel Control. Button-Up, and Reentry. The requirement to lower and test the

58

. ’.

_A-

mhg Ln the tunnel was completed 021 D-4 days, with removal Of the ahaft h d - f r a m c equipment beginning the same day. The cap plug was placed on the ahaft, and stemming of the Ul5a hole was completed on D-1 day.

ahown am FIgure 4.1. After shot time, COOtrOl Of the area WPB exercised from the FCP. The observer area, reentry party staging area, and F C P were approximately 4 miles from ground zero a s shown on Figure 4.1.

west of ground zero. where the initial recovery parties were controlled for reentry. lnltial surface reentry for radiation survey commenced at H + 2 hours. The delay was due to a miafire of the H + 5 minute microbarograph calibration shot After the initial raclIation survey aud the early recovery, control of entry Into the area was moved to a point 200 feet southeast of the shaft collar area.

A plan for reentry on the surface around U15a and for the tunnel itself was issued OII 21 December 1961. Several projects required early reentry am the surface to recover date Slnce no radiatlon was evidenced initially, the reentry parties on D-day were a1- lowed to proceed with only control of authorized personnel necessary. On D + 1 and D + 2 days. parties were allowed into area for stay times commensurate with the radiation situation.

shaft. Shaft reentry pnd repair was completed on D+ 22 days. Tunnel reentry and recovery commenced on D+23 days and was completed on D+113 days. LRL personnel directed the shaft and tunnel reentry until the tunnel was cleared for normal operations. Coordinatlon of shaft and tunnel reentry and recovery with LRL and CTO Program 3 personnel was also handled by CTO operations personnel.

only of pre- and postshot aerial photo missions, D-day security sweeps, cloud tracking.

On D-day. roadbloch were estnhllahed on main access routes into the mea a s

At E+ 2?/2 hour., the control of the ahot area moved to approximately 1 mile

At 1334 hours on D + 8 days, initial tunnel reentry commenced with reentry into the

Air Operations. Air operations on this event presented no problem, consisting

and &-sampling ~ ~ S S ~ O I I S .

Communications and Timing and Firing. Project communications were provided on the normal DOD net. No special equipment or frequencies were required. The device was fired and other timing signals supplied from the Control Room at CP-1. No unusual signals were required

Meteorological Support Satisfactory weather for firing this event was defined as a 2-hour period when the winds were southerly 020' to 230') to an altitude of 6,000 feet MSL This was estimated by the U. S. Weather Bureau (USWB) to give a 30 to 35 percent probahllity of having the necessary winds. A w h d from due south was considered ideal.

Hard Hat was scheduled for 1000 hours, 15 February 1962, and was fired at that t h e without encountering delays. The winds at detonation time were southerly, within the required sector, and no problems concerning weather conditions were encountered.

Service (USPHS) to track the cluuci off-site, in the event the shot vented. No off-site activlty occurred.

Off-Site Coordination Prior arrangements were made with the U. S. Public Health

4.4.2 Dmuy Boy.

Planning. Danny Boy was a cratering project conceived and-fielded within a very short time. Thls event was fielded by LRL with program assistsllce by DOD. CHDASA authorized Danny Boy I O January 1962. The event wa6 to consist of a cratering shot on

59

e buplt IUeM at NTS, 1 Mprch. T U basalt formatlon Is a recent lava now cap&, forming a mesa 20 miles long by 8 miles wide. The selected device wpll to have a yield of 470+40 tons and was to be detonated at a depth of 120 feet. The depth of burst W-

changed to 110 feet on the basis of late information obtained from Hard Hat. (Radio- chemistry results ahow the actual yield wan 4 3 0 t 4 0 tons.) The depth of the shot was selected to provide a maximum crater size with a minimum escape of radioactivity.

On 1 March 1962, the project was completaly ready to fire. Authority to shoot, boorever, dld not arrive until a few days later. Danqy Boy was fired succeaafully 5 March,

Rad-Safe. The cloud height was about 3,000 feet with a radius Of approximately 1,500 feet. A unique method was used to measure dose rate on the ground, utilizing helicopters equipped with a radar-altimeter corrected scintillation detector. Daily ground surveys were conducted through D+ 10 days to determine decontamination p r a m - eters. For example, on D + 5 days the 1.0-r/hr contour had shrunk to within 300 feet of the crater lip. Off-site radiation was measured by aerial radiation survey at approximately 2-mile intervals out to 24 d e s from ground zero during the period H+ 5 to H+ 7 hours.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. Since this event was fielded by LRL

A i r Operations. Low- and high-altitude cloud tracker iU3A and WB-50), security sweep (L-201, cloud sampler (B-57). and DOD photo#F21) aircraft participated. In addition, the Nuclear Defense Laboratory M L ) Project 2.8) operated HUS helicopters in performing aerial radiation and crater probe missions. A helicopter pad was constructed near the FCP for this operation. same area as Little Feller I and I1 and Johnie Boy, the FCP was not colocated.

for DOD, control, button-up, and reentry were accomplished by LRL.

Although this experiment was conducted in the

Communlcations and Timing and Firing. No telephone service was provided for Area 18 operations. All communications in the forward area relied on use of existing YHF radio networks. Timing and 5ring wa8 done from a scooter trailer positioned adjacent to the FCP.

Meteorological Support Weather suppox? was provided in Area 18 by USWB. Desired shot-time winds were from the south at 4 to 22 knots. Actual winds were within these tolerances.

Rad-Safe Monitor Traln&g. Because this was the first DOD event (slnce the testing moratorium ended) involving extensive planned radlation monitoring by projects, a concentrated monitor tralntng program was required. Arrangements were made for this training to be accomplished by REECO.

Off-Site Coordination. No off-site partlcipation was included; however, off-site radiation monitoring was conducted a s a routine matter by the USPHS.

4.4.3 Marahmallow.

Planning. testing in 1958. the moratorium but was fielded on a crash basis within 9 months after the moratorium was lifted.

Marshmallow was coducted i n Tunnel U16a at NTS (Figure 4.2). The working point (WP) was designed to be at coordinates N 822.611.67, E 635,951.27, and at an elevation of 6,242.43 feet abwe .sea level.

Planning for Marshmallow had begun prior to the moratorium on nuclear The progxun was mothballed at an 18-month state of readiness during

60

Because of a delay in the Des Moines event, in wblcb Some Mpr8hmallow sc ienmc htruments were being tested, the schedule date was changed to provide necessary time to complete testing of equipment. Marshmallow was detonated at 1000 hours, 28 June 1962, without delays.

The FCDASA Technical Operations Plan for this event was issued 2 March 1962. Subsequent to its publication, a detailed reentry plan was developed in conjunction with the Sandia Corporation and published approximately 30 days prior to ShQt day.

Rad-Safe. See next paragraph.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. The control of the shot area initially waa as shown in Figure 4.3. The firing point and FCP were located approximately 2 miles east of the UI6a portal are& The observer area and reentry and recovery stag@ areas were approximately 4 miles northeast of the portal area. This location was directed by the Test Manager a s a precaution against a repeat of the type of venting experienced during Des Moines. Radiation and reentry procedures were contained in the above-mentioned reentry plan. Surface reentry radiation s w e y s were controlled by the Operations Division from the FCP. Surface recovery, tunnel reentry, and recovery were controlled by the Sandia Corporation with necessary W D support and coordination for its responsible functions. On D + 1 day; control of further reentry and recovery moved to the U16a portal area.

ing system and at H+ 45 minutes by four ground teams of two monitors each. At approximately H+ 2 hours, when the radiation situation was known, the initial surface recovery parties (for recovery of the 10 instrumentation trailers located above the portal area) were allowed to reenter. operations.

On D+ 1 day, initial tunnel reentry began. Initlal reentry and recovery ended on D+ 4 days but recovery of less critical data continued.

Surface reentry and recovery plans were necessarily flexible because of the nature of the shot. terrain. and susceptibility of the recording instrumentation to radiation. Generally, there were two alternate plans to be used, depending upon the radiation situation and the condition of the road nets. The primary means of recovery was by access road. The alternate system involved use of helicopters and a landing pad constructed on top of the 10 inatnunentation trailers.

The lnltlpl radiation situation confirmed that the shot had been contained. The vent bole provided for release of radioactive gos and Is believed to have been the source of moat of the radlation in the entire area. This radiation dissipated rather rapidly and provided no problem for surface reentry or recovery. The tunnel radiation was more intense and did cause a delay in re-entry.

Air Operations. Normal cloud tracker (U3A). recurity sweep (L-20). and photo (HI-21) arcraft participated. In addition, three HUS helicopters were deployed to the FCP to be used a s part of an alternate recowry plan to recover critical data from the instrumentation trallers above the portal. tions to and from the instrumentation trailers, utilizing a helo pad constructed atop the trailer complex. All helicopter operations were controlled from the operations trailer at the FCP. The primary plan was used satisfactorily, and these three HUS aircraft were not required.

this evenr

Surface radiation surveys began at H+10 minutes, using a helicopter-borne monitor-

KO problems were encountered throughout reentry and recovery

This plan would have involved shuttle opera-

Commualcations and Timing and Firing. No special frequencies were required for Normal telephone and radio facilities were provided to the Program Manager

6 1

and hla stdf. Wing of the device wyos accomplished from the E a 0 scooter t r u e r located at the FCP. The communications support was Inadequate, a8 a result of late staffing for the communications function and pressing conflict with Small Boy and Area 18 events.

Meteorological Support. Weather support was provided by USWB. The satisfactory weather for firing was defined as northerly or southerly winds. Because of the seasonal variations of the winds. it waa felt that a wfnd from tbe south would be more Wtely. The winds at detonation time were southerly, wlthln the required sector, and no problems concernlng weather colldltiona were encountered.

Rad-Safe Monitor Training. Arrangements were made with REECO well in advance of the ahot day to establish a training course for project Rad-Safe monitors. REECO then certified these personnel to the AEC as qualified Rad-Safe monitors. In addltion, arrangements were made with REECO to establish a mine safety Course for Marshmallow reentry parties, to include use of tbe McKay self-contalned breathing system.

in event of venting were made to include provision Of cloud-tracking aircraft, etc. No off-site activity resulted.

Off-Site Coordination. Necessary precautions for possible off-site contamination

4.4.4 Little Feller II Planning. Little Feller n was one of three events added to the Sun Beam series

rather late in the operational phase. It was originally scheduled for 9 July 1962. However, due to the limited amount

of time available to complete the series of shots, the target date was moved forward to 7 July. no delays in the time o r date of firing.

Rad-Safe. Early radiological survey data was obtained from 11 remote monitors placed 50 to 2.400 feet from ground zero. The 50-foot station was lost at detonation time, leaving a 200-foot station as the closest station. All other stations functioned properly until H+ 20 minutes, at which time all stations were lost when the main cable was cut by a reentry party. Early and late aurvey information was provided by REECO and Project 2.8. No unusual radiological problems were encountered. The recovery of Project 6.6, however, involved close supervision because of the requlrement that equipment used on Little Feller II be reused on Johnle Boy. H+1 hour a d D + l day survey8 are included as Figures 4.4 through 4.6.

Little Felier II was detonated as scheduled at 1000 hours on 7 July. There were

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. Reentry began at approximately H+ 1 5 minutes and continued durilg daylight hours througb D+ 18 days. Reentry to close-in sta- . . _ tions was delayed by the scheduling of Johnie Boy &d Little Feller I and by the Ivy Flats exercise rehearsals. The reentry parties were small and. in most cases, consisted of from two to four men. Reentry p r t i e s were larger only in cases where lahorers were required to provide access to Instruments located in bunkers.

Reentry wa6 controlled by the Operations Division personnel (Figure 4.7). ReentFy to the cloeed area was limited to personnel with an approved scheduled reentry card. Prior to each reentry. the point to which each party would proceed was checked against the Rad-Safe map to insure that no party would be cleared into 80 area with a dose rate greater than 10 r/hr. during the reentry.

Each party was required to have a qualified monitor with them The control point was moved from the FCP to a point 1 mile closer

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to ground zero. at approximat8ly B+16 hours, to a o w C l O l s r control of the area m d to allow c o ~ t r u c U o n to begin pgsln In the adjacent areas. Reentry was interrupted on 10 July for Johale Boy and remalned intermittent until Little Feller I occurred on 17 July.

sampling (B-57), s e c u r i ~ s w e p (L-20). and photo W-21) aircraft. In addition, three EUS helicopters were operated by NDL !Project 2.8) from a Specially constructed belo pad in Area 18, adjacent to the FCP.

IJHF and VHF radlo equipment at the FCP. This arrangement was not entirely satisfactory, because no backup radio was avallable, d no visual observation of the aimraft waa possible.

ground zero, which was designed to deflate at o r about zero time but failed to do SO. The balloon had to be pulled down mpnually, and t h i s caused some delay for early crater probe mlssion and early aerial Rad-Safe SUrVeYS.

was accomplished with the AEC operations coordinator, because the range north of A r e a 18 was involved.

Air Operations. Air participation conslsted of normal cloud tracking (VU), cloud

Coatrol of helicopters In the forward area (Area 18) was accomplished with a single

Postshot helicopter operatione were hampered by a large balloon tethered west of

Coordination with AEC for Use of La6 Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range. This

Communications and Timlng and Firing. No telephone service was provided for Area 18 operationa All communications in the forward area relied on use of existing VHF radlo networks. Firing of the device ard provision of necessary timing signals were accomplished by EG&G, using the scooter trailer positioned at the FCP. Timing signals were provided as outlined in Table 4.1 and a s shown on Figure 4.8.

Meteorologcal Support. Weather support was provided in Area 18 by USWB. Desired shot-time wind direction and speed was 110't40' at 4 to 22 knots. Actual wind was from 165' at 9 bots.

Rad-Safe Monitor Training. Arrangements were made with REECO to establish a trolnlng course for a small number of Rad-Safe monitors. Almost all programs participating also partlcipated on Small Boy and Johnie Boy and used the same monitors for all events.

radiation monitoring was conducted as a routine matter by USPHS. Off-Site Coordination. No off-site participation was included; however, off-site

4.4.5 Johnie Bay.

Planning. This event was added late in the operational phase of Sun Beam. Prime operational responsibility was assLgned to LRL wlth some support in communications and a i r operations fmm DOD.

Johnie Boy was originally scheduled for 12 July 1962 but was moved up to 10 July to incllitare early completion of the test serieo. The event w a ~ delayed 1 d y j because of unfavorable wind condltions, rescheduled at 0830 11 July, and delayed at that time until 0930 hours because of unauthorized personnel in the control area.

Rad-Safe. CTO placed seven remote monitors at distances of 1,900 to 5,200 feet from ground zero. Two stations failed to operate properly. all others functioned through- wt the operation. LRL included eight time-recording remote stations at distances from 600 to 25,000 feet from ground zero. LRL controlled reentry, and CTO Rad-Safe opera-

63

_--

~ O M were confined to providing current Rad-Safe Information for reference. Such lnfor mntion wos obtalned from remotes. REECO ground surveys, and Project 2.8. Surveyo at A + 1 hour and D,+ 1 day are included as Figures 4.9 and 4.10.

minutes and was interrupted by the Ivy Flats exercise rehearsals and Little Feller I. [t was controlled by LRL personnel from the FCP during the initial reentry. The FCp was moved to within 2 miles of ground zero by the end of the first day (Figure 4.7). Thls allowed work to continue in the Little Feller I and Little Feller II sites on the days f o b lowing.

reentry with LRL personuel.

Air Operations. sweep (L-20). cloud sampler (€I-57). and DOD photo @-21) alrcraft participated. In addition, NDL (Project 2.8) operated HUS helicopters in performing aerIal radiation surveys and crater probe missions. Operations were slmilar to those for Little Feller n.

Coordination with AEC for Use of Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range. This was accomplished with the AEC operatima coordinator, because the range north of Area 1 E wa6 involved.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. Reentry bem at approximately H + ~ O

The Operations Division activities after H-hour were limited to coordination of

High- and low-altitude cloud tracking (U3A and B-50), security

Communications and Timing and Firing. Timing and firing was the responsibility All timing signals were received. Table 4.2 is a listing of all timing and 5ring of LRL.

signals programed for this event.

Desired shot-time wind direction and speed was 110' to 200' at 4 to 22 hots. Actual winds were from 185' at 12 knots.

Rad-Safe Monitor Tralning. Arrangements were made with REECO to establish a

Meteorological Support Weather support was provided in Area 18 by USWB.

training course for project Rad-Safe monitors.

radiation monitoring was conducted as a routine maner by USPHS. Off-Site Coordination. No off-site participation was included; however, off-site

4.4.6 Small Boy.

P W g . Inltlal planning for Small Boy wos conducted by HqDASA. A project officers mwUng wos held at FCDASA, 10 January 1962, m d the revised program book was issued by HqDASA, 22 January. Detailed planning for execution of the event continued at FCDASA and NTS through late June. This planning included provisions for the many projects added to the program after publication of the program book.

Rad-Safe. Radiological safety at shot time and during recovery operations was the responsibility of CTO. The exposure limits under which CTO operated were established by the AEC os 3 rem per quarter with the foUowing exemptions: Projects 2.3/2.4, a totfd of 5 rem for all events; Project 2.9. 6 rem; Project 2.11, 6 rem; and Project 7.15, 20 rem.

warded to the command holdlng the individual's health record. sures were received during the operation.

tion of the various orgadrations involved.

The radiation exposure of each individual under CTO control was recorded and for- No conclusive overexpo-

Much of the success for Rad-Safe operations can be attributed to the close coordina- Primary support was provided by REECO

64

Rad-Safe and Project 2.8 WDL). Thle mwrt included the foUOWIW

logical surveys; reentry party monitoring services; anticontamination equipment, portable instruments, a d dosimetric devices; area control check stations personnel. equipment, and vehicle decontamination; hot recoveFg Sample handling facilities; readout and recording of dosimetric devices; project monitor training, emergency support as directed; toxi- cological services a s required; and sFmllnr Rad-Safe functions a s requested.

Project 2.8 (NDL). This project made detailed radiological surveys of the fallout pattern from Little Feller I, 11, Johnie-Boy, and Small Boy. The information was obtained at very early times and for a p e r i d of several days following each event. Through the cooperation of the project personnel involved, such information was made available immediately to CTO Rad-Safe.

Radiation exposure of test personnel was kept within prescribed limits by pre- entry indoctrination and close control of all recovery personnel. The basic premise for reentry was that the safety of ea& party was the dlrect responsibility of a designated party leader, each party would include a CTO-certified monitor or a REECO monitor, no party would proceed beyond the 10-r/hr line, and the party leader should terminate recovery operations well prior to reaching the designated maximum exposures.

It was possible that the B-52 aircrews would be exposed to an overdose of radiation-the NTS allowable being 3 rem per quarter. It was necessary thar these crews, plus the reentry personnel of Projects 2.3, 2.4, 2.9, and 2.11 who were to occupy manned shelters at the time cf Small Boy, be given waivers to receive a higher radiation dose. The Operations Divlsion Rad-Safe Officer processed the waiver requests and coordinated them with AEC Rad-Safety personnel for approval. The Rad-Safe Gfficer also participated in discussions between the Test Manager’s Scientlfic Advisor, AEC Rad-Safe, and personnel of Small Boy Project 2.9 as to the protection afforded personnel In the manned shelters proposed by Project 2.9. These sheiters, the closest of which was 4,500 feet downwind from ground zero, were approved for occupancy only after the adequacy of their radiation attenuation, ventllatlon, communications. and escape routes was determined.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. Control on the area was begun at 0600 hours. D-1 day. At this time, roadblocks were established a s shown on Figure 4.11. Entry into the area after that time was based on approved access lists published in the Test Manager‘s schedule of events, which were made up from approved project event cards. This control was to be maintained through b o t time. Control was established a d removed several times because of weather delays.

atrumentation was being powered by storage batteries and consisted of instruments requiring careful recalibration if shut down by lack of power. Button-up was to begin at H--10 hours, the various projects being scheduled to depart the area so that those dependent on battery pswer or those securing heavy concrete cages or bunkers would be the iast ones out. Considerable practice in bunon-up procedures resulted because of shot delays due to adverse weather.

The primary means used to achieve the necessary indoctrination and control for reentry were as follows:

to be made preshot, reentry ground rules, reentry procedures, and Rad-Safety criteria, i.e.. dose rate limits. etc.

REECO Rad-Safe. REECO Rpd-Safe personuel and equipment provided radio-

Button-up wp8 requlred to be delayed a s late a s possible, because much project in-

A reentry plan was issued 7 June 1962. This included a summary of preparations

65

A list of CTO-certified monitors was published for each event con troll^ by CTO. Basis for certlfication was the successful completion of the REECO Monitor Trab- ing Course or extensive prior Rad-Safe e-rlence. REECO monitors were not required to be certified by CTO, since they are c e r u e d by the NTSO.

A recovery party meeting was held prior to each event, at which time safety procedures were reviewed, possible problem areas resolved, and questions answered.

A CTO Operations Omcer checked and briefed individually each early reentry party at the FCP just prior to reentry.

The FCP controlled the reentry of each party. The decision in each case (as it pertained to Rad-Safe) was based upon current Rad-Safe Information available in the FCP. This information was obtahfxl from three mnjor sources: (1) remote-reading radlatlon monitors, (2) rapid preliminary ground mrvey by REECO Oater detplled and special mr- veys were performed as requested), and (3) detailed information made available by Project 2.8.

Early radiological data WM obtained from 10 remota monitors placed from 1,000 to 12.000 feet from ground zero. At H+19 minutes. radio remote monitors were read from a trailer stationed at Well 5. There remotes were located from 600 to 26.000 feet from ground zero. ect 2.8. The AEC instrumentation sector decay rate was slower and delayed recovery for a few days in this area. H+ 1 hour, D + 1 day and D + 11 day surveys are included as Figures 4.12 through 4.14.

Reentry began at approximately H + 25 minutes on the ground; aerial reentry began at H+ 30 minutes. The fallout pattern over the manned shelters was such that personnel were permitted to leave most of the shelters by midafternoon. and the laat shelter was evacuated at 1930 hours on D-day. Recovery from close-in stations was delayed until D+ 10 days because of radiation levels. Reeutry party size was twa to four men in most cases, with larger teams going to those stations and bunkers which had to be reopened to permit data recovery.

Reentry was controlled by Operations Dlvision personnel from the FCP at Point A (Figure 4.11) until 1200 hours on D+1 day, when the FCP moved to Point B. Reentry teams reported to the FCP for permits to enter the controlled area. Prior to issuance of permits, the point to which each team wishsd to go was checked on the Rad-Safe map to innure that no party would be granted acces6 Into an area where the done rate exceeded 10 r/hr. Each reentry party WM required to have at least one qualified monitor.

All roada into the area, except one, were blocked off to ineure that personnel enter- ing the area had obtained permission frJm Operations and were procersed by the Rad-Safe control and deconrPmlMtlon ntations. This control of the area was mointPlned even after radiation levels were greatly decreased, In order to preclude sightseers and to protect Iantrumentatlon sgulpment not removed from the area. The area WYOLI returned to AEC control at I800 hours, 27 July 1962.

Early and late survey information was provided by REECO and Proj-

A i r Operations. During the planning phase of Small Boy, coordination of the positlon

The airborne test array included: one F-100F. two B-52’s. two B-57’6, one A3D, and of ahcraft and balloons in the alrborne test array wan necessary.

one R4Y. plus one weather balloon. Planned shot-time posftions of these test vehicles is shown in Figure 4.15.

radar and a fighter &rector. This flight was practiced until the aircraft wa6 positioned wlth great accuracy as ahown in Figure 4.18.

The F-lOOF, simulating delivery of a GAM-83, was positioned by an AN/hW-l

66

The B-52'8 of PmJect 7.16 were required to be porltloned in rn airapace GAM-77 missiles aboard the aircraft would be nubjected to lO'-rQ/sec peak r a h t i o n (Figure 4.17). and crews limlted to less than 20-rem whole-body exposure. m e n the device to be employed WBS changed to the in order to get higher peak pulse, the flight altltude of the B-62's had to be increased 1,600 feet. ThIs brought the B-52 a h - space closer to that proposed for the Project 6.8 balloons measuring the electrostatic fleid. To obWn assurance that the balloons would not interfere with the B-52'6, several practice launchen of the balloo~. deligned to be held at a constant altitude by bpromet- rically operated vents, were required. After several such launches. it Was determined that the balloons would be aufficlently regulated to preclude interference with the flight path of the aircraft.

The planned positions of dher @craft in the test array were not such as to cause concern. However, the safety of all the aircraft required a close look at six rockets to be fired by Project 2.12 at H+ 1 minute (Figure 4.18). Project 2.12 was required to present data-verlfying plauned rocket perfOrmpnCe. Further, timing signals were supplied to Project 2.12 such that the rocket-firing circuit could not be closed until H+ 15 seconds. This delay, plus the rocket time of night, assured that the aircraft would be d e a r of the rocket flight path.

Further coordination and rcheduling were required for helicopters participating in reentry operations-photographing the area, depositing radiation probes in the crater, making radiation surveys. transporting radiation monitoring personnel to areas inacces- slble to vehicles, and serving as aerial rescue units.

b t

Coordination with AEC for Use of La8 Vegas Bomblng and Gunnery Range. The AEC was requested to obtaln permission for use of portions of the range to the east of NTS, because the planned fallout path would be in that direction and several radiation projects desired to place instrumentation In thpt arfa. Portions O f hdhm Springs Valley a8 well as areas adjacent to EPTS were made available. Continuous coordination was required between CTO, AEC, and Nellis AFB to allow co-use of the ranges by project personnel and Nellis pilots. A schedule of use of the ranges concerned by Nellis pilots was pub- lisbed weekly for the guidance and protection of project personnel.

phase for Small Boy that the verg number of projects and personnel on that event, coupled with the numbers present at NTS for other DOD events, such a s Marshmallow, would create a requirement for communicatlons facilltles that could not be met by then exlating DOD and AEC assets. To fulfill these requirements. It was necessary that FCDASA purcbase additional radio equipment-base stations. remote stations, mobile sets, crys- tals, and radio relay aets-and some radio-telephone equipment, including switchboard termlnal equipment. To allevlnte tbe crowdlag on one net, 811 addl t iod DOD radio net was set up. Thus. there was in operation for CTO and its projects two radio nets and a radio-telephone net, lnvolvlng over 200 radios and 25 radio-telephones.

Communications and Tlming and Firing. It became apparent during the planning

The timing and flring requlremeats for Small Boy were a8 listed in Table 4.3. The readiness date of 26 June 1962 was met, Le., all signal cable installed, all

DN-11 relays bung, and all tone receivers installed. The EO&C timlng and firing system was completely checked out on 26 June.

Dry runs were conducted at 1000 and 1500 hours daily except on cancelled shot days when the dry run at 1000 hours was cancelled. A full-power, full-frequency dry run was conducted on 3 July. all systems were good, and no interference was recorded. dry rune took place over a period of 8 days commencing on 6 July. The last 5nal dry run

Final

67

took place at 1500 hours on Prlday, IS July, dl projects r e d d dl sIgxulr Three stations that wed tone receivers for relay closure# mlmed slgualr on b,t

day: Sandia Corporation, Project 6.5, Station 522.20; Brltish AEC, Project 6.12, ~u~~ C, Station 544.03; and EGOG cloud photo, Project 2.12.

Careful routing of timing cables was requlred on Small Boy because of the E m experiments. It was originally desired to activate all instrumentation w i t h a 6,000-fmt radius of ground zero by radio tone receivers. Insufficient tone receivers were on to accompliab this; so hard-wire circuits. carefully routed, had to be ulred. Over io,ooo feet of timing cable was blown up by primacord. The cable was elevated on 8-foot st0kss a5 it left the vulnerability area out tc 1,600 feet on the EM line. At this polnt, the cable wan lowered to a 3-foot height. This elevation was decided u p n 80 that detonation of the primacord would not disturb the dust on Frenchman Flat and cause interference with &e- ball photography. The last timing signal recelved by the EM projects wan at minus 5 secords. This signal activated a system that extracted the t h i n g cable from the A, E, C, D, E. E', and 0 bunkers d activated a 2-second-delay fuze. The timlng cable w u detonated at 3 seconds before zero Hme. This was done so that projects could record free-field data.

Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL), used tone receivers in the free-fleld a r e a Various other projects utilized tone receivers in areas where it would have been imprar- ticable to run hard-wire timing cable because of access and cost factors.

EGOG tone receivers were used extensively on this t e s t Project 2.9. U.6. Naval

The timing (signal) cable layout for Small Boy is sbown in Figures 4.19 and 4.20.

Meteorological Support. Close liaison was maintained between CTO Operations Division and USWB to determine the probability of favorable winds on the scheduled shot date and to observe any buildup of a front that would produce the winds desired. To obtain the fallout pattern desired off-site, a wind from 270.+20* at arelocity between 4 and 13 knots at shot time was desired Lack of favorable winds on the scheduled shot date, 7 July 1962, caused the event to be delayed day by day until a favorable w i d pnttsrn permitted detonation on 14 July 1962. The actual wind had an average direction of from 245' aid an average velocity of 7 knots.

The formal D-1 day weather b r i e 5 g s held for Small Boy were scheduled at 2100 hours daily, so that latest nationwide weather information was on hand to assist local forecasting and at the same time early enough so that a decision could be made for the following day, before the lengthy, compllcated button-up of experlmental bunkers a d otatiom waa begun. In addition. Informal weather briefings for the Operations Dlvlsion were arranged for the morning and afternoon each day during the 2 weeks before .hot day.

Rad-Safe Monltor TrPlntng. The large number of reentry teams and manned stations were each required to have a quallfied monltor present. To meet thIs requirement, Opera- tions Division requested REECO Rad-Safe to corduct radiation monitor training courses for project personnel. Such courses were conducted, after which personnel successfully completing the murre were mrtl5ed to the Teat blaaager a s qualified monltora.

Off-Site Coordination. Because of the certainty of off-site fallout, prior arrange menta with the USPHS Included furnishing sufficient aircraft to that agency for tracking the cloud for a protracted length of time. The USPHS also put out fallout collectors and film badges in the expected downwind path of the cloud.

The Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) was notified and Notices to Airmen WOTAh5) were published to warn of the expected 5ash.

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Nellis AFB WM notifled so that no t r a W flights would be Comiucted in the viciaty at shot time.

4.4.1 Little Feller I.

Planning. Little Feller I was one of three events added to the Sun Beam series rather late in the operational phase. This event was a combination weapons effects experiment and troop training exercise weapon and subsequent maneuvers in and around ground zero. The shot WM unique from an operational s W p o i n t ia that the technical program WM tailored to flt the schedule emtablished by the Ivy Flats exercise. Operations were designed to obWn a mDxlmum amount of data with a minimum of interference with the exercise pluL It wam orighdly scheduled for 24 July 1962 but was accelerated to 17 July to insure WmpIetion of the teat series by 19 July. The technical programs were limited in scope, and the time avpllnble for construction and installation of equipment was limited by the priority granted to Ivy Flats exercise in the days preceding the event. The .hot was detonated on 8-e at 1000 hours, 11 July.

Rad-Safe. Little Feller I WM complicated by the necessity for early -le r e covery and troop participation. To provide for rapid reentry, IS remote radiation monitors were placed at distances 1,000 to 1,000 feet from ground zero. Three REECO survey teams were designated to make single penetrations to three key positions. with the provision that they could be recalled prior to completion of the mlssion if suMcient information was available from the remote monitors to proceed with reentry. Of the 13 monitors, only 2 failed to operatq and 2 teams were recalled. (All teams actually completed their penetrations before recall cauld be accomplished.) Five remote monitors were lost at H+15 minutes upon exit of the early recovery party. By B+20 mlnutes, early recovery and REECO survey teams were clear of the area.- Six remote monitors remained in operation. During the Ivy Flats exercise, Rad-Safe was accomplished by Ivy Flats personuel who had been augmented with nlne experienced CTO monitors. upon completion of the Ivy Flat6 exercise, CTO Rad-Safe information became available from REECO ground surveys and Project 2.8. Other than the need for rapid scientific recovery prior to troop participation, no unusual situations were encountered. Surveys at H+ 1 hour and D+ 1 day are Included as Figures 4.21 and 4.22. A radiation plot of the Little Feller I situation on D+ 6 days in comparison with Little Feller II and Johnie Boy is shown in Figure 4.6.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reentry. Reentry was divided Into two phases. The first phase began at approximately H+ 3 minutes and termhated at H+25 minutes. This portion was limited to one recovery party to obtain rapid decay aeutron and gamma flux data that would have been lost if delayed longer. The remainder of the reentry parties were delayed until completion of the Ivy Flats exercise and the determination that areas to be entered were free of duds. Reentry was restarted at approximately B + 3 hours and continued during daylight hours through D + 6 days.

the first day (Figure 4.1). The control point was moved to a position apprmrimately 1 mile from ground zero on D+ 1 day to allow recovery to continue at the Johnie Boy and Little Feller ll sites.

by close scheduling of the time available for preparation for the event.

Reentry was controlled from the FCP by Operations Division personnel throughout

The confiict between the technical programs and the tactlcal exercise WOB resolved

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Alr Operulona. Normal cloud trncker (USA). mmurit~ sweep ( L Z O and 13-13), cloud sampler w-57). and DOD photo (?I-21) ;ircraft participated. In addltion. NDL project 2.8) operated HU8 hellcopters In performlng aerial radiation surveys a&r completion of the Ivy Flats exercise. D u r a the maneuver exercise, the Ivy Flats headpum- tars operated s a v e d Ught alrcraft and hellcopters Over the entire area.

wan Pccomplisbed wlth the AEC Operations Coordinator, becpum the rauge north of 18 VAS Involved.

Communications and Timing and Firing. No telephone service was provided for Area 18 operations. All communications in the forward area relied on use of existing YIlF radlo networks, p l u s tactical net. provided by the U. S. Army for the Ivy Flats exercise.

Tlming and firlng for Llttle Feller I was unusual In that these two functions, which are normally provided by EGkG, were sepproted The ecientific projects received tim- lug slgnals from the EGkG tlmlng and firing trailer located In Area 18 at the Fcp. Fir- ing w-as the responsibility Of the 1~ Flats headquarters. Detonatlon was desired by the sclentiflc projects as close to zero time (1000 hours) as possible. i.e., within 1 second. To accompllsh this, countdown was given from the FCP by counting from the event clock and broadcasting to the launch site over the Ivy Flats control radio net. U. S. Army ac- tical radios were used to receive the countdown. The weapon was launched at minus 16 seconds to zero and detonated at plus 576 msec after zero. Figure 4.23 depicts countdown procedures used.

Project 6.6 gamma dot,station. This station did not receive its minus 5 second signal. All other signals were received, aud the countdown was accomplished without difficulty. T!.ming requirements were a s listed in Table 4.4.

Desired shot-time wind direction and speed was 170'440' at 4 to 22 knots. Actual winds were from 175' at 10 hots.

Cwrdlnation with AEC for Use of La6 Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Flange. This

Prlor to the event, an artillery registration round damaged the timing cable to

Meteorological Support. Weather support was provided in Area 18 by UsWB.

Troop Participatiooa The orientation was conducted under the direction of Com- mandlng General, Sixth Army, in coordination with DASA and AEC. The U. S. Army Infaatry School (USAIS), U. S. Army Armor School (USAARMS), U. S. Army Artillery and bfhslle School (USMMS), and certain other agencles designated by proper authority provlded support for the exercise.

forced with a tank platoon and supported by the battalion mor* and Davy Crockett platoon and a battery of direct aupport Prtlllery. The attack wan launched following the firing of one Davy Crockett nuclear weapon to breach inltial aggressor defenses.

The rpecific objectives were: (1) to test the equipment, tactics, and techniques for the w of the Davy Crockea weapon system in ground combat; (2) to promote confidence In the uae of the Davy Cmcken; (3) to demonstrate the Army's abillty to operate in a nuclear environment uslng low-yield weapons; and (4) to acquire experience in the preparation and cnrduct of nuclear technlcal exercises.

Thla was a live-fire orientation. To insure safety from radiation. the maneuvering troops remnined In thelr Initial positions for an estimated 26-minute period after detonation of the Davy Crockett nuclear warhead During this period, a radiological survey was performed by DASUAEC, rad critical experimental data was recwered (For details, consult Davy Cmckett Tactical Orientation Plan, Hq CONARC, 18 June 1962.)

The orientation lnvolved m attack conducted by a mechanized rine company rein-

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Rad-Safe Monltor Tralniug. No requirement d o t e d for trahhg on thi. event. Mlnlmum proJect pprticlpotion utilized dready certified monitors. Ivy F I U heodpur- tors provided unit-assigned Rad-Survey teams. However, U. S. Army teams previously tralned m d assigned TDY with FCDASA accompded IVY plots monitors on inltlp1 (uIer- cine surveys.

radiatlon monltorlng was conducted 88 a routine matter by the USPHS. Off-Sire Coordination. No off-site participation was include4 however, off-site

4.4.8 Vela-UnLform.

Planning. This was essentially a continuing function of the Vela-Untforrn ppltici-

Rad-Safe. This was a function of the AEC for the Vela-Uniform series.

Personnel Control, Button-Up, and Reenuy. These were accomplished routinely through use of event cards for project personuel and as publlshed in the Test Manager’s schedule of events.

photo (H-21) aircraft participated in all events. On some events, when venting was sus- pected, B-57 cloud sampler aircraft were positioned at ISAFB. Al l air operations were staged from ISAFB and the CP-1 helicopter pad.

pauts. No detailed operation plana were requlrsd.

A i r Operations. Low-altitude cloud tracking WU), security sweep G Z O ) , and

Communications and Timing and Firing. Normal NTS communications facilities were utilized. Limited timing signals were provided to EG&G for action.

Meteorological Support. No unusual requirements existed.

4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

AFSWC should provide sufficient aircraft under its control to adequately Support any future requirements at NTS and arrange for local base facilities to support all aircraft requirements.

A Forward A l r Controller (FAC) facility with a dual VHF and UHF radio Should be made available for close-in control of aircraft in remote areas. It should be placed so that the FAC would have visual as well as radio contact with all aircraft Operating in the area.

Airlift for future operations should be established on a firm schedule, and a C-54 or larger type aircraft should be provided.

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Areo 51

l- Area 3

Figure 4.1 Control point map, Shot Hard HaL

81

Pwtol

Figure 4.2 Tunnel U16a layout, Shot Marshmallow.

82

z

0 N

a3

Figure 4.4 Radiological survey, Shot Little Feller 11, H+1 hour.

84

Figure 4.5 Radiological survey, Shot Little Feller 11, D+l day.

85

Figure 4.6 Radiological survey, Shots Little Feller II, D+ 16 days; Johnie Boy, D + l Z days; and Little Feller I, D+6 days.

86

Figure 4.1 Control points, Area 18.

87

\” \

@ \ Forward CP

E G B G Brock HOUSE

Figure 4.8 Timing signal layout, Area 18.

88

.I, 2 pr

Figure 4.9 Radlological survey, Shot Johnle Boy, H + 1 hour.

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Figure 4.10 Radiologlcal survey, Shot Johnie Boy, D+l day.

90

x Control Points. o Muster Stations. b Postshot Control

D Postshot Control to 1200 hrs, D t I .

ofter I200 hrr, O t I . I Ouartr Springs 1

10 L

m L*

a .-

92

+ n

93 I

S6

I N

-8

N I

I I I I I ,

Air Speed Altitude Fliqht Path

Holdinp Pattern

30 Mile Run on Course a t 1000'

-540 knots - lsoo' -0400 1st.

025' 2nd. 130. 3rd.

Figure 4.16 F-100F pmject, Shot Small Boy.

_-

I I I I I

- I a2 =I

-I1 0

$1 I I I I I I s----l I I I I I I

c)

I ' 97

1000' thru Trojectory,

5000' 5000'

I - u 3 A . I - WB-50 2-6 -57 I -C -47

I- Twin Bonanza I -DC-3

Figure 4.18 Aircraft and rocket operations. Shot Small Boy.

98

I'

99

FWO. A,. C.P

Figure 4.21 Radiological survey, Shot Little Feller I, H+l hour.

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Figure 4.22 Radiological survey, Shot Little Feller I , D+ 1 day.

102

RJohnie Boy I '.

:' pLittle Fellera : I i l l ....' ; , ..-

Figure 4.23 Firing procedure, Shot Little Feller I.

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Chapter 5

SUPPORT

5.1 MISSION OF SUPPORT DIVISION

The Support Division, CTO, wss charged with responsibility for all general logistic support of DOD test operations including but not limited to the following:

(1) Allocation and assignment of office and laboratory space. (2) Minor new construction to base camp facilities, including addition and extensjon

to utilities. (3) Mcdification and alteration to real property in base camps as required to meet

needs. (4) Maintenance A d repair of support facillties. (5) Arranging for adequate houslng aud the assignment of personnel thereto. (6) Providing o r arranging for all general support equipment required. (7) Providing, maintaining, and operating an adequate vehicle fleet to support field

(8) Maintaining and operating n Supply and procurement activity responsive to the

(9) Maintaining and operating a commercial transportation activity to receive and

test operations.

needs of the DOD Test Organization and adequate to meet its requirements.

process all incoming and outgoing DOD shipments, to include on-site project storage to accommodate agency needs.

( l o ) Mainraining and opernting a medical dispenrary for routine out-patient treatment and emergency care, including operation of ambulance services and close liaison with the AEC and local military medical treatment facillties (see Section 2.7). 01) Within the limit of funds and facilities, providing or arranging for recreation a d

other services essential to the general welfare nnd morale of personnel. (12) Performing such other functions and talks assigned from time to time. Specifically excluded mission reaponsibilities are those mntters having to do with: (1) Engineering and mtruction in forward test areas and that concerned with the

(2) Forward area communications and operations relating to timlng and sipalmg. (3) Functlons nosigned to other elements of the DOD Field Teat Orgnnization. The Support Divlsion, CTO, consisted of the office of tbe Director placed over the La6

Vegas Branch. so that In effect the OIC of the Las Vega6 Branch acted a8 the Deputy Sup- port Director. The La8 Vegns Branch was the only subordinate element of the Support Division.

technical and specific support of projects.

The Support Division headquarters was manned with 1 officer and 1 enlisted man. Tbe CTO Support Dlvision Director carried out tbose staff action6 that were essential

in provldmg, In an efficient and effective manner, all general support of the DOD projects participting in weapon test programs. Appropriate authority was delegated to the Support Director to organize. uae. and control the facilities, personnel, and fun& made available for WE purpose.

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I .

ID most instauces, normal d i t a r y service po l l c i e~ and procedures were ~ o l l o ~ d in performing the logistic b c t l o n ~ . The specific Ond deMled instructlow were conwned in FCWT directives, bulletlns, and CTO SOP’S. Because of the interrelationship between AEC and the DOD in providing general logintic services at NTS, mpny of the DOD procedures were designed to be compatible with the AEC’S Standing procedures. This W a s particularly so in the case of supply, transportation, and funding activities where AEC provided considerable support for DOD operations.

5.2 SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT

5.2.1 Mission. To provide personnel. facUtiss, and procedures for the rapid & efficient procurement and issue of supplles and equipmant required for support of DOD field test operations. Responsible for: receivlng, segregating, distributing, and/or storing incoming project agency shipments; receiving and processing outgoing shipments; and indefinite-time, on-site storage of project agency equipment and materials when requested.

5.2.2 Organizotlon. The supply and local procurement mission and functions were performed through the two permanent DOD supply activities. which were a part of the NTS Branch, Support Division, namely, DASA Supply Account W 1006 established bs, Field Command Directive 65-31, and NTS Branch Property Book 003 established by the DC/S, Weapons Effects and Tests Group. These a r e standard Army-type base and unit supply accounts operated d e r Army Regulations. Both activities are included in the FCWT organization chart a6 the Supply Section, NTS Br, Spt Div.

5.2.3 Manaing. The permanent and peak augmentation manning for 1962 operation at NTS is indicated in Table 5.1.

5.2.4 Operations. The Accountable Officer, DASA Supply Account HD 1006, had the primary responsibility for all supply and procurement operatlons at NTS. To effectively perform this mission, he was designated an Ordering Officer, i.e., an agent to the Field Cornmand Purchasing and Contracting (P&C) Officer, and he was provided with authority to obligate funds for the Finance Offlcer. Sandla Base, within specified limitations. These authorities were specific and were delegated by the PBC Officer and Flnance Officer di- rectly to the Accountable Officer by MRX rather than by position.

Under establlsbed DASA and DOD policy, the Accountable Officer, M) 1006, was authorized to submlt requisitions to any military depot, General Service Administration (GSA) Store or @st GSA schedules, and to the cognlzant government agency for any item reponad surplus.

and process purchase orders (SF 44) to local vendors (the Field Command P&C Office deterrnlned that Loa Angeles was a local .source for NTS) for indlvidual purchases not to exceed $250.00. Thlr dual capacity permitted him to place purchase orders (DD 1155) on GSA stores or PgPlnst GSA schedules without limitation, other than unobligated fuods available to him.

Purchase requests were submitted to the Field Command POC Officer, when it was necessary to piact orders on commercial vendors outside the local area or when the purchase was estimated to be over $250.00. Such purchase requests were initiated by the Accountable Ofncer based upon demands for isaue placed upon him.

The Accountable Officer in his capacity as Ordering Officer wa6 authorized to prepare

105

Paperwork on cargo shipments, both in and out, W R ~ processed la the Sqply &ctloa offices located in Building 211, a 12,000-ftt Butler-type warehouse. Shlpphg documents were prepared for outbound items. and they were received and processed for Inbound dpmenta . It should be noted that test equipment and other items proceased for shipmmt, either in or out, were not picked up for property accounting purposes. All such item8 were processed on an intransit basis with accountability relhaining with the using (shipping) agency.

account are not included in this summary report. Thls information Is maintPined by the accountable officer for 3 years and by the Field Command Comptroller and P&C Offices. For the most part, this laformation is contained in the FU Monthly Stock m g e m e n t Report and the Monthly Procurement Summary by Purchasing Officer.

port out to the separate organizational elements and individuals. It5 functions hcluded: receiving and assisting projects with their requests for supplies and equipment; malnte- nance of informal accounting records for nonexpendable property; operation of the ware- housing and storage facilitles (the HD 1006 accouut did not maintoln stock balances or stock records; it requisitioned only when a demand was placed upon it and Issued the item immediately upon its receipt); inventory, management, and requisitioning to maintain stocks of commonly used expendable supplies; and providing personnel and equipment to assist in the movement of furniture and equipment between storage facilities and locations of use.

A significant aspect of the property book operation involved the stockage and maintenance of office furniture and equipment, to outfit approximately 40,000 ft’ of office and laboratory space. During the 3-year lapse in major field test operations, ofnce furniture and equipment inventories at NTS were reduced through inspection and admilllstrative condemnation of broken, damaged, worn. obsolete, and otherwise uneconomically repair- able items, which were turned in to salvage. These actions were beneficial in purging inefficient and useless items from the supply system so that the remaining items represented a pure inventory of useful equipment. A s the plans and requirements for test programs became more firm in tbe early part of 1962, I t was determlned that office furniture and equipment on hand were grossly short of needs. The principal items short were: typewriters. desks. tables. safes, ffle cablnets, chairs, drafting tables, and drafting equipment Additional quaatities of all of the above. except for draftlng tables and equipment, were * r c W through the ED 1006 account &om G8A stores o r schedules. The drafting items were procured from commercial vendors. Total funds expended for this property exceeded 520.000.00. and was prorated to the several separately funded programs being conducted This property was retained at NTS to support future operations. AU of the rupporting services at NTS, except pay of personnel. travel and per diem,

were funded by obligation authority and reimbursable orders (EAO) placed oa the Albu- querque operations Office (ALOO). AEC. for support by its contractors. All of the recorda essential to control the commltment and obligation of authorlzed support funds were maintained by the Accountable Officer, HD 1006 account. Table 5.2 gives the overall costs for AEC contractor and direct DOD support for CY 1962.

Statistical data concerning requisltionbg and procurement transactioas for the HD 1006

The Property Book Unit was the intermediate supply activity extending the supply sup-

5.2.5 Policies and Procedures. The specific and detailed policies and procedures for operation of supply activities at NTS were contained in FCWT Directive 60-4. Supple- menting lnstructlon~ for project agencies were contained in the 60 series, FCWT CTO SOP’S, and in FCWT bulletins.

106

8 he bpBic SuFpIy policy was one of minimum stocks with a responsive and expeditious procurement and issue system. This policy provided a basis for efficient and effective dUpplY support operatiom and proved to be highly Satisfactory In meeting tbe many and varied short-notice demands generated by the test programs.

Prastocked items were maintained in the property book activity. These were limited to commonly used ofnce supplies, materials, machines. equipment. and furniture essential for general support of all participants. Since the motor vehicle fleet was principally one of commercial types, it was advantageous to keep a very limited stock of expendable spares. and to purchase stock replacement and other items from commercial vendors as they were needed. Biweekly purchaslng trips to La8 Vega8 were adequate to meet all tbe usual and normal demands for issue.

5.3 TRANSPORTATION

5.3.1 Mission. To provide personnel, facilities, and procedures to operate the follow- Ing activities:

Commercial Transportation. To prepare and issue Government Bills of Lading for outbound cargo shipments; receive, inspect for damage, identi@, and complete t& paperwork and documentation on inbound cargo shlpments; prepare and issue transportation requests for persons authorized ofncnl trave4 report shipping requirements to and obtain routing orders from the Defense Traffic Management Service (DTMS); make reservations for passewer travel by commercial conveyance; and coordinate all phases of DOD cargo and personnel movements into and out of NTS.

Motor Pool. Maintain a base pool of general purpose and selected special purpose vehicles to support field test operations; provide and operate additional vehicles from loan and rental sources as required to meet needs establish and provide control of vehicle use through review of requirements, and by implementlng sound dispatch, operator licensing, and indoctrination procedures; and maintain and operate a service station md tire repair facility.

Maintain and operate shops to perform field-level maintenance on assigned and on-loan DOD vehicles; provide and operate complete lubrication facillties; by inspection and througb other quallty control techniques, insure that efficient and effective maintenance procedures were used and that satisfactory standards of safety and aerviceabilily were maintained; coordinate actlvities with the motor pool to insure p r o p r service and maintenance on vehicles rented or on loan from the AEC or leased from commercial sourcea; and arrange for repair or overhaul of vehicles by commercial firms, when the work required exceeded the capability of assigned personnel and/or facllities.

Vehicle Maintenance.

Electric Power Generators. Maintain an inventory of gasoline and diesel-enghe- driven electric power generators ranging from 0.5 to 75 kw in output and providing a wide selection In voltage, phases, wires, cycles, and control of electric output characteristics; review and validate electric power requirements from test projects; determine when i t was necessary to buy. rent, or borrow generators to meet established requirements; arrange for persotroe1 equipment, and vehicles to move generators to a,nd from shot sites; and provide or arrange for the routine servicing, maintenance, and repair of generators.

5.3.2 Organization. The transportation activities were carried out by the permanent Transporntion Section, NTS Branch, Support Division, Mercury. Nevada. The four

107

element6 of the Tramportation Section were o r m l z e d along stPadnrd U. 8. Army 4 &r Force lines and consisted oE (1) CommarciPl TransportaUon, (2) Motor Pool, (3) V d c l e aud Equipment Maintenance, and (4) Power Generator Unit. '

5.3.3 Jdandng. A mmmary of the permanent and peak aupent r t lon manning of the Transportation Section, Mercury, Nevada for the 1962 operations i s given in Table 5.3.

5.3.4 Commercial Transportation Operations. CommerclPl traaaportatim operauons were conducted from the office located near Building 211. Mercury, Nevada. Inbound and outbound cargo was handled jointly by the transportation NCO who prepared and/or processed tbe transportation documents. and the supply warehousemen, who operated the forklifts and other handling equipment md assisted with packlng, crating. counting, and inspection of cargo shipments. One enlisted transportation specialist assisted by one clerk-typist managed the commercial trmsportation actidties during the first half of 1962. During the buildup for the Ivy Flats exercise and continuing through the Sun Beam rollup Operation, one addltional specialist wa8 assigned to help with the additional workload. These three enlisted men handled the weapon test workload generated by the pro)- ects and provided much assistance to the Ivy Flats logistic staff. It should be noted that the Sixth Army performed all the staff planning for movement of their personnel and equipment into and out of NTS. The Exercise Headquarters had its OWTI transportation officer, but he relied heavily upon the Field Commaad personnel to provide advice and to furnish direct assistance in implementing transportation movements. The Field Command, Staff Traffic Manager, FCLG, was especially helpful during retrograde shipments of the Ivy Flats impedimenta and personnel, and spent 3 weeks at Camp Mercury for this purpose,

A summary of the DOD Commercial Transportation activities at the Nevada Test Site for 1962 is given in Table 5.4.

5.3.5 Motor Pool Operations. Al l DOD motor vehicle operations were managed and controlled through the Las Vegas Branch, Support Division, Motor Pool located at Camp Mercury. Because of the limited dispatch and service station facilities and because of projects' operational requirements. most of the fleet was controlled by w6ekly dispatch. Thia permitted program directors and project officers N 1 authority to use their assigned transportation on a 24-hour, 7-day-week basis as they deemed necessary to perform their jobs. It insured that the Motor Pool would have M opportunity, at least weekly, to inspect, service, and schedule vahicles for any essential maintenance and repair. As a rule the eystem was effecUve but dld present at least two sfgnIficant disadvanteges: a) Some projects with large numbers of vehicles had long periods when they did not have any operational requirement for all of them. Vehicles thus dispatched were, as a practlcal matter, lost to the Motor Pool Officer to meet short-term transportation needs. patch placed an additional responsibility on project and program officers, who were already heavily burdened with their technical tasks, to Insure that their vehicles were not misused or abused h operation o r for lack of proper servicing.

The advantape gained by having vehicles always Immediately available to the projects and the considerably fewer men needed to handle vehicles on weekly versus daily dispatch outweighed the disadvantages. It is. therefore, recommended that similar procedures be used for future operations.

Planning to determine the overall vehicle requirements was complicated by the short time frame and the fact that shots, programs, and projects were continually added even after the original test and support staff and operating personnel had moved to the field.

(2) Weekly dis-

108

Exen more critical than planning under these adverse circumstances was locatlng suale sources that could provide vehicles In the short t h e avaIlnble. An adverse factor, had a great impact on the AEC NTS Organization’s cppabllltp to meet part of the MID vehicle requirements, was the starting of concurrent overseas testing. The Immediate effect was the withdrawal of vehicles tentatively allotted for DOD use, and a reduction of hTS vehicles due to overseas shipments. The major part of the problem of supplying vehicles was finally resolved by coordination between the AEC, CHDASA, and the Chief of Naval Operatima The Navy WPB carrying a considerable inventory of 4 x 2 Pad 4 x 4 pickup trucks as emergency reserve. which it desired to update. Several hundred of these were purchased by the AEC and used at either the Nevada o r overueas test sites. This was the means by which the AEC acquired sufficient vehicles to provide 155 at N T ~ for use on DOD programs.

During the moratorium on nuclear weapon? testing, several studies were conducted the most economical size and type of vehicle fleet to be maintained by the DOD at NTS. The conclusions reached indicated that only limited DUmberS Of 4 X 4 vehicles would be needed for future tests. A s a dlrect result, approximately forty 4 X 4 tactical vehicles were excessed and removed from the DOD NTS fleet during 1960 and 1961. These conclusions proved to be erroneous and with the short notice aul rapid implementation of Small Boy, Marshmallow, Johnie Boy, and Little Feller, this type of vehicle was in extreme short supply. Some twenty 4 x 4 vehicles were rented from the AEC tn meet part of the Small Boy requirements. Additional 4 X 4 types were furnished by participating DOD projects. When Johnie Boy and Llttle Feller were approved for implementntion, on even shorter notice than Marshmallow and Small Boy, the AEC could not meet the DOD’S additional needs for 4 x 4 vehicles. quiries to Las Vegas and Los Angeles commercial vendors and to the GSA for assistance, with negative results. These agencies did not maintain o r have procurement sources that could provide large numbers of vehicles on less than 60- to SO-day notice. It should be noted that the maximum peak requirements were raised by two factors: (1) addition of unrelated events, and (2) slippage in the Marshmallow and Small Boy shot dates. so that operational requirements were concurrent or overlapping.

tary command chanaels to the Department of the Army fo r assistance. The Field Com- mand and Chief DASA logistic staffs, Office of the Chief of Ordnance. and the Army’s Red River and Rock Island Depots provlded excellent and rapid response to our request. In approximately 2 weeks, forty, Code I, tactical reserve vehicles were removed from storage and .shipped to NTS. Red River supplied thirty %-ton, M37 weapon carriers, and Rock Island supplied ten %-ton. M43 field ambulances. These were furnished on 90-day loan under agreement that DASA would bear all shipping costs & the costs to return the vehicles to Code I atatus. The average shipping and depot maintenance costs per vehicle were just aver %1.000.00 or about $350.00 per month. The ten ambulances a d twenty of the weapon carriers were returned to Pueblo in October 1962. The Army agreed to extend the loan on 10 weapon carriers for an additional 180 days for continued use at NTS.

A s mentioned earlier la this summary, several comprehensive studlea were made concerning the size and type vehicle fleet most economical and suitable to meet the DOD NTS mission. Through these I t was concluded that a base fleet of approximately 150 vehicles should be maintained, and that additional quantities to meet peak workloads should be rented o r leased. With the overlapping Vela-Uniform, Nougat, and Sun Beam events, the maximum requirements peaked at about 465 vehicles. These were met through: use of the permanent DOD NTS neet. augmented by FCDASA excess; leasing from A X NTS

The DOD Support Director made limited in-

The problem of providing additional 4 X 4 vehicles was resolved by going through mili-

109

resource6 b0~0wing from DOD resources, Ieaalng from commerclal resources the AEC Support contractor. leasing by civilfan agencies, apeclfically for performance of their DASA contract; and use of W D vehicles furnished by military agencfes for performance of their projects.

The decision to maintain a base fleet of approximately 150 vehlcles at N T S IS considered valid, from a practical and economical point of view. This will provide adequate general and special purpose vehicles to meet the continuing workload, and to provide base for support of major operations. In this regard a d in COMoILpIIce with DOD policy as stated in AA 58-1 (AFM 77-1). it is recommended that civilian agencies be requested to furnish Vehicles for the performance of their contract, when DOD vehicles are not available. FCWT CTO SOP 50-8 was published in May 1962 to provide procedures to implement this policy. Ita mexlznum effectiveness waa greatly reduced. because mmt of the ageicies were already in the field and other resources had been arranged for. However, if advanced planrting time will permit compiling overall requirements, 80 that agencies can be advised to furnish their own vehicles. advantages will accrue to DOD.

(1) A wider base for obtaining the required types of vehicles is provided, thus mope supplies a re involved and the limlted agency demands can be met.

(2) FCDASA would not have to maintain a large fleet that would tend to become obsolete. present a high inventor). cost, and result in a high cost of maintenance both in storage d in use.

(3) Projects would be assured of late model, maintenance-free transportation. (4) DOD maintenance cost during peak operations would be drastically reduced. (5) Rental and leasing rates are generally much cheaper at locations other than Las

(6) Agency-furnished vehicles provide a means for moving personnel and things be- Vegas and NTS.

tween home plants and the teat site. And, such vehicles can be used in these isolated locations to provide agency personnel transportation for morale and welfare purposes.

A recapitulation of the peak motorized vehicle inventory by typa and source is given in Table 5.5. Table 5.6 Is a typical dally motor vehicle status report used during 1962. Table 5.7 lists the special purpose and special use vehicles In the DOD NTS Motor Pool.

It waa eseentlll to provide gaeolIne a d oil servicing facilltiee at forward area loca- tione because of wide diepermion of activities, weekly vehlcle dispatch aystem,long periods of contlnuous work at shot sites. establishment of living camps at job ~dites, and the necessity for keeping personnel and equlpment on the job to meet higb-priority work schedules. 'hvo means were employed to meet this requirement 0) In Area 16, a 600- gallon fuel servicing W e r ~KB(I set up and operatsd by the Marshmallow program. Re- supply of gasoline aad oil was provided through tbe DOD Motor Pool a t Camp Mercury. This faclllty provided the bulk of the DOD forward area refueling. (2) Occasional refuel- lng for DOD agencies operatlng n o d of Frenchman Flat was provided by reimbursable work order to REECO. A price of approximately 20 cents per gallon was negotiated for delivery of fuel to such forward area ~ t a t i ~ n s as: CP-1, Yucca Flat, and Area 12. These two means proved to be adequate and effective in fulfilling this requirement

Refueling and servicing of vehicles operating out of Camp Mercury were provided at the DOD Motor Pool on a 24-hour, 7-day-week basis.

The Ivy Flats exercise organization operated Its o m motor pa01 and service station activities in Areas 12 and 16. The Field Command Support Unft provided assistance by establishing a reimbursable order with the local vendor for delivery of gasoline. Oil and lubricants were obtained from quartermaster supply depots and brought to the test site by the exercise units.

110

3 5.3.6 Vehicle Mpintennncc OperatloM. Complete field mnlntenrnce ahope were ow-

nted at Cpmp Mercury by the NTS Branch, SUppOl't Division, for the routine inspaction, maintenance, repair, and lubrlcation of DOD-nsslgned, borrowed, and pro)ect-furnfsbed vehicles. Vehicles obtained for DOD use on a rental basis through REECO were serviced pad m p i n ~ d by REECO facilitles. This included AEC-owned, AEC-lsoacd, m d short- term commercial rentals.

Major repairs on commercial-type DOD vehicles were handled by contracting on an individupl job basis with garages in Lp8 Vepe. Such repairs were limited in number and generally involved body and/or frame work, rather than the engine. power train. o r operating accessories.

Limited but expedmous and umely assistance was provided by ForI Irwin and the u. s. Army Tooele Depot in providing spare pnrU and replacement ossemblles for tactical vehicles. For example, Fort Irwin loaned four, M35, 6 x 6 trucks. and provided a replacement engine and transmission, at a time when they were sorely needed for support of Johaie Boy and Unle Feller. Tooele accepted a telephone requisition, made up the order, provided special delivery service to a commercial airline, and air-shipped spare parts needed to repair the electric brake system on several M35 trucks.

confusion arose concerning the number of project-furnished vehicles, both DOD and civilian, that were to be maintained and the amount and degree of mainteaance they were authorized to receive. These were easily resolved and can be avoided by closer cwrdi- nation between support and the project agencies to determine and disseminate information on the number and types of vehicles they will furnish and the period of time they will be at the test site. most of the problems in this area.

Tbe DOD Vehcle Maintenance Shops were operated on a single-sbft basis, with special crews working overtime as required to complete repairs on vehicles urgently needed to meet operational requirements. At other times, standby mechanics were on call to handle emergency repairs on an immediate-response basis. These procedures proved adequate to meet the mission needs and to maintain general high standards of safety and service- ability fo r the entire fleer. There were complaints; however, almost wthout exception. these were anributed to the fact that maqy 8- to 10-year-old vehicles were in the DOD fleet, and these simply could not be restored to and kept in the same trouble-free condi- tion6 of new, late model vehicles. contractors furnrsb their own vehicles. I s substantiated by the fact that there was no backlog of deferred maintenance requirug a malor expenditure of man-bows and funds to restore vehcles at the termmation of field tesm. On release by the agencies, the vehicles were quickly inspected, repaired as necessary. and returned to the Motor Pa01 for further use as necessary.

resulted In excess maintenance and poor reliability.

~

There were no major problems encountered in the maintenance Of vehlcles. Minor

Enforcement of 80 SOP similar t O FCU'T CTO SOP 50-8 should resolve

This, agaln. is a reason for adopting a policy of havmg The hrnher adequacy of the maintenance provided

€@re 5.1 Indcates the obsolescence of the NTS DOD motor vehicles. This situation

5.3.7 Power Generator Operatlons. The power generator requirements and activities

a) The idormatloo on electric power characteristics contained in E&R Plans was associated with the test6 showed very clearly that:

inadequate to determine exact needs. This generally w a s limirrd to total power, voltage, aod type ol curreot. Often, only voltage and current or only kw's were shown.

(2, Use of old equipment obtained from DOD excesses and by borrowing from milltar!' sources, LII general. resulted i n inadequate or barely acceptable power resources.

111

1

(3) More attention should be given to the job Site operating collditions. For expmple; tbe moat severe conditions of dust and heat were encountered on Small Boy, thus tically reducing output performance and life of equipment.

inp acd operating generators, thus causing damage and shortening the life of equipment for example, starting and stopping generators while they were under fuII load. There were other instances when large units (30 and 60 kw) were operated over long periods under coaditlons requiring only a small &action of total available output

(5) Available DOD power generator personnel were too few in number to perform all of the required service and maintenance. This problem was increased by the wide dis- persion of equipment in the field and the generally poor operating conditions.

(4) Project personnel were often Inexperienced and used improper procedures i n s b t -

Based upon the above experience. the following recommendations are offered: (I) Amend the E&R Plan to include a separate detailed, power generator -ex. (2) Give more attention M planning and providing good operating sites by eliminating

heat and controlling dus t Small cost in this respect C a n save equipment and many dollars in servicing and maintenance.

niques and procedures. Require that they demoastrate this knowledge.

tests. This unit should review and approve all electric power requirements in the li& of the overall plans and requirements for testing and Job site construction. This unit should work closely with the Support Divlsion to provide specific instructions gn procurement of equipment, job siting, servicing, maintenance, and disposition of generators. Responsibility for providing generators and arranging for their servicing and maintenance should remain as a Support Division function.

tric power resources. There were over 40 power generators sited in and around French- man Flat, ard many of these required removal a short time before the shot. As previously mentioned, the extreme conditions of heat and dust affected their performance and resulted i n frequent and serious breakdowns. These problems very rapidly outgrew and exceeded the DOD Support Unlt's capability of resolving them with Its assigned personnel and available backup equipment. A solution was eventually provided through four principal actions:

responsibility for manngement of all Small Boy power generators.

to replace DOD unit. that needed maintenance.

up generators on a reimbursable basis.

week servicing and maintenance on approximately 30 generators connected with the most important proJects in the Frenchman Flat area.

for the six men assigned to the DOD Generator Unit to provide essential support on the several other concurrent programs.

Tables 5.8 through 5.10 indicate the status of DOD generators at NTS during 1962. A s a result of the experience gained in connection with providing and operating power

generators, it was agreed that the entire DOD inventory should be inspected by qualified technical personnel to determine which units should be retained and whicb should be sal- vaged a s uneconomical o r otherwise unsuitable. This action was accomplished by E&C

(3) Provide instruction to project personnel in starting, Stopping, and operating tech-

(4) Have the E&C Branch establish an Electric Power operations Unit for future field

It should be recogniaed that Small Boy required unusually large aod complicated elec-

(1) An Electrical Engineering Officer waa assigned to the EQC, CTO, and given full

(2) Arrangements were made with LRL to borrow a limited number of large generators

(3) Arrangements were made with REECO to provide additlonal replacement and back-

(4) A reimbursable work order was arranged with REECO to provide 24-hour, 'I-day-

The above action8 ware essential to the performance of Small Boy and made it possible

112

Dlvision, meld COIIIIII~ LogISUCS Group, from 30 Jl&' t0 11 1062. CriucpI and dewled inspection resulted in dtsposd Of 32 WJEratOrS. Specific reC0mmendntio~ were made concerning the modiflcation and repair Of S k 60-kw Caterpillar generators and the useful life retention of other units.

5.3.8 Transportation Policies and Procedures. The 5+series FCWT Directives, Bulletins, and CTO SOP'S provided the prlnCipd policies and procedures under which transportation and related activities were p e r f O r m e d . In general. these me established publications and continue in force from year to year With revision a s required to keep them current and in consonance with overall testing and support concepts.

5.4 CAMP SERVICES

As part of its mission, the Support Division provided or arranged for normal camp services for all DOD-sponsored personnel and projects, consistent with their n e e a and the resources available.

These functions were performed or managed through the Las Vega6 Branch and its subordinate operaUng elements. Two exceptions were housiag and ground safeq, separate elements were designated and assigned these tasks under supervision of the OIC, Las Vegas Branch, because of their importance and the signlficant workload involved.

The total m a ~ i n g for those functions involved additional duty of personnel assigned throughout the Support Divlsion, particularly the Las Vegas Branch. Therefore, o d y those positions primarily concerned with these services and not otherwise included in this summary are & o m in Table 5.12.

5.4.1 Housing. The providing of adequate, suitable housing for DOD personnel was identified by the AEC as a major problem, sufficient to prevent essential support of the

between FCDASA and ALOO was swcessful in bringing thls matter to the attention of CHDASA and the AEC Washington offices for speedy resolution. The principal factors involved were: (1) the need for housing for approximately 1,000 DOD personnel, (2) housing which could be provided quickly, (3) housing which could be located adjacent to work areas to reduce portal-to-portal costs in an extremely high wage area, and ( 4 ) housing near job sites to permlt longer on-the-job Ume and increase the effectiveness of management personnel.

Most of the nbove requirements were met by rental and erectlon of prefabricated. modular, trailer camps. A 400-man camp was located In Area 16 and used inltially and primarily for Marshmallow (Figure 5.2). A 600-man camp was sited in Area 5 for support of Small Boy. These camps were funded and Bet up by the AEC under its responsibilities assumed hy the AEC-DOD agreement for use of NTS (Appendix C). They were supplied under contract to the AEC by Northland Camps Incorporated, a Canadian firm. Northland was the successful bidder in competition with four or five U. S. suppliers. who resporded to invitations for bids made by REECO through its Las Vegas Procurement Office. Authority to import the camp facilities (IO- by 50-foot trailers) was provided by the DOD. which certi5ed their need as vital to the defense programs. Further. in this regard FCWT was designated to prepare the customs relensr documentatmn required to secure entry of the trailers into the United States from Canada.

There was some m o r contention between the DOD and the several AEC contractors concerning the allocations of housing in Camp Mercury. The W D was allotted 150 beds of the 2,082 available for male personnel. This condltion required approximately 50

scheduled Nougat and Dominic series and other concurrent programs. Coordinated effort I

113

I I 1

oMcers and enlisted men to be billeted in the Area 6 cpmp, wen thoclgh their prlncip.l duty station was in Camp Mercury. Thls arrangement caused mlnor complaints cow- ing transportation to and from Area 5, lack of a theater, and llmlted re-creation facilities in Area 5. On the other hand, those who llved lo Area 5 enjoyed an excellent -6s hpll and comfortable, @et quarters.

Another housing problem resulted from the decision to perform the Ivy Flats exercise, The Army planning staff came to NTS In May 1962. prepared to bring personnel and quip- ment to set up complete 5eld hou~lng and messing d e r tents. Thls idea was dropped in favor of using available facilities In Areas 12 and 16, augmented by use of Desert Rock for housing only. In Area 16, 150 beds were allocated for the Ivy' Flats hendquarters control group. In Area 12, 725 beds were allocated for 5eld exercise troops. Approxi- mately 200 beds were reserved at Desert Rock for logistic d rir support personnel.

Because of the limited available housing at NTS. senior visiting officers and other notable persons were encouraged to stay in La8 Vegas, when their duties required that they remain overnight in the area. This means was used exclusively for the large observer group present for Ivy Flats. Thirteen air-conditioned commercial buses were leased through REECO from the Las Vegaa-Tonopah-Reno (LTR) BUE Company to transport this VIP group between Las Vegas and Area 18.

figures were developed from E&R Plans. Table 5.14 gives the projected DOD housing requirements for June through August, a s of 1 June 1962. Table 5.15 ahows allocation and use of Camp Mercury housing for DOD personnel, a s of May 1962. Table 5.16 shows total available housing in Camp Mercury by type of facility, May 1962. Shown in 'Table 5.17 is a typical daily DOD Housing Report.

Table 5.13 b o w s the DOD projected maximum population for NTS ln April 1962. These

5.4.2 Messing. Al l feeding at KTS was operated by REECO. Personae1 were required to pay for their meals a s taken. Mess halls were operated in all the major camp sites, and mobile messing facilities were provided at temporary job sites as required.

Most DOD personnel took their meals in one of three dining halls. depending on locations of billets and working areas. The dining halls were in Mercury, Area 5, a d Area 16. M d s were served a la carte; they were generally of excellent variety and quality but were falrly expenslve.

The AEC permitted REECO to enter into an agreement to feed the I v Flats exercise troops living in Area 12 (and dining in that mess hall only for control purpoees) at a flat rate of $1.25 per man per meal. Persons thus authorieed to he fed were provided with an identLtglng mark on their badges. They were required to eat at speolfled times. and a Jolnt Army-REECO beadcouut WPB taken an the basis for determlnlng the chargea to be made In addition, the Area 12 mess hall provided individual sack lunches, when troops were to be in the field.

Exercise personnel living a t sites other than Area 12 were required to pay for their meals individually as taken. The principal reasons for contracting to feed the 5eld exercise troops (as opposed to the exercise headquarters. logistics support, evaluation and control, aad air support personnel) were: (1) they could he easily controlled in large units, (2) they were isolated. and (3) it eliminated any problems that would have arisen if individuak had been required to carry suificient personal funds to cover their major expense.

5.4.3 Office and Laboratory Space. The primary objective was to provide adequate office, laboratory a d shop space for the DOD Test Organization and the participatlng agencies.

114

FC- owned and controlled 32,640 d Of OffICS md lnboratory spnce. In 34 quomets located witbin the DOD compound at Camp Mercury. These faclllties provided the p r i p cI@ source for meeting the test organization’s and the projects‘ needs. The Las Vwas Branch, Support Division, occupied 12,000 ftt ia thrw Butler buildings, whlch were a port of its permanent facilities, used for oMces and warehwalag. The Motor pool, located adjacent to the warehouses, was equipped with adequate vehicle maintenance shops, lubrication equipment, service station, and other essential supporting facilities.

Becruse of the magnllude of the several concurrent DOD programs being conducted, there was not adequate space In the DOD compound for all requirements. Three prhcipal actions were taken to resolve this problem. 0) AEC contractors were requested to re- lmquish a number of DOD quonsets that had been loaned to them. (2) All available space waa reviewed and continually monitored to assure its full ~8%. (3) Twelve oMce trailers were obtained on either a lease or maintenance-cost basis dependiw upon whether they were leased or owned by the AEC. Five of these were used to provlde additional space for the CTO and were located adjacent to the DOD quonsets. Seven trailers were spotred adjacent to quonsets used by the projects to provide them additional space.

The total available space in the compound was 36,5t% XI’, 32,640 in quonsets and 4.350 In omce tratlers.

Additional office space waa provided at forward area lob sites by using 16 house trollers (average size 8 by 26 feet) obtained from W D excesses at Fort Carson, Colorado, and Desert Rock, Nevada. These were obtained at no cost, other than shipping, and they proved very useful. They provided temporary forward area office space for Small Boy, Hard Hat. Marshmallow, Johnie Boy, and Little Feller.

The Marshmallow Program a-ranged for and had established its o m work camp located in the tunnel portal area. For the most part, it consisted of seven 10- by 55-foot office trailers leased from the AEC, twelve M242 van trailers obtained from DOD excess, plus three or four shop traIlers provided by project agencies.

Ivy Fiats required extra office space, which was not available at the time plans were being made for its execution. The AEC agreed to lease eight additional 10- by 55-foot office trailers. and these were delivered between 25 and 29 June 1962. The exercise beadquarters was located adjacent to the Area 16 housing camp to take advantage of existing communications, power, water, sewerage, and other essential facilities. In addition this location provided easy access to quarters and messing facilities and to Area 18 where the exercise was conducted.

In the summer of 1962. a $25,000.00 pmJect was approved and funded through CWASA to move five 20- by 48-foot quonsets from Desert Rock and one from Frenchman Flat to the DOD compound at Mercury. These were obtained from the Army at no Cost to DASA They represented a partial replacement for Bullding 200, a ?.OOO-ft’ structure that was condemned and razed in 1961.

5.4.4 Facilities Maintenance. Maintenance of both permanent and temporary camp facilities required for support of CTO was funded and performed by the AEC, under terms of the AEC-DOD agreement for use of NTS (AppendLx C). Minor alterations, modiflcations, and improvements to W D facilities were funded by FCDASA.

hfaintenance of fnclllties included the following services funded and performed by the AEC: (1) scheduled trash collectors for all areas, (2) janitorial services for all office facilities, (3) periodlc oumlde policing of living and office areas. (4) fire and safety inspection and avallability of fire fighting equipment and personnel at all times, and (5) Lnetallation, removal, o r relocation of telephones.

115

i I 5.4.5 Laundry aad Dry Cleaning. The unit supply actlvltj', Lps Vega8 Branch, 8-a D I v l s l ~ ~ , operated a laundry and dry cleDnlnp pickup and delivery servlce. C l e w was taken to a commercial firm in Las Vegas for processing. whereas laundry was t&en to the government facility at Nellis or to a commercial firm. depsndlng upon the desire of the customer. All transactions with the military 1- and commercial firms were conducted on a cash basis. To permit operation on a cash basis. the enlisted man assigned this duty used his

personal funds to pay for the services redwed, and them collected &om cu8tomers at the time they picked up their clothing, to reimburse himself. Although the use of personal funds was recognized as an undesirable feature in this system. no suitable alter- native could be found. Nevertheless, the system did eliminate the need for maintaining an operatlng fund (for which there was no legal basla), and It reduced the poaslbllity of losses due to carelessness or indlfference on the part of DOD personuel assigned to provide this service.

In addition to the above service. washing machines. driers, and electric irons were available at Camp Mercury to all personnel at no COBt. One washer and drier were io- cated in the men's latrine in the DOD compound, and REECO maintained several units in a small building adjacent to the 500-series dormltorier

5.4.6 Morale and Welfare. Recreatronal facilities at NTS were limited and for the most part were operated by REECD, however, they were available to all DOD personnel. Two AAFMPS theaters were operated by the DOD. one each in Camp Mercury and Area 12. Other facilities included recreation halls providing snack bars, beer, pol, table tennis, shuffleboard, television, and card tables; a joint AEC-DOD llbrary; horseshoe pitches; softball diamonds for both players and spectator participation; outdoor basket- baIl and volleyball courts; and limited illdoor facilities for physical training, such as weight lffting.

The above morale and welfare facilities were augmented by scheduled weekly bus service to Indian Springs, where arrangements were made to use the military facilities, and to Nellis and Las Vegas for weekend shopplng. Several bus trlps were operated to areas of interest near NTS, such as Hoover Dam and Lake Mead.

Projects were permitted to use their assigned transportation for trips to Indian Springs to shop in the PX and Commi~eary aad to get haircuts. These were authorized by the project and program officers and were controlled by issuing one-time off-base trip tickets.

CTO personuel from the Albuquerque area were permltted to use the air shuttle to vislt their famllles. when they could be spared *om thelr duty sections, a d provided seats were available.

All personnel were autborlzed to use the military t ie lhe between NTS and Sandia Base during nonduty bours. Thls, perhaps, proved to be the most important single service in the maintenance of good morale.

-.-A. ,-.

0 ---- Q

TABLE 5.1 NTS SUPPORT DIVISION MANNING SUMMARY

Perm Augmentation TDY Total

Officers 2' 1 3

Enlisted Men 8 5 11 24 - - - - Totals 10 5 12 27 OIC NTS Br had addltional duty of Property Book Officer.

TABLE 5.2 STATUS OF SUPPORT FUNDS. 31 DECEMBER 1962

Committed & Funds O/A Number Funded Obligated Balance

O&M EY 62 O&M EY 63 V ela-Uniform X-MIL Hard Hat (01)

Marshmallow Small Boy Danny Boy Small Boy (07) Johnie Boy

Little Feller I&II Ivy Flats Ivy Flats

Small Boy

Funds

X-MIL

- X-MIL Vela-Uniform Hard Hat (01) Marshmallow Small Boy

Danny Boy Johnie Boy Little Feller It11

11-62-4 11-63-2 20-62-4 26-62-4 27-62-4

28-62-4 30-62-4 31-62-4 32-62-4 33-62-4

34-62-4 35-63-1 36-63-2 47-63-2 50-63-2

EA0 Number

1105- 0201-61 1275-65 1249-63 1267-61 1346-62

20'25-63 2143-64 2143-62

44,450.00 16.000.00 107,150.42 75,000.00 5,000.00

54.000.00 30,000.00

11.500.00 5,000.00

5,000.00

5.000.00 1,500.00 11.500.00

300.00 25.000.00

Funded - 63,440.46 42,788.67

35,000.00 115,000.00

25,000.00 67,500.00 25,000.00

10,000.00

44,450.00 3.880.20

108,428.36 66.784.50 3.976.68

53.012.61 33,687.81 2,287.57 5,964.64 2,496.56

2.719.85 0

3.018.36 19,749.14

0

Expended

66.282.66 35,378.05 9.339.92 33,605.17 19,487.63

6,728.15 0 0 0

0 12,119.80 (1,277.94) 6,215.50 1,023.32

987.39 (3,687.81) 2.712.43 5,535.36 2,503.44

2.280.15 1,500.00 8.481.64 5,250.26 300.00

Balance - (2.842.20) 7,410.62 660.08

1,394.83 95.512.37

18,271.85 67,500.00 25.000.00 11.500.00 Ivy Flats 2166-62 11,500.00 ~~

117

0 i;, e 0

TABLE 5.5 MOTOR VEHICLE IhTENTORY AT PEAK OF OPERATIONS

NTS Rental AEC Corn1 DOD Loan Total

MOTOR VEHICLE

DOD, NTS Motor Pool: Sedan 20 Pickup 13 Carryall 0 Panel 0 Wagon 0 Jeep 0 Truck, 4x2 0 Truck, 6x6 0 Tanker 0 Ambulance 0 Bus 0 Weapon Carrier 0 U'reckei 0

G Tractor, 54011 Totals: 33

-

2 4 96 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 - 122 4

Non-motorized and materials handling equipment

Civilian contractor-furnished vehicles

DOD Project-furnished vehicles

21 84 25 9 4

10 5 2 2 4 5 5 2 3

187 -

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

10 0

30 0 0

44 -

53 193

9 4

11 5 6 2 14

5 35

2 3

390

16

61

23

490

48

-

- GRAND TOTAL (ALL SOURCES)

119

7 1

2

2 w 4

t..

N W m

h a 5 W

- a

e W

m 5 c. 4

a

k w -1 V E W > a 0

z cl a u

6

h ; '9 In

W -1

c k

m

d n o N

120

Output Volts cyc le s Ptmse Wire (kw) Quantity Make Fuel

Buda Diesel 3 4 3

4 Stewarts & Stevens Diesel 3 4

120/240 6o

120/240 6o

75 208/416

6o 208/416

1

1 Consolidated Diesel 3 4 120/240 6o

6o 208/416

5 Cummings Diesel 3 4

2 International Diesel 3 4

6 GMC Diesel 3 4

1 Consolidated Diesel 3 4

120/240 6o

120/940 .60

120/240 6o

120/240 6o

45 208/416

30 208/416

30 208/416

30 208/416

5 John Reiner Gasoline 30 3 4 120/240 6o 208/416

2

3

10

3

1

4

5

1

1

3

1

Consolidated

Onan

John Reiner

Onan

O'Keefe 8 Merritt

Hollingworth

Onan

Sig Corp

O'Keefe & Merritt

Onan

Lealand

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasaline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

Gasoline

30

30

30

10

10

5

5

5

5

2.5

2.5

120

120

120

120

125/250

120/208

115

115

120/240

115

115

60 3 3

60 3 3

60 3 3

60 1 2

60 1 2

60 3 4

60 1 2

60 1 2

60 1 2

60 1 2

60 1 2

1 Briggs & Stratton Gasoline 1.5 115 60 1 - 2

122

TABLE 5.11 TYPICAL DOD GENERATOR STATUS REPORT, 6 JULY 1962

- I. 15 60 45 30 10 5 I?nrbr 5

on nand 3 11 5 29 12 23 15

Assigned: Marshmallow 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Small Boy 2 4 1 11 8 8 8 Vela-Uniform 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 Little Feller &

Johnie Boy 0 0 0 0 3 8 6

Total in Use 2 6 1 1.9 11 16 14 Deadlined 1 4 3 2 1 2 0 Available 0 1 1 9 0 5 1

TABLE 5.12 CAMP SERVICES MANNING SUMMARY

Organizational Element Perm Aug TDY Totals

Office of the OIC Las Vegas Branch

Officer 1 1 2 5 2 Enlisted

Subtotal 3 4 7

Ground Safety Officer 1 1

0 Enlisted Subtotal 1 I

- 3 - -

- 0 -

Religious Services Officer Enlisted

1 1 0 0

Grand Totals Officer 1 3 4

5 Enlisted 2 3 L

12 3

i TABLE 5.13 DOD NTS PEAK POPULATION FORECAST, APRIL 1962

Off EM c iv Total

DOD Test Gp 45 115 0 160

Small Boy 60 136 419 615

MarsbmaIlow 36 10 I24 170

61 75 Vela-Uniform 1 ,E - 7 - 7 -

Totals 1.18 266 604

TABLE 5.14 DOD N T S PEAK POPULATlON FORECAST, JUNE 1962

Activity Off EM C iv Beds Location

FCDASA CTO 85 150 5 240 Camp Mercury

10 - 40 - 60 Camp Mercury - 10 - Vela-Uniform Subtotals 95 160 45 300

Marshmallow (DOD) 36 10 12.1 170 Area 16

Small Boy (DOD) 55 590 Area 5 - 375 - 160 - - Totals 186 330 544 1,060

Table 5.15 C A M P MERCURY HOUSING ASSIGNMENTS, MAY 1962

Number of Beds Average Number (lo& Desim) Pers Billeted Location Facility Use

Mercury Dorm 507 Officers 34 Mercury Trailer 2 Officers 4 Mercury Dorm P Enlisted 44 Mercury Dorm 5 EM/Civ 34 Mercury Dorm W EM/Civ 34 Mercury Dorm Q Off/Civ A s req’d & avail Mercury Dorm K Civilian A s req’d & avail

Subtotals 150

33 2

40 46 47

6 3 iE

Area 5 Temp Camp Off/EM/Civ 550 200* 130. - - Area 16 Temp Camp Off/EM/Civ 306

Totals 1.008 507 In use on 26 May 1962. Fifty billets in Area 5 and 100 in Area 16, set aside for REECO labor and camp services personnel, are not included in the totals.

124

T I

TABLE 5.16 TOTAL HOUSING AVAILABLE m CAMP MERCURY, MAY 1962

Quantity Capacity Number of Beds

Dormitories 37 34 1,258 132

Subtotal 1,390 - 3 44

Trailers 137 4 548 20 3 60 126 2 256 66 66

Subtotal 930

GRAND TOTAL 2,320

- 1

LESS

Married Quarters 19 2 38

Women's Dorms 4 34 136 Women's Dorms 1 44 44 Women's

20 Subtotal 238 - Trailers 5 4

Net available for men 2,082

TABLE 5.17 TYPICAL DAILY DOD HOUSING REPORT

Total Spaces Spaces Space Left Filled

Area Dorms

600 5 Officers H 21 54 Civilians D-E-F 72 303 Enlisted G-'h C 5 145

150 Mercury Officers S-507 0 72 Civilians 0 16 Enlisted 0 62

408 16 Total

200 12 Total

127 281

188 12

226 Desert Rock Total 144 82

125

c

- E

o m ( D o 4 N

P) m m

126

Chapter 6

PROGRAMS

The Programs Division was responsible for the technical experiments conducted by the DOD on all nuclear tests. Under ideal condltions, the experiments were part of a package program prepared and funded by CHDASA. The package program outllned the experiments, indicated the contractors who would perform the experiments, and provided many details necessary to be@ movlng the experimental projects to the test location.

Becawe of the moratorium on nuclear testing and the accompanying restrictions on any planning for tests, there was not time for separate planning and operational phases on this test series. Many changes were made in the experimental programs after the Test Division received what would normally have been a complete program package. A few experiments were.deleted, many were added, and all had to be modified to some extent to accommodate them to the other experimental programs and field conditions.

The technical results of the experimentaI programs a re documented & the Project Officers Reports (Appendix A). The &pose of this chapter is to give general coverage of the scope and magnitude of the Programs Dlvislon effort during this test 6eries. Shot and meteorological data is contained in Appendix G.

6.1 ORGANIZATION

The Programs Dlvision was divided into eight distinct programs covering the general

(l) Program 1, blast. shock. and ground m d o n measurements. (2) Program 2, prompt and residual nuclear radtatioa (3) Program 3, effects on structures. (4) Program 4, biomedical effects. (5) Program 5, effects on akrcraft in fflght. (6) Program 6, electromagnetic phenomena ('7) Program I , miscellaneous studies of specific Interest to a particular service and

(E) Program 8, thermol radlation. Each program wm headed by a Program Dlrector. who waa responeible to the Chief,

Programs Divlsion. for the management of his program. In general, Programs Division personnel were assigned to the various programs Ln accordance with their scientific background and experience; & m a q cases, however. the as&pments were baaed 00 the workloads being carried by the indivldual programs.

The study of the effects from nuclear detonations has, through the years, become Increasingly rophisticated and complicated. Along with an understanding of the basic parameters has come an appreciation and concern for more subtle and, often, more dangerous effects. The indlvidual nuclear events conducted at NTS during 1962 were each primarily concerned with comprehensive measurements of a particular phenomenon;

areas of nuclear effects of interest to the DOD. The programs are a s follows:

W e d by the service.

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tberefore, the Program Dlrector responalble for the concerned was designated the Program Manager for that nuclear event. The crash =ture of the entire ser ies also necessitated a strong management organization with responsibility and authority held at the lowest management level possible.

In September, Program 1 took over the Vela-Uniform Program, nnd Program 8 assumed management of Marshmallow. Small Boy came under the management of Program 6 in December, and P r o e a m 2 took over Danny BOY in JanUarY 1962. Uttle Feller and J o m e Boy were begun in May 1962 after CTO had set up operations at NTS. By thpt time, the managing organizations for the various events were working smoothly and had their hands full with their individual projects. It was necessary, therefore, to assign two of the ~ ~ ~ ~ t y Test Directors a s Event C o o r b t o r s on these shots.

The increasing complexity of tbe scientific experiments performed on nuclew tests bas made it desirable to have senior scientists available during all pbases of the operation. These were men of recognized stature in the Particular field Of science under investigation. In some cases (Small Boy and Johnie Boy). Scientific Advisors were appointed, to @e their ralents readily available to the Program Managers. In another case (Marshmallow), the senior scientist became a part of the organization under the Program Manager, with tbe Program Dire6tors reporting direct to him On all technical matters. The exact organizational location of the senior scientist depended upon the Program W a g e r . the complexity of the experiments, and the deslres of the senior scientist. The function of tbe senior scientist was to insure that the experiments obtained the scientific information required, How this was accomplished varied from individual to individual and from program to program.

of the ppruculpr eno omen on

h July 1961, the Director of Program 3 was designated Program Manager 0fH-d Ha t

6.2 FUNCTIONS

The Program Manager bore the full responsibility for all phases of management of the program insofar as the DOD interests were concerned. ?le coordinated technical, scientific, operational, and fiscal aspects of the programs. To accomplish the management supervislon for which he was responsible, the Program Manager had the responsibility and authority to:

as propoeed by civilian agencies performing under contract.

AEC subcontractors.

a8 well a8 numerous supporting agencies retained on a consultant basis.

(I] Review and approve or modify the experimental techniques and scientific approaches

(2) Review and approve or mcdify construction and installation procedures proposed by

(3) Coordinate and integrate laboratory and field efforts of major participating agencies

(4) Manage the preparation for fieldng and on-site management of the fielding of the

(5) Review budgets, estimates, and funding actions. and reprogram funds a8 necessary

(6 ) Submlt preoperation plans and reports and postoperation reports. During this test series, the Program Manager's responsibilities were discharged through

program.

so that the most effective u8e was made of available resources.

the Offices of the Program Directors who were responsible for the immediate supervision and direction of the individual projects.

a) Directing the projects assigned to the program in executing the mission of the pro- g r m , the provisions of the contracts, and the policies of the Government and the Program Manager.

The duties of each Program Director included

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(2) Assuring that the proviiiona of the contracts were belng met in a satisfactory -!x.

(3) Assuring that plans and reports were submitted at times and in forms required by instructions. Reviewing POIRs and PORs for completeness and technical accuracy aud forwarding comments through channels to the Technical Information Branch. . (4) Reviewing E&R Plans, obtaining comment or concurrence from appropriate agencies. Resolving comments or disagreements, or submitting a recommended solution through the chain of command.

(5) Maintaining competence in scientific aspects of each project of his program, (6 ) In major matters of scientific disagreement o r interference, submitting a recom-

(7) Within his area of sclentlflc and technical competence, resolving questions perti-

(8) Maintaining detailed, complete, current written information on the fiscal status of

(9) Preparing for dispatch the correspondence and messages pertinent to his program. (10) In the course of diligent surveillance of his program, warning the Program Man-

mended solution to the Scientific Advisor.

nent to his program an3 passing information on such actions through the chain of Command.

each element of his program.

ager of approaching crises in timely fielding of projects, financial overruns, and other conflicts in use of common resources such as time, space, and channels. cogent information on all aspects of problems and recommended solution's.

Presenting

6.3 PROGRAMS AND PARTICIPATION

Four of the seven DOD effects shots-Small Boy. Johnie Boy, and Little Feller I and II-were designated as Sun Beam (later changed to Dominic II by the AEC) events, a part of the Dominic series of atmospheric tests conducted in the Spring of 1962. The other three-Danny Boy, Hard Hat, and Marshmallow-were carried out as part of the Nougat series of underground tests.

All seven of these DOD events were accomplished on a crash basis with a very short preparation time following the lifting of the moratorium on testing. Although most of the extensive tunneling in granite for Hard Hat had been done under Project Lollipop. a planned high explosive WE) shot, it was rapidly completed and converted to the nuclear Hard Hat shot and executed in 4 months. Danny Boy was fielded and executed in less than 2 months. The very complex Marshmallow event, involving extensive tunneling, a large and exacting vacuum system, and an intricate instrumentation array, was fielded and executed in I months. The evergrowing. complex, and knotty Small Boy-whose stature eventually grew to I3 identifiable scientific projects (with a number of others unidentified specifically) and over 500 instrument stations-was fielded and executed in I months. Johnie Boy and Little Feller I and U were fielded and executed in 2 months, late in the period.

being managed. It must be noted. too, that these field phases on the seven events were not separate disassociated periods; much of this work was going on concurrently. Figure 1.6 presents a consolidated diagram of this effort.

portion of the broad spectrum of nuclear weapon effects studied on previous series. Each event was centered, however, on a n area of primary interest designed to obtain new howledge or extend existing knowledge in fields of interest deemed particularly important to the DOD.

Concurrently, Vela-Uniform participation in the 42 AEC developmental shots was

The objectives of the Sun Beam series and concurrent DOD events covered a large

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P '

Although Program 800 (Marshmallow) wa8 haadled 88 a separate effort aad therefore was not a part of Programs Division, the mission and objectives closely parallel those of the Programs Division and are, therefore. included in thIs chapter.

6.3.1 Hard Hat. The primary objectives of Hard Hat were to obtain basic information from the effects of an underground nuclear detonation on the mechanics of tunnel damage in granite and to relate this information to the loading and structural responses of varI- ous tunnel liners subjected to such a detonation.

Because of the absence of a comprehensive program 10 Study nuclear explosion effects on tunnels and tunnel liners in previous AEC test operations, and the need for better de- srgn criteria and procedures for tunnel liners, a test program was developed by H&X. This program, originally planned for Project Gnome of the Plowshore Program, submitted to the AEC in April 1959.

lation to work submitted to DASA by the University Of Illinois. Consequently, a meeting with representation from DASA. AEC, and HQN was held July 1959. A decision was made to combine the two proposals in the Lollipop Program as Project 29. Structural Response Program.

Lollipop, under LRL direction. was a planned nuclear detonatlon in granite and a part of the Seismic Improvement Program, the forerunner of the Vela-Uniform Program.

Construction for Projebt 29 commenced in Area 15, in November 1959 and was suspended in October 1960. The suspenrion was partially due to difficulties encountered in securing satisfactory in-situ specimens of polyurethane foam tunnel liner back packing arer ia l (Figure 6.1).

In June 1961, representatives of cognizant agencies met at HqDASA. Plans were made to resume necessary construction for completion of Project 29 as a structural effects test. This test was to be solely sponsored and executed by DASA and was renamed the Hard Hat event.

When the Nougat series commenced in September 1961. Hard Hat was approved as a 5-kt nuclear event. Vela-Uniform participation was authorized. Construction commenced in October, and Hard Hat was detonated 15 February 1962.

Since Hard Hat waa contained, reentryhecovery work commenced almost immediately. This work was completed in June 1962.

Headquarters DASA, upon review of HILN's program, determined it was a close corre-

Participating projects are listed In Table 6.1.

6.3.2 Danny Boy. This was one of a comprehensive series of surface and near-surface cratering shots planned to obtain information of interest to DOD with regard to hardened underground structures and to tactical ami strategic applications of demolition and cratering. For the hardened structures application, tbis series was designed to develop an understanding of the manner in which energy Is coupled into the ground and an malytic method of calculating expected ground shock and motion effects for all yields and any soil structure. These objectives were related to those outlined for Hard Hat. The cratering and demolition applications were likewise concerned with the coupling of energy into the ground but from the viewpoint of predicting cratering and demolltion effects. Both applications were, of course, concerned with the variation of effecta with yield and depth of charge.

scope of the test was formulated in early January 1962 and was based largely on a program already developed by LRL for Plowshare. Through arrangements made by CHDASA with LRL, a technlcal director for Danny Boy was assigned by that Isboratory. The field

:

Danny Boy was p h e d and fielded within a very stringent time frame. The technical

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organization consisted of members of CTO and the LRL field staff, working jointly under the Mlitary Deputy Test bfanager. Table 6.2 lists the participating projects.

Danny Boy was orfginally scheduled for 1 March 1962, but two corrective 46-hour delays ordered by higher authority reiultRd in rescheduling to 5 March.

6.3.3 MarshmalIow. The plrpose was to study the source characteristics and the effects of a nuclear detonation in a high-altitude environment. This was accomplis&d by an extensive vacuum system. Speclflcally studied were the

Table 6.3). Shot Logan during Operation Hardtnck (1958) was planned and executed% 45 days in

an effort to get some information 09, went Into effect. For the most part, the test wan uauccessful. Pllnnlag b a n d oa the Logan experience was then started by LRL for P' lxperiment that would obtPln the desired information. Thls txperiment waa designated Marshmallow. In February 1959, the responaibility for the experiment was transferred from LRL to FCDASA. At h t time, the experimental projects were to be brought to an 18-month readiness stage a d mothballed. In September 1961, FCDASA was instructed to reactivate the experiment Pld take it to the field for executlon on an accelerated time schedule of 9 monthn.

A critical-path technique was wed for the schedulhg of the myriad of parts and p a - sonnel required to be at the right place at the rlgbt time. Some of the taska were without precedent, and the time estimates for their completlon were nothing more tbm educated guesses. Even these crude estimates served their purpose. In the long run, the over- and underestimates balanced each other. and the milestone steps were pretty much on schedule. This management technique is highly recommended for future test activities.

Rescheduling of the shot from 5 to 26 June was necessitated by the delay in the Des Moines event. Des Moines was used BS a test of the ability of Marshmallow Instrumen- tation to operate in the radiation environment of a nuclear detonation. Only background- type measurements were attempted. The Marshmallow experiment was succesafully performed on 28 June.

One aspect of Marshmallow tbat warrants special mentioning is the Area 16 camp (Figure 5.2). This camp was constructed to provide living facilities for 400 mea close to the Area 16 portal area. The advantages of the camp more than repaid the initial costs involved. With quick access to the portal work area, all project personnel worked evenings during the week. possible to meet the time schedule. The delay cost for the s&t was conservatively estimated at $25,000.00 per day. The additional costs incurred by locating the living and eating facilities in Area 16 rather than in Mercury were much lower h n the delay costs would have been.

6.3.4 Little Feller. The Little Feller shots WellMart of a large scientific program to get a better unders td ing of the effects cbtained

They were accompllshed in a 'IO-day period, from the date on which a decision was made to proceed to the date of execution of the last shot. During this period, FCDASA was actively ellgaged in extensive operations for three other DOD shots and routine operations for several AEC developmental shots. Competition for area, construction, agency participation, and time was pressing throughout the period Extensive use of overtlme and careful manipulation of project agencies were necessary to effect the shots in the available time.

Originally three Little Feller shots were considered: one was to be exploded from a static position, 40 feet above ground level; the second was to be from a static position,

before the nuclear test moratorium

Without these additional man-hours, it would have been im-

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3 feet above ground level; and the third was to be launched tactically pfter hen fuzed to detonate at a height of burst of 40 feet. A military tactical exercise was p h e d to be accomplished in connection with the third hot . In early planning, the 40- and 3- foot natic abota were identined aa Llttle Feller I and Little Feller II, respectively.

a 3-foot launched shot, in connection with a tactical exercise. Little Feller I was to identi$ this shot, even though, in chrono~ogy, it occurred after the 3-foot static shot (Little Feller II).

During planning. the third shot WBS droppsd, and the 40-foot Static Shot was changed to

Projects accomplished in connection with the Little Feller shots are listed in Table 6.4.

Little Feller I. This was a first in U. S. Army history. The device was a. fired ia its mllitpry configura7ioa by

U. 9. Army personnel in connection with a troop exercise, 17 July 1962.

Meas- ured effects, obtained on a limited scale because of the troop exercise. were simihr to those observed during Little Feller II.

coordination between activities of technical and tactical personnel. Heodguarters space and some living quarters were furnished by the AEC in the Area 16 camp. Most of the troops were housed at the Area 12 camp. Personnel were fed at the dining facilities in Areas 12 and 16. Construction was accomplished by REECO within the AEC fatuity.

A secret report on the complete tactical operation was prepared by

Over $00 troops participated in the tactical orientation, which involved

This shot &emonstrated

the Sixth United States Army: Final Report, IVY Flats, Headquarters Sixth United States Army, Presidio of San Francisco, California, 22 August 1962.

FCWT and NTSO, augmented by the Sandia Corporation.

for Little Feller I,

FCDASA responsibilities were accomplished through the normal organization of

Little Feller XI. Little Feller II was executed, 7 July 1962. as a companion shot

FCDASA responsibilities were Hcmmplished through the normal organization of F C W and NTSO, augmented by the Sandia Corporation. For this shot, the Sandia Cor- poration furnished the Test Group Director (Mr. A. J. Max) and was responsible for all functions related to delonation of the weapon

6.3.5 Johnie Boy. Tho iqitial directive concerning

plans for Johnie Boy a s a WD-sponsored event in Operation Dominic XI was received by FCDASA, 11 May 1962. The event was to be conducted by LRL under general guidance of AEC. Table 6.5 lists participating projects.

The planning was complicated by the fact that there were five DOD events and several AEC events scheduled during the same time period. Only certain areas of NTS were suitable for this particular experiment, and all of these areas were being used for other events during the same time. equipment were involved in two or more events. for the experimental effort, shot date, and shot location. This left 5'/* weeks for fielding the experiment. Several d a y s were lost when the area was closed for Little Feller I1 and again during practice troop exercises in connection with Ivy Flats.

In addition, many of the personnel and much of the test Early in June, plxis were completed

i

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7 I

Despite many contlicts resulting from this intensified and compressed sch,=dule, ~~w BOY was detonated 23 inches below tbe surhce in Area 18 at 0845 on 11 J U ~ ~ 1962, just me day later than the original scheduled date.

6.3.6 Small Boy.

A second major and extensive program of experiments, added to S m a l l Boy after field pha8e bad begun, was a nuclear weapon vulnerability program These experimats were conducted by the AEC through LASL, LRL, and the Sandia Corporation. The a&- tion of this program Introduced complications Into the original nominal Small Boy program of about 31 scientific projects: (1) It required a fairly substantial amount of r e d estate in the near vicinity of ground zero (Figures 3.7 and 6.2). (2) It added a tremendous construction burden to a load that was already considered to be marginal in the time frame required. (3) It posed a significant noninterference problem. (4) With a very tight time scale already forcing everything to the limit, it required changing from a nuclear device on which all previous planning had been done to one having radically differ- ent characteristics. This necessitated a considerable effort on the part of oLher experi- menters in recalculating expected effects and redesigning their experiments to fit the characteristics of the new device. It also necessitated a significant amount of redesign and field modlfication of stations already under construction, a s well as those yet to be constructed. Flnally. sInce neither of the new devices under consideration was yet suf- flcieiitiy proven to be acceptable, it introduced a tremendous uncertainty into the situation. The problem was f l ~ l l y resolved approximately a month before the scheduled test date when one of the new devices was declared acceptable and the decision finalized.

Another major and extensive program added after the initiation of the field phase was a fallout program requiring manned stations, extensive fallout collection arrays out to distances of 35 miles. and monitoring surveys out to 300 miles from ground zero. For- tunately. this dld not add a very large burden to the construction load. because much of it8 equipment was prefabricated. It did, however, require extensive training and coordination on a very short time scale and created a tremendous drain on support facilities already io insufficient supply such as vehicles, communications equipment, laboratory and office space. office furniture, and housing.

a number of studies connected with hardened structures; it consisted of very close-in blast, shock, and ground motion measurements where the magnitudes of effects were

Three h e r significant programs were also carried out on Small Boy. The first was.

134

i expact& to be large, and tests of model structures. These were rll ia the original Small Boy program. The second program consisted of a number of tests of service equipment: the third involved tests of aircraft missile deliveries. The projects are listed in Table 6.c.

ber 1961, in a meeting held at HqDASA, when approval for preparation was received in HqDASA and money made available to begin preparation. DOD projects and a target date Of 29 May 1962. established at the meeting. Also. at this meeting, Frenchman Flat was selected as the site, arid the conditions for a suitable test area and ground zero were established.

Tbe field construction period began in early February 1962 and terminated about 1 June with the conditional acceptance of the last stations by the project agencies. Con- struction was hampered by frequent sandstorms (Figure 6.3). User occupancy began when the first stations became available about 1 May and extended until 7 July when the last projects were established in their stations and ready.

cution. During this phase, it remained on a continuous D-1 day status. A complete button-up was carried out on the night of 7 July only to have the shot cancelled next morning for weather. A partial button-up was conducted the night of 8 July and cancelled about midnight, again for weather. Button-up procedures were improved and minimized and no further button-ups were carried Out until the night of 13 July. ly, and all was ready at the appointed time.

On 14 July, a delay of an hour and a half from scheduled shot time ensued, waiting for the winds to be just right.

Reentry went smoothly, and the last of the manned stations was released by about 1600 hours. Reentry of some stations was delayed for several days due 10 the Radex situation. Recovery and rollup began and were essentially completed by 4 August.

Small Boy involved 73 identifiable scientific projects consisting of 53 DOD projects, 4 Civil Effects projects, and the large AEC vulnerability program-dl in all, over 500 scientific stations. data was obtained by all but two projects. Their failure to obtain data was not due to equipment malfunction but apparently to the fact that there was none to be obtained.

Small Boy entered the field or execution phase for all practical purposes on 20 Decem-

It entered this phase with 31

On 7 July, Small Boy entered the readiness phase awaiting favorable weather for exe-

Thls button-up went smooth-

The shot was fired at 1030 hours.

With only a few exceptions, all stations operated successfully, and

6.3.7 Vela-Uniform. This program participated in 42 events, most of which were developmental tests conducted by the AEC laboratories. The purpose of this program w a s to improve the capability of detecting, and identifying as such, underground nuclear detonations.

In July 1960, FCWT started planning for a series of nuclear and HE detonations to provide experimental data for achievement of the original purpose. Before any test shots were actually fired, the moratorium was ended, and Operation Nougat began. The Nougat series took priority an efforts and shot locations. Uniform shots were either cancelled o r delayed, and instructions were received to collect data from the Nougat series on a noninterference basis. expended on approximately five events and less extensive effort on the remainder.

for 17 other agencies.

Beam events.

Because of this, the original Vela-

Major experimental effort was

Support was provided one experimental agency on a continuous basis and intermittently

Table 6.7 lists the Vela-Uniform projects that participated during the Nougat and Sun Table 6.8 lists the projects that participated during specific events.

135

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1

146

148 Pages 149 through 154

deleted.

7 AppendLx B

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MFMPS A-E AEC AFCRL AFM AFSAM AFSWC AESWP AFTAC ALOO AMCD AOMC APC APRL AR ARA AR F ARPA ASD ASE ASRDL ASTL4 ATAC AWRE BC BRL BT L cal/cm’ CFTO CHDASA CONARC CP CTO Cubic D-1 dny DASA DB DCA DC/S DDC DDM DOD DOFL DRI DTMB DT MS Eni En1 ErTaal)

Army ard Air Force Motion Picture Service Architect- Engineer Atomic Ccergy Commission Air Force Cambridge Rerenrch Laboratories Air Force Manual Air Force School of Avintion Medicine Air Force Specid Weapons Center Armed Forces Special Weapons Pmject (changed to M S A ) ALK Force Techoicai Application Center Albuquerque Operations Office. Atomic E n e r a Commission (also A M , Army gbsile C o m d , Rsdatcne A r r e d Iformerly AOMC) Army Ordnance MIssile Command. Huntsville, Alabama (changed to AMs) U. S. Army PictorlpI Center Applied Physics Research Laboratory Army Regulation Allied Research Associates Armour Research Foundation (changed to UT’ Advanced Research Project Agency Aeronauticnl Systems Dirision. U. S. Air Force American Science and Engmeeriw Company U. S. Army Siganl Research and Developmeat Lsbarntory Armed Services Technical Information Agency (changed to DDC) Army Tank Automotive Center Iformerly VTAC) Atomic Weapo~s Research EsbbPblishment (Great Brl tahl Boerng Aircraft Company BdlIsUc Research Laboratories Bell Telephone laboratorles d o r l e a per square centimeter Civil EUecta Test Orgnruzation. AEC Chief, Defense Atomic Supprt Amncy Crmthantrl Army Command comrmad Post Conthentd TeIt Orgmizstion Cubic Corporation TLme la r&Uon ta scheduled sbot day Defense AtamIc Suppan Agency (formerly AFSWP) D ~ n a y Boy Deferme CmnmuninaUons Agency Deputy Chief of sua mime DocumanuUm C a t e r (formerly ASTL4) DivUIm oi Muiury Application Department ol Defense Dummd Ordnvlce Fume LpborntoTy (changed to HDL) Denver Re-uch hstitute. University of Demer David W. Taylor Model Baarn Deienre TrnKic Management Service energy ne a fuacuon of wavelength e n e r a as a function of time Taal energy integrated Over time and wvelengrh

1 5 5

U C EDIG ERP ELRDA

EMP EDR ERDL Y M FA C FCLG FCP FCTG rcwT m OCA GEOTECE G9A cz EAC EDL BE nE R4 N HOB nT INTC

EM

ISA FB lTR JB JCS JOI JTF KN kt U S L WFS LMSC LRL mRl MXT m T L L M1( W L NhDC NBBCRPL NC NCEL NCO NDL NEL NMC N b f I C NOL NOTAhs NRDL NTS NTM) NVOO Oc80 OIC

~ e a r h g a d CountrucUm Edgerton. aSrIndIau.an d Crier. Lac. E. E. PlesiEI A # m h t e s . InC Army E l e ~ c R R S O U ~ ~ .nd Devalopment Act lvi t~ RISCWO-euC dectromas~~stlc pulme E x p r i m a t und Bequlrements U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories Federal Aviation AEEUCY Forward AIr Controller Field Cor3maud?-Qgi~ci Group Forward Control Point Field C o d , Atomic Weapwn Trniniog Group meld Commud. W ~ ~ K U I O E f f d and T R ~ U Gmup Federal Services, Innc. Geophysics Corpantiw of America Geotschnical LaNhlle &r,eral Services Adminiitration ground zero Hughes Aircraft Company Barry DIammd Lsboruory (formerly DOFL) Ugh explosive Hard Hat Rolmes and Narver. Inc. height of barst llllnols InstlNte of Technology. Research lrYtitute (formerly ARFI U. S. Army Intelligence Corps M s m Springs Air Force Bane lnrerlm Test Report Inow called POIRl Johnie Boy Joint Chiefa of Staff Jolnt Office of Wormation Joint Tank Force K p m ~ Nuclear WOtoll Loa A h o s Scientific lrboratorg Lookout Mountain A h Force Statim Lackheed MLisilei and Space Company Lawrence Rndlition LPboratory, Udversi*. of California HBD Research, Inc. Umiachusetu Institute of TeehnolW

Marhallow mean Y. level U. S. Naval Air Development Center National Buruu of sL.odrr&. Central Rad0 PrOppt lon -.Dry Northrop Corpontlco. Venturn Divimlon Nnual Clvil Engineering Laboratory noncommiimionsd omccr

U. S. Navg EleeMrdcm LPboratory Navll Mlssile Curter N a d Wmmiie Ten Center U. S. Navy Ordnance Lpboratory Notices to Airmen U. S. Nnval Rndloiogcal Defenae Labratory Nevada Teat Sire N e v h T e n Sits Orgsoizntion Nevada Op2raUonr Office, AEC Office of the Chief Signal OMcer. U. 8. Army Officer-In-Charge

Mwucbuwtu Institute of Technalow, LinooIn Lsboratory ..

NuciMr DefUUe LUbOI'.WV

156

i OTAC OTO PbC PI0 porn poL WR m RCA RDB RDTkE REECO rem RPA W V SB Bc 8CC SFOO Boc SOP sru SRDL STL TAC TDY

TlB TU TWX UCLA UED USIVLMS USmm USAEPG USAIS USAPC OSASCC USCOGS USGS USNCEL USPHS VSWB W WES WP wr wu

n

Army Orchance Tank AutomosIve Cormnmf (changed W ATAC) otoce of T e d Operations P u r b l n g and Contractlnp Publlc Infornution Milcelr) Project OfBcers lrierlm Xeport (formerly called lTR) petroletun. oil.. md lubricants ProJect Omcers Report (formerly called W'T) Paci5e Standard Time -0 CorporaUon of America Remearch m d Developmmt B o d research. develdpmeni. tea. .ad evaluatlm Reywlds Electrical and Enggineering CompseY roentgen equivalent man (mammal) u. 6. Army SIgMl w o ProFwauon AgeW2.v nroty v.hlcle Small BOY hodk Colporation U. 6. Army Straiegic CommunicaUonm Command sllrta Fe Cperations Office, AEC bow A m ) SPCS General Corporation nuldlng operating procedurea Sunfoni Resarch In6tftute U. 6. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory Spes T e c h n o l w kbora tor ies Tactlcll ALr Command tampormy duw Taus hstnumnu. h c . Technical Information Branch. F C W T u k Unlt taicfyp message Unlverilty of Callforlrin at Los Angeles. Unlted ElectrO--a. lac. U. 6. Army Artlllery and Missile School U. 8. Army Armor Scbool U. S. Army Electrordc Provlrg Ground U. S. Army Infnntry School U. 8. Army PictOrW Center U. S. Army Signal Corps Cemier U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Nayr Civil E n m e e r b g latoraiory U. S. Fubllc Health Service U. 8. Weather Bumnu Vela-Uniform U.S. Army Corps of Eagginaera. Waterways Expaiment Sintion working point Weapoma Tent Report bow called POW Western Union Telegraph Company. Directorate of Comra~caUona.

Department Of the A l r Force

15'7

7' Appendix c

AEC-DOD MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT, JANUARY 1961

ldEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION -DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

USE OF NEVADA TEST SITE FACILITIES

FCWT - 186 B- 14 Contrwt NO. AT(29-2) - 1077

THlS AGREEMENT entered into thls 14th day of January, 1961. by ad between the Nomic Energy Commission bereinnffsr crlled AEC) represented by the Albuquerque Operotions Office barernafter called ALO) and the Department of Defense bereinalter called DOD) represented by Field Command Defense Atomic Support Agency @ereinafter called FC/DASA):

WITNESS THAT: WHEREAS, the AEC operates ceRBin facilities under the jurisdiction of the Manager, A L O . for con- ducung nuclear weapons testa and hqh ewplosives tests together with related weapon and seismic improvement experiments and demonatratlona conducted at the Nevada Test Site bereinafter called NTS): and WHEREAS. the DOD has need to conduct or participate in certain nuclear and non-nuclear tests and experiments; and

WHEREAS, certain nuclear and "on-nuclear sxpariments conducted at the NTS under APC jurisdiction are of joint AEC/DOD interest;

NOW THEREFORE, the parties mutually agree w follows:

1. Upon approval of thls agreement, Memormdums of Agreement ATf29-21-294 mevsda Provmg Ground @erations. dated February 23. 1953), Funding and Allmation of Expenses at Nevada Pmving Ground (AT(29-2) -295). dated May 14, 1954, and Security Agreement. Nevada Test Operations, dated November 17.. 1952, are supersedad ard cancelled.

2. Tbe Assistant Manager for Test W r U i o n s . AEC-LO. and the Deputy Chief of Staff. Weapons Effects Tests. FC/DMA. am dealpatad representatives of tbs m e r . ALO. .nd the Cormn.oder. FC/DAbA. respectively for the ImplernenUtion of this .grsement.

3. ?be Y m r . ALO-AEC. and the CommUIdar, PC/DASA. M jointly rewon- db le for interpreting the provisions of thls agreement.

4. The term md COndltiOM of this .greement may be modified from time to time by tbo execution of formal a m e h n t a mutually w m e d upon by the aiWUorles.

5 . Tbe Assisllllt Manager for T e n qmratlons, AEC-ALO. and the Deputy Chlef of sL.ti. WeapOM Effect. Testa. FC/DMA, are authorized to issue implementing procedures repnrding =e01 of joint interest.

DIvlaicm of rerponeiMlig b a v s e n AEC a d DOD and detailed terms and conditions am cwlltnsd in Annexes "A" through "H" which are W n d e d ta md barsby m d e a part of thls agreement.

7. Thlr agreement becomes effective on date of last signature and r emans in effect for an mdefinlte period. It may be terminated by either party only after negctia- tions between the parties bareto for the purpose of reaching an uderstandlng w to the time ud C O ~ ~ ~ ~ U O M on md d e r which the termination shall be effwrve.

6 .

158

T Memorandum of Agredmant, AEC-DOD

In the event mgotipUona do not result in conditions mutually agrwable to both parties, either pnrty may then tsrminata the Agreament upon @vi= 12O-day written notice to the other party.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

14 JAN 1961 (date) K.F. AertIord, Manager Albuquerque Operations Office

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE by Field Command, Defense AlrJInIc -port mmy

14 JAN 1961 (d-) Harold C. Domellv Major General, USAF Commander

ANNEX A MEMORANDUM ‘OF AGREEMENT

AEC/DOD USE OF NEVADA TEST SITE FACILITIES

GENERAL POLICIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

The Office of Test Operations (MO) will refer applications to the NTS Use CommiUee or the

ITEM

1. Proposal for Use of NTS

- The FC/DASA a311 submit a formal proposal to ALO coverim:

NTS Planning Board, p11 appropriate.

Tbese groups may call a meeting with the u r o p o d

- a. Dellcriptioo of the proposed

activity. w r a i at& otbar umr parties for coluiderntloo of the proposal. They w i l l tben nrbmtt racom- mendations to the Amidant Mparger for Test Opera-

b. Operion.l ~ p e c t s of the propollad activity.

tions or to the Manager. Albuquerque OperPUons.

The Office of Test OperpUolu. after rnview of tbs proposal. wlll submit XWCOI~IUM~&OM to tbs Uanager. A M . d. Pomntial hazards, either to

The M-r. ALO. will approve o r disapprove uw of NTS for the propowd project. o r u his &Eration. may Nbmit to DMA for consideration.

e. Probable degree of support mqulrad by the NTS orgpniza- U O M .

on-aim or off-site p o p u l n t i ~ ~ .

have bean p ~ ~ n t e d by the M O . e. Anawer8 to LpleStiODII which

I. Proposed funding arrangements. In c w e s of limited time. the Test Manager may. nt tba requeat of tbe p o ~ o t i p l user. waive the use of a formal D I V D O ~ ~ ~ In favor of a ioint

B, Rsavlta of discussions with other users. . .

mdeting of intereated parties which will be called by the T e n Manager.

The degree to which the standprd procedure On11 be followed is dependent upon the magnitude and permmenee of the proposed activities. In case6 of tempornry actinties involving little or no permanent construction which obnously will not interfere with other existlug user activities. the Test Manager m y authorize the activity.

159

ANNEX A CONTINUED

ll%M AEC-ALO RESPON8IBIrnY I 1 - 2. Corutmction Connuuct and mwintdn all f r i l i t i e s at NTS except.

when mutually agraed, certain fncillties wuch are unique to W D or M of a diaunct training value to

Determino quullity of cperation and maintanance of all NTS f.ciliUes.

T b NTSO i B adapM to the concept of operation R..poMibiUties that W r s Will gwarally M m W LnY Of

lutborltp, and r)a controlling umr or + m y Wlll have such control over acUviUe8 by others conducted in those assigned ar0- SJ they consider IMCessaly.

The orgvlizluon shall encourage the resolution of con(l1cu teween the uuer group8 and shall refer such confUcu to the Teat Manager only after user group negotiations have failed.

.od MaintanuIce

DOD may tH C O M m I ~ by m.

3. Technical

4. Orgmeatlon The Test Manager i s appointed by the AEC. Tbe and SLPLflng NTS OrganizaUon (NTSO) Is so conceived as to

provide the u m r orgmizprrons with a m w m u m of latitude to conduct their activities to their beat Intarest. while,, at h s u m time, providing the most efficient w r t services with minimum convol f ~ ~ i s t a n t with ecowmloal and safe w of Um tal t sits and It# facilities.

Key posltlono in ths NlSO ara filled on a full- time buls. Actual p r e m c e at NTS Wfll depend upon the scope of actilvfties at any particular Ume. The reaponsihlllly for the degree of stuff- ing at ray particular time msta \ith tbe Test Manager.

Appointments tn the NTSO will be published as L Teat Mmapr'a Bulletin, with special asalgn- ments perumnt lo a parucular program as a part of the Test Manager's *ration Order for th ir p r o g r m .

DOP-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

The Whnical user group h u dtirmte mmmmIbIUty for c d lng 1- teChlllCd P r q p x u . Each gmvp has It. Om Uehnlcal ohjar Uves. method of intenul oper.ptlon .od Channel for Prqlrpm JumtUiciaon. The NTS Organlzulon M U MI examise MY control o r coordination over tha technical poortion of the prqr-.

Tha Test Manager w i l l dolegah to the Tent Group Directors operational. coordinrtlve. and safety reapomlbiliUes in Ma ~Osrsphica l area of teehnical control. limlted only by AEC policy.

The O q d Z m o n d ( R N C t u T C Of Ibc user groupa is the responsibility of the imiividual sponsoring agency.

The Teat Group Director shall have complete mspon6ihllIty for the read- ineas of his program. aad Ma opinion as to U s readiness shall be accepted M final by the Test Manager. Tha Tecbnlcal Group Dlractor i s appointed by the tachnloal umr.

The uMr groups ara comidsred M complata organizational units and staffed to satisfy the requirements of thew parent o r g p n l z u i o ~ pnd

their aaaigmd mission U tbe test sib. The InuRLpL orgmzational otmcmre of the u w r groupa is not a reapomibility of ths MSO m a - agemnt; however, n grosn over- a t e i n g of any group which would tend to saturate facflitlea of tho test alta to tho detriment of other ~ T O U ~ S will require the intervenUon of tha Test Manager. However, user groups may, at their discretion and wlth the c o m n t of (be Test Man- ager, call upon supporting groups for a s smame ~n completing 115 staffing paftern.

160

ANMX A CONTINUED

AEC-NA RESPONSIBILJTY

6. Lines of Corn- %e Orgraiaation Chart. NTSO-SOP munication d C O n V O l

6. Nuclear Weapons The NTS is primarily m a i n t a i d for the purpose Test Capebillly of coaducUng nuclear wsrpons tu&. Ths Test

Mnneger will. after appropriate coordination with technical usera and the Division of Militfay Application. Washington, D. C., direct the temporary cessation 01 other operations if their operations would serioualy interfen with tbe conduct of such tests.

I . Labor Relations Provide. throuuh AEC Contractors. mDrODriate

8. CQarrtioneJ Safety and lntsrference

- .. . craftsmen lor the performance of technical and logistical support. Maintain liaison and negoti- ate mth union organizations concerned with work at the NTS., Administer CPFF and lump-sum contracls which include personnel appendices to AEC prime contracti. specifying AEC policy regarding personnel matters.

Provids final authority u to safenes8 of prcceed- ing with an owration or experiment, coordinate all on- and off-site srfetv activities and ooeratian-

DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILlTI

It is understood that user mupa and support groups will o p e r a on a basis of mu- tupl cooperation sad understanding of each other's problems and that only i n very unusual situations will conflicts have to be referred to the Test Manqer for resolution. Informal worhIng level cbumcls of communication am encouraged with vari- WI user group6 and user md rvpport groups as long as the Test Manager's staff aud coordinPtlon grcupm am kegt .d.quat44 dv-incl of activith in MM of their responsibilities. Formal chpn- nele. when required, are irdicatud on the Orgmizauon Chart, NTSO-SOP; all Test Orcup Directors have dimct PCC(UIS to the Test M m y e r .

Coordinate operations achedules with the Test Manager. Comply with cessation of operations directives issued by the AEC to permit the conduct of nuclear weapons tests.

Provide funding yld determine requirements. furrvshlng requlrements to AEC for exEcution. Pronde tech- mcol guidance as ~eces i aay to support personnel. Assure non-use of civilian laborntory t e c k i i c i a ~ ~ for accomplishment of laskn assigned to union craftsmen.

Coordinate with other technical users in development of operational plans. Provide AEC with current Information

al ffihedules; reiolw problems of operatibud intsr- regarding operational nus. usta . Md U?tion which apparently cannot b reaolved b r u e e n u ~ r s . If m c e s i u y coo- operatiolul p r o b lam8 with parent o t g . n i ~ . U o ~ of tschoical u w r s to obWn detarmlllltlon or fficeptuwe of delays.

9. General Funding a. Fund for and construct facilities at the NTS a. Fund for facilities at Lhe Nevada which are required by AEC, including common T e a Sits which are requrrad for suppart faclllties for joint u w by AEC Md DOD. excluiive DOD uae.

b. Fuad for. *rate. d mat- permanent bme b. Fund for operation acd mplntewnoe f r l l l t i e s , including temporary administration of DOD facilities and equipment. and bounng facilities for weapons test activities. Reimburse AEC for a predetermined Absorb corn of: (1) operation and muintenance pro-rata share of the operation and d base c m p . including forward area fee&ng and maintenance costs for activities barsing d forward area permanent facilities at other than weapons test6 over and an established stand-by level 18 determined by above the established stand-by the AEC. and (2) AEC users share of costa for maintsnnnce level. The pro-rata ruv i t l ea other than weapom test activities in a b u e of colts ahall lm negotinted an- u e e s a of the b u i c aasd-by operating and main- r m d y or when alplficant program

expenments. d related h u h . u rewmd by NTSO and AEC, S'-n pohcy.

161

ITEM

1. Procurement by -

AEC

2. Equipment and Supplies

3. property Loans

4. Trnspartntion: a. motor

Vehicles

b. Common Use T r ~ s p ~ r t n - Uon of Personnel

c. Common Use Tr8IlulspolU- tlon of Propem

5. BiUeung ~d Messing

AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILlTY DOD-?C/DASA R E S P O N S I B I ~

changer M involved which will in P major ndditlon or reducuon operatton and muntennnce costs.

C. Fund for research and development projects of primary interest to DCD, including relaxed COns~wtiOn and field

d. Share the funding of joint interest research ad development projects. including r e l aad ConstNction und ireid

to mcisnriflc organizauo~. on a pmpomonnte basis mutually we-

tenpnce level. (Such corn M to be shared by all major users of NTS on the basis of eltimated

paxticipation in tow N T S mtiviues. )

C. Fund for research ad development Projects of pnmgry interest to AEC. including related con- stmctlon and field .upport to rrcienufic Organ- izationb. to mclentiflc organizations.

d. Share the funding of joint interest research pnd development projectb. including related constructlon 4 field support to sclentdic organ- izaUoM. on a prcportionaie basis mutually agreeable to tba AEC d tbe DOD.

able to the AEC d ths DOD.

ANNEX B TO

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT m c / D o n


LOGISTICAL SUPPORT

AEC-AL.0 RESPONSIBILITY

Fund and provide local procurement on a reimbursable basis.

Fund and procure o m requirements. Within established programs provide emergency squip- ment and supplies to DOD on a reimbureable basis. Request essential “military type” items from DOD on a reimbursable basis.

Loan available property t o DOD for specifled periods of time. Detnils of loan to be negotiated u tlme of requirement.

Fund ad operata common use motor pool d provide DOD repllrements on reimbursable hasis.

Arrange for common use transpOrtUinn for personnel; provide DOD requirements on a reimbursable bMis.

Pronde for contract commercial service

auch aervice to DOD on a reimbursable basis. betweeen L M Vegm and NTS. fUrTdShing

Provide aud operate facilities for SUPpOrt of 111 agencies and personnel 30 a reimburaable basis.

162

DOD-FC/DAsA RESPONSIBILITY

Determne requirements, fund lor. d submit requests to AEC for service required.

Fund aud procure o m requirements. May use AEC & an emergency source or senice agency fo r obtuning r e p a r p u t s pnd e w r d a b l e s . Provide AEC on a reimbursable basis, essential “militpry type” items not otherwme available to AEC.

Loan military d avnilable DOD property to AEC for specific Ume period. Details of loan to be negotiated at Ume of requirement.

Determine requirements, fund and submit requests to AEC for vehicles from common pool; operate motor pool. as required for own use.

Determine requirements. fund. and submit requests to AEC for support from common use activity on a reimbursable bnais. Cqerate transportation activity 86 required for o m use.

Determne requirements and submit request to AEC for use of contract commercial service on a reimbursable basis.

D e l e d m nqulrementa. submit

of charges made to Individuals. to AEC and insure payment

ANNEX C TO

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AEC/DOD


EKGINEERING Al?) CONSTRL'CTIOT

ITEM AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY - 1. New construction.

Major Rehabilita- uon, PndRelocn- Uon of Existing StNCNreS and Facilities.

a. Permanent bulldings and faciliues.

(1) For AEC use.

(2) For DOD use.

(31 For Joint u5e.

b. Construction of temporary StruC- -re5 and faciii- ties other than scientific 6 t ~ c - Nres:

0) For AEC use.

(2) For DOD u8e.

(3) For Joint use.

c. Sfientlfic struc- ares and facili- Ue6.

2. Minor Rehabllltaion or Nterorlon of Ex- latlng Structures.

9. Malutenure.

a. Permanent faci1Iues.

b. Temporary a d r l e l tuuc faciliuel.

4 . uti11ues.

Design, fund. a d construct.

Authorize locating at NTS. approve site. design. and comruct .

Fund, design. and construct.

Fund. design, and construct.

hthonze locating u NTS. approve site, design. and construct.

Fund pro-ratu share. denign. md con- Mlcl.

Fund, design, and construct own requirements. Design and COnSt rUCt DOD requirements on mimbursnble basis.

Fund m mquImments. Perform DOD work on reimburs8ble basis.

Fund and perform all maintenance.

Furd own mquiromentd; perform 111 mnin(cn.nce.

Coordinate on request. Fund and provide m i d a c e for location and de6ign.

Provide midance. If appropriate.

Coordinate cn request.

Fund and provlde @dance for & n i p and construction. if appropriate.

Fund pro-rata shnn md p r d p l b e if approprius.

Fund. Provide requirements to AEC. Prwlde guidance M

Wropnote.

Fund own requirement.. Pmvidc requimments to AEC aud provide guidrace M appropnata.

Determine o m requirements; s u b a t to AEC.

Fund own requirema&; m i v k Ai?C of requirements.

Fund. operote. and mnintain established utilrry system, md extenalons of primary with DOD activities. Provlde .ystems. Fund. construct. and operate utility systems for own use. Proride ~ M M I O ~ of utilities to DOD on reim- hrnnble bMis.

Fund for extensions in counectim

requirements to AEC.

163

ANNEX C CONTINUED ! AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY DOD-PC/RESPONSIBILIIY

5. Real Estate. Allocate meas for DOD use. such allo- Provide requirements to AEC. cation CoMtiCuten interagency wee- ment for lard use.

6. Field Support. Fund and provide own requirements. Fund and provide requirements to (Special Order Work) Perform support for DOD on reimburs- AEC.

able banis.

ANNEX D TO

MEMOFIANDUM OF AGREEMENT AEC/DOD


COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS

ITEM AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

1. Telephone:

- -

a. Site exchange Fund and provide all common user service. includ- Dstermhe own requirements and sub- and distribu- ing inotallations, operation, and maintenance. mit consolidated reqmsts to AEC for Cion system service. Fllnd for semce not avml-

able from existlug AEC fafillty.

b. Toll Calls Fund own requirements. Fund own requirements.

c . Issued Lines. Service. and,' requrements. Provide 4 o r arrange for DOD mit cousolidatnd requests to AEC. or Equipment

Fund and provide all common user service and own

requirements on a reimbursable basis.

Determine own requiremenrs. sub-

md fund for such support.

d. Scientiiic or Fund o m requirements. Provide and/or arrange Determine OMI requirements. sub- Experimental SWlQn FaciliUes W o r Service

for DOD requlrements on a reimbursable bwia. mit consolidated requests to AEC, rod fund for such support.

2. Fladio:

a. VHF/UHF-FM Fund rad provide all service, iDcluding instaht ion. Determine o m requirements Md sub- Mobile 0 FLxcd operation rad m.lntonpIIce. mit conmolidated requests to AEC for SutiDn Service service. Furd for wmce not avail-

able from existing AEC facilities.

h L e r m i ~ OM requirements d submit conaolidued requens to AEC; and fund pad provide all dlstaut terminal facilities for own use. including ~nstnl- lation. operuion. rod mantenance.

Determine OM requirements and submlt consolidated requests to AEC for servicei nnd provide special purpose military equipment to AEC 8s nece6- s u y for fursrshing such service.

Deterrune own requirements and submit consolid&ted requests to AEC for ~(ITVICG; rod provide special purpose military equipment to AEC PO neces- rluy for furnishing such service.

b. HF Point- to-PtJrn Service required for o m use.

Fund and provide dl test site terminal facilities, imluding inatallation. operation, ard maintenance

C. HF/VHF/ IJHF-Air opsration. lnstnllation and maintenance. Ground Servlce

Fund ad provido sxldNng system. including

d. Voice Cwnr- Fund d pronck Mrvice. includrng operation. dovn Service installation. ad munteMIIce.

184

ITEM - 1

e. Air Navlga- tlonrl Aids

f . special Purpose Air- craft Traak- ing and/or Positioning F.CUltiES

g. Frequencies and Volce Cal l sip8

3. Message Service

a. C o m w c a - tiona Center

b. Government Telefrpe . both terniinals on-site

c. Commercial TWX

AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY

Fund and provide existing system hstallltion, operation, a d m.lnteIIpIIce.

Fund d provide own mqulremeat&

atam authorization and allocate requirements for common uaer lystems and fpci1iUes and o m use; and coordinate all unar requirsmems.

Fund and provide service, including operation, inntnUltiDn, .Ird maintenance.

Fund and provide Mrvice. including opsration. installation and rnalncenawe.

Fund and provide own requiremenls.

d. Cryptographic Fund and provide service. including operation, installation. md munlenawe.

4. SipalCable SyMm:

a. 5 a S l C Fund and provide all service. including operation, Scientific installation. nnd maintenance. Statlon Service

b. Transmission Fund and provide necessary support. U t e a a d o r other Distn- butlon systems to Existing AEC Sciemflc &e-.

c. Temporary TrPnsmission Lines and Associatad Equipment from General Scientific Areas to Scientific Siauons.

d . Timng signais (EG&G type sernces j

Fund own requlrementa

Fund o m requirements

165

DOD-PC/DASA RESPON-

Dotermins oam nquimmmta d ab- mit c o ~ ~ L I d . t s d mqueau to AEC far ~ r v i c e ; and provide w i d military equipment to AEC M n e c o r sary for furnishing such namlce.

Fund nnd provida own mquinxmnts.

Obtain authorization and allocate requirements for own w e .Ild coordinate these with AEC.

None.

Provide special purpose mllltnry equipment to AEC .d naceasuy for furnishing such wrvice.

Fund own toll chncges.

Provide special purpose militarg equipment to AEC M wcessuy fax furnishing such service.

Determiw om requirementa a d submit CoMOlidntsd requesU to AEC for ~ r v i ~ e .

None.

Determine own requlremente d submit collsolldatad requests to AEC for service; and fund for this support.

Determine own requirements and submit consolidarod requegts to AEC for service; and fund for Lhis W P p O r t .

-. .

ANNEX E TO _ -

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AECIDOD

ITEM - 1. security Anw

ad Access

2. ldanuficuiorl

3. Physical security

1. CIwsUicuion md control of informuion. docmantB. ad materiai

4. PsiientCuw 8nd Tre&mOnt

5. Individual Health RscOrd.

6 . Amtulmce S M C e


SECURlTY AND CLASSIFICATION

AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILfiY DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

E M & o m mqulrement..

Establish nqulrements for ism*, fd. d provide frillties for W n g .

urd d provida all mat. including pard force.

Fund d provlde own requirements.

E.t.bUsh own requirements,

Det.rmh own reqviramentr ond submit verification or certification to AEC for b-ng service.

Detdnnine own requirements and submit requests to AEC for support.

Fund and provide own requirements.

ANNEX F TO

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AEC/DOD


MEDICAL

AEC/ALO RESPONSIBILITY DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

Fund and provlde M required for joint use. Coordinate and assist as required.

Furd, fumt.h mcemmuy mppHe6 ad equipmant. ad -ry~.c over-all joint facility opsrationa.

Fund ad provlde mce66ary doctors. .Idmen. muww. ad other st.ff w mcessuy to furnish mediaal CM.

Pmv(ds for emergency tmatment ior all test p.Ncip.nu.

Maintain for m personnel

Coordillott, md MSISt w required.

Fund md provide necessq personnel PI required to wsis t AEC in turaishing medlcai cme ta DOD pU,ticipants.

Coordinate pad assiat as required in prondmg aervice to DOD participants.

Maintzun for own personnel.

F d and provide service for Dun personoel and assist AEC as neces- B u y .

Prod& norvice for own personnel and assist DOD ad DOCOO#PTY.

166

MUEX G TO

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT

ITEM - 1- Cverusg

Policy, Directives. SOP'5 etc.

2. R.dlological Safety

3. Industrial Safep and Fire Protsctlon

4. Hydrological, Seismological. and Meteorolog- ical Programs for Public Safety

5. Aircraft Support. Adilitnry type

6 . Legaland Claims

'I. Evacuation 0 Dlsnster Plans

8. PUbllcInformn- tion

9. Visitors Bureau

AE C/D OD USE OF NEVADA TEST SITE FACILITIES

GENERAL RESPONSXBILITIES. SUPPORT, AND SERVICES

AEC-ALO RESPONSIBILITY DOD-FCIDASA RESPONSIBILITY

Provide for safety of all participants nnd general public; d develop, fund. and implement mes- n a r y support programs for site operarions. including rapmitory of upowre records.

Provide for safety of all participnnts nnd general public for activities conducted at the site ; implement fire prevention and prots t lon measures for all participants. p ropem and faciliues; and develop, fund ud implement necessary support programs for site operations.

Proxide support for all participants, including development. funding. and implementation of programs necessary for mission accomplishment.

Determine requirements d mbmlt cormlidUQd requests to DOD for support.

Fund and provide all legal nnd claims service associated wlth AEC re.pomibilltiea.

Develop, publish. pnd implement an required for site operations.

Develop joint plan in association with DOD. provide coordlmtor for activites of primary Interest to AEC and ~(isistpnt coordinator for activities of p r i m w intereat to DOD; and furnish proportionate share of m.nrring and operpt1ng costs.

Develop joint plan in ansociation wlth DOD; furrush proportionate share of manrung and operating costs, and pronde direct support and usisfMCe to all AEC observers and visitors.

D e t a m k requirements and mbmit COmOIIdctsd Iwquests to AEC for IuPPort; provide assistme to AEC

requested d within capnbi lq: md implement p r o g r m s in DOD Operatioa areas of r ~ ~ p ~ ~ i b i l i r y .

Determine requirements and submlt consolidated requests to AEC for nrpport; pmvida asniNIIEe to AEC as requested and within cspnbility. md implement programs in W D oparational areas of responsibility. DOD will fund for safety and fire protection installations which are integral to facilrrles required by and funded by DOD.

Determine requirements and subnut colwrlidated requests to AEC for support: provide assistance to AEC 98 requested and within capablliiy. Implement awl fund programs In DOD operational mas of responsibility.

Fund, apprwe requirements. and arrmge for provision of all support for joint AEC/DOD operations.

Fund and provide all legal and claims service amoclated with DOD responsibilities.

Coordinate and ~ ~ 1 s t AEC as required in implementation.

Develop joint plan in assmiation with AEC; provide coordinator for activities of primary interest to DOD nnd ansiefant coordinator for activities of primary interest to AEC. and furnish proportionate share of man- rvng and operating costs.

Develop joint plan in association with AEC. furrush proportionate share of manning and operating costs. and provide direct support and a m s t m e to 4 1 DOD observers and visitors.

167

ITEM AEC-ALO R E S P O N S I B I m - i DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

io. Personnel

11. Racrsation. Fund a d provids certain common uaer services Fund and provide certain common

Fund and provide own requirements. Fund and provide own requirements. Administratton

Chaplain,and posral Services requirements.

as agreed and ~ l v n requirements. user s e x i c e s as agreed and own

ITEM

1. T e c ~ c a l

-

2. Documentq SUI1 Pictures

3. F'ublic Intormation

ANNEX H TO

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AEWDOD


PHOTWRAPHY

AEC-ALO RESPONSlBILlTY DOD-FC/DASA RESPONSIBILITY

Fund own requirements. Provide and /or arrange tor DOD requirements on a reimbursable basis.

Fund and provide support at NTS prior to acuva- tion of W D facilities for an event. At that time determine own requirements and submit requests lo DOD for 6upport required.

Determine onn requirements. submit requests to A E C . nnd fund for such support.

Determine own requirements a d submit requests to AEC for support prior to act1Pation of DOD facililies at STS for an event. At that ume fund and provide support for AEC/DOD part- ticipants.

Pmvide &or arrange for AEC and

Fvnd own require- ilar support ps reques-d on a reim-

still Pictureu same as in 2b.

Determias own requirements and submit requests to DOD for DOD support required. Still picture DOD newsreel, TV fIlms. and sim- raquirements bandled p. io 2. menta tor newsreel. TV films. etc. bursable baais. Responsibility for

Fvnd ud provide o m requirnment. for &rage.

h t e d m ovn mautnments ud submit reweba

F d nnd provide own requrementr for storage.

Fund ud Pmvide facilities ad KIV-

(1 Pubuc Affairs Film requested by AEC.

to DOD nseasary for q p o r t . ice for parmulsnt storage ud issue

Appendh D

MEMOPANDL'MS DEFINING MISSIOK

18 Januaq 1952

MEMOR4NDLIM FOR THE CHIEF. .4RMED FORCES SPECUL WEAPONS PROJECT

Subject: Atomic Weaptms Testhg

1. The Joiat Chiefs of Staff have approved the followjng general policy for future military paR1cI- pation in field testa of atomic dwlces and weapons:

a . For testa Involving nuclear detonations and conacted within the continental United States.

1. Exercise techuical direction of weapon. effects telt of primary concern to the Armed Force8 and the weapons effects pbasss of development or other tests of atomic weapons.

2 . Coordinate military parUcipation and ruaistance in support of the Atomic E n e w Commission in the conmct of tests of atomic weapons.

the Chief. Armed Force. Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) will:

b. lndividuals provided by the Servioes to ru l is t in the conduct of such tests will normally be atrached to the AFSH'P for the preparaton. opemtional. End roll-up phases. Militnr). organizations re - quired for preparatoq. operatlonal. and roll-up tasks will remaln under the command of their appropriate services and wll perform their assigned tnsks on a miadon basla p u r w t to rewests from the Chief. AFSWP to the Services concerned.

2 . In the performance of these functions the Chief. AFSWP will:

a. Continue to hnve responsibility for prelimtmry p h s and haeta for military phanes d atomic tests.

b. Make mch nrrangements. thhr& established channels. a s may be necessary ta coordhte plans and operations with the Atomic Energy CommisBion

c. Submit recommend.tiars to the Chicfa of the Services u to awdstance remired.

3 . The Joint Chiefs of Staff hnve approved militnry prUcipaticm in operation SNAPPER. The test program and cxpendiure of fun& which you Nbmined to the Chiefs of the Bervices by letter, &ted E November 1951. have been approved. subject to mch adjustments as may be made by the &search and Dcvelopment Bmrd. The Jolnt Chiefs of Staff have duo recommeamded mat the Services anSi8n 9ppropNtP priorities to the projects under their jurisdiction to facilitate the procurement of equipment, perBonnel. and supplies for the conac t of SNAPPER.

4. The re.pansibilides artlined in paragrnh 1 abwe. apply to +he rpeehl test to determine the airblasr effects of atomic weapons. as well as to operation SNAPPER

/s,l J Laxtan Collins /s/HoytS.Vsndenbe% /a/ W . M . Fechttler

Chief of Staff. U.S. Army J U W T O N COLLINS HOYT S . VANDENBERG W M . FECHTELER

Chief of Staff. U.S Air Force Chief of Naval Operations

169

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARMED FORCES SPECIAL WEAPONS PROJECT

Washington 25. D.C.

SWPGG 4 A w t 1352

SUBTECT: Augmentation of ReapMlbiliUes

TO. Commanding General, Field Command Armed Forces Spechi Wfapons Project P.O. Box 5100 Albuquergue. N.M.

1. Effective immediately, pursuant to General Order h’umber 10 of this headquarters, the respon- aiblUtiea of the Fleld Command are augmented to include the follourlnp:

a. Exercise technical direction of weppons eifecta team of primzry concern to the Armed Forces and the Weapons effect. phases of the developmental or d e r teats of atomlc wenpaw involving nuclear d e t o ~ t i o o d within the Continental limits of the United Statea.

b. Ccmrdinate military participation and assistance in support of the Atomic Energ). Com- mission in the conduct of tests of atomic weapons involving nuclear detonations within the Continental limit. of the United States.

2. The Chlef, Armed Forces Special Weapons ProJect, will continue to budget for militav participatlm, In tuhlre atomic tests. will make p:eliminaF plans and will prtaent technical programs to the Research and Development B a r d IRDBI for approval. You will he chargedulth completion of detailed plans, preparation for and Ule conduct of the technical program and the submiision of complete reports upon the conclusion of Field operations.

3 . In the detailed planning and preparation for the condrct of the tests. you will represent the Chief. Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro)ect. as an agent of the Department of Defense for coordination with the Atomic Energy Commiasion. Im contractors and any other Oovemment agency prUclpaUng in test activities. You are further directed to armnge with the Manager of the a n t a Fe Operations Office for the implemenoltion of the military effects programs and Service aupport and participahon during the period of teat operations. pursuant to such general agreement. W e e n the Atomic Energy Commission and the Bpartment of Defease a# a re in affect at the time.

4. You a r e directed to c r n r d h t e tbe detailed pluming of W n g partkipation by Service ForcU. Thls coordination will commence upon notification by this hadquarters that troop training participation prcgrams have been approved by appropriate Service Chiefs

5 . Dlrect commyalcpdoM with all part lc ipahg organizaliona a r e authorized. The Chief. AFSWP. Wll arrange for task agreements Wth Servlce ~ganeles cm&cer(ng aperirnentd project.. Such technical direction of thdr proJecta M 1s necessary to their eificieat conduct and integration wltb other projects is vented In you objecave a re warranted, the matter wlll be referred to thl8 hc8dquartars.

In the event that y m cmlder project. not feasible. or that major change. In .cope or

/a/ Herbert B. L w r HERBERT B. LOPER Major General, USA Chief. AFSWP

170

Appendix E

GUIDANCE FOR 1982 TEST SERIES

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEFENSE ATOmC SUPPORT AGENCY

w u h w 26. D. c.

DASATP/960 16 February 1962

SUBJECT: G u l d . n c C for DOD Drperimental Pmgrrms A#socIated with Full Scale Nuclear Tests

T O Commuder, Field Command Defense Atomlc Support Agency S d a FMse. Albuquerque. New Mexico

1. Reference is made to the fo l lmvm

a. SECRET letter, DASATP/96O. this headquarters, 15 March 1961. subject: ”Guidance on

UNCLASSIFIED letter, DASABS-924. thin headquarters. 9 Auguat 1961. subject: “Trans-

SECRET letter. DASATP/984. this haldqunrters. 26 December 1961, iubject: “ W D

SECRET letter. DASATP/960. thls he&uutera. 9 JMWT 1962, subject: “DOD W m s

SECRET letter. DASATP/OBS. this hasdquarters. 22 January 1962. subject: “Revision of

IINCLA88IFIED lettor, DMATPIWO. thli bondquarters. 2 February 1962, d j e o l : “WI)

SECRET message. DASABS, thb headquuters. 59736, I2 J U I U ~ ~ 1962.

BECRfi m s w e . DASABS. this badquartera, 60347G. 11 JMUTY 1962.

UNCUSSIFIED letter. DASAAG-9 062.2. this headquarters. 16 Februpry 1962, subject:

Research and Ten- for Effect# of Nuclear Wespans W).”

mitW of HARD HAT Techrricnl Program. ”

WeDpons Effecu Pmgrnma, Operation FISH BOWL W).”

Effect# Progruas. Operatton bWRSHMALLDW (v).”

Operatton SUN BEAM (U) Ropun Book.”

W e a p n Effect# Propuns, Operatian bWtSHMALLOW W). Transfer of Funds for.”

b.

c.

6

e.

t

g.

h.

I. “Status of DASA Pbotogr.phlc Program for Currently Approved Test Operationa”

2. Reference 1. provtdd pidance which was then current for the conduct of DAM exper lmed programs associated with obtatnrng nuclear weapons effects data. The resumption of nuclear testlng has required changes Ln them previously p l w e d DASA experimental program& Major programmatic deci- *Ions have been requlred by the urgenl press of events, new or draatlcally revised programs have been lncluded Lo M w x p a t e d test mr ies with little advanced plamlng. As a result, your headquarters hos on acciaion &en requested lo plan, eatablish, md supervise m j o r teat programs based upon fragmenuuy, or incomplete dlrenlvcs and authority. c h u m l n of authority M d responsibility, this letter is intended to nene an a compndlum of dlrectrves for presently autbortred M3D experimDtPL programs annocinted wltb full-scale nuclear tens.

To rectify this mavoidable situation and re-establish normal

171

- S. VELA-UNIFURW A a m a t e D U c l U r tdlt serial in SUPp0l.l Of tha VEU-UNIFURM program jma0l-r .mi.yd. dtbosB m m ~ ~ ! t b hmd, thm uchcllcll objeatlvem d tb former VELA-UMFORM W o . i o n Serles wlU b. .ccompllahd. wk u pouible. through pruclp.uoll In d t a b i e mclw datonatlo~~ &sl@ pr lmvl iy for other

pupo=h Project SBADE Is cancelled and no firtber pl.nnlne wlll be done for a separate VELA-

mmRM Erplosim Series at the Nevada Test Site. Tbat portion of the VELA-UNIFORM Explosion Series WU& vu to have k n dato~ted at NTS ha* ten r e d d Co~equenUy, Depsrtmtat of D e f w projects formerly incorporated in SHADE are put lc ip t ing in Operation NOUGAT on a m-interference basis. it 1s desired that Commander. Field Command continue to uulize those event8 in Operation NOUGAT which most clo.rly apprmirmte thome of Us? origindy scheduled Project SHADE and thereby gather a rmLXlmum cf VELA-UNIFURM data. Cormunder. Fleid Conunrad is requested to exercise his bcst Judgmaot in me- icctiag events for project partielpation, within the iirdtatiolu of authorized fids. in order that maiImum ad optlmum data may be c b u l n d Thls headquarters will be Wormed of planned prticipation by mems of the VEL4-thlFORM Monthly Report, VELA-UNIFORM DOD Participation Reports. or by more rapid m a of fommuniation when necessary. The foliowlng commenta apply to former S M E evmtm

...n(. a-8 m ~ b . a e c w d n t a Ltsr d.lc

L.

0 ) Sin- none of the prea8amly p b d d.lonatlon6 of msraUon NOUGAT closely .pproxi- mates the PORPOISE event, plans for this event are postponed. ARPA. in cmrdination with VELA- UNIPoI(16 Ad Hoc Gmup m DetecUon of N u d e a r DetonnUom wiU evaluate renrlu of 6eismIc data obtnlned in *ration NOUGAT, and suhsequetly review the need for PORWISE. Commander, Field Command wtll w( undertake technical prepration for the PORPOISE event untll 10 directed by U s headquarters. It is requested tht this headquarters he advised if aud whsn any field test program shows promise of attain- ing the PORPOISE objectives.

Uon strgel. The Atomic Enera Commission is responsible for Inves t Ipmg the Sand Springs, Nevada area as a SHOAL she. Commander, Fleld Commvrd is requested to coopcrate with AEC/AM as required during tbeteprelirmnnry phases. When appropriate, Commander. Field Command u-U1 be requested to implement a Department of D e f m e Technical Program for the SHOAL event.

(3) The LINEN event has been cancelled md the Atomic Energy Commission has allocated the former shot site w other purposes. No fu-?her pi.nning for large (kiloton or peater ) underground chemical urplo.lons in support of VELA-VNFORM i8 required or authorized at presenr Disposition of the bib explosive procured for LINEN has been authorized Although primary redponsihility for disposition lies wlth the Atomic E n e m Commission. Commander, Fleld Command is requested to cooperate with AEC/ALO as required. Commmder. Field Command has been requested to ohtaIn 1,300 tons of this high explosive for VELA-UNIFORM; 500 tons for U. S. Geoiogical Survey ad 800 tons for DASA. The explosive will be stored at the Navd Ammunitton Depot. Hawthorne. Nevada.

Field vork on Project DRIBBLE haa been s u s p e d e d awaitlug a clprfflcauon by ARPA. con- ccrrdng its current raruirernsnts. technical program and desired schedules. Memwhlle. essentially all DOD work 4 planrhg 011 DRLBBLE will be suspended. Conunrader. Fleld Command is authorized to Ms1.t the AEC/AM In Its anivitlau concem!ng B i t e s e l e c t h ad device matters .II requested. The requirement lor a DOD Project DRIBBLE Technieal/Operatlod Plan 1s suspended Pending further notUicaUon. reportlug O11 DRIBBLE is limited to required funding repmts on VELA-UNIFORM funds. Unobil@ed VELA-UNIR)RY funds preploualy progruumed for DRIBBLE will be ullllzed for VELA- UNIFORM participation in Operation NOUGAT.

c. Project GROUNDHOG has been de5nltely ponponed and contract nagotlations have been sus- p n d e d The requirement for a T s c h n i c a l / ~ r a U o M l Plan In suspended and DO reports other tbvl funding wed be submitted unless speclflully requested. Commader, FIeld Command Is requested to retain a rewrd of GROUNDHOG activities to data and dincontinue all other associated activlties. pending further mlflcation. Any unobligated VELA-UNIFORM funds prevloualy programmed for GROVNDWOG planning ad U o u t e d w Commander. Field Command wili be utlllzed for movement of the 1.300 tons of high explo- .Im# mentlowd in paragraph W S ) ateve. ARPA hu advlsed thii headquarters tb.t the requlrements for GROUNDHOG will be reviewed in light of the results of detectlon data acquired from NOUGAT and that no further actLon la desired untU tbls review Is completed.

experimental proiect agencies parUcipatmg in the VELA-UNIFORM Program, as modified by either thls headqusmra or A i r Force Technical Applrcations Center. wlll he given maximum support to insure their

(2) Preparatlonn for the SHOAL went will proceed through the slte exploration a d seiec-

b.

d. Commander. Field Command cs rquested to t a e all possible action to assure that technical

172

puilclpation lo scheduled event.. C o d e r . Fleld Command 18 spscincdly relleva, hmever, of respoa.lblllty for th.1 prUm of Project 8.4 (bae Range Sebmic Y e a s u r e m ~ ~ ) which lovolves naficn- tlon of volunteer clvillpn partlcipmts by radlo broadcast- To date. M U N C L ~ ~ ~ ~ hoodcast of rbot coun i -dm h.l teen made only for the GNOME event due to securlly ClMsiGcatloa hi^ wu centhue unul the security clasnlncation of shot time in lifted.

T W Shot Reports, indicating the degree M VELA-UNIFORM succcss of each Shot, be submitted to ARPA within 24 hours after a 6hoL Chief. DASA W l U be an inforrmuon addressee on d l ~ w x Shot Repart.. P r e i h l n w y FTojcct Shot Reports wlll bo aubmltted by Department of Dei-e s p 0 n m ~ projscu at such times as directed by Commmder. Field Command. DASA. In addlticn to such ofher us- tributlon as Commuldcr. Fleld Commmd desireo. this badpuutars . ARPA and APTAC wlll each -wive nix copies of any Preliminary Project Shot Report. Two copies of each Preliminary Project Shot Report will be sent to the Division of WUUry AppIications. Atomic Energy Commission ARPA Is expected to .peal@ Uldltlod dlstrlbullon at a Inter data. W e d 011 review of theme raporU. ARPA WU d e r m i n . whether the Information baing generated by the dlfferent p m j m s warrants their contimed participatioa Within the limitation of authorized funds, dl projects will continue to putlcipate unless rpeclfically can- called by ARPA.

e.

4. M&RSHMALLOW. Inasmuch us the orlgiMlly planned slte of MARSHMALLOW N12eOl) has been diverted to other purpoun, auhrity was given to Commander. Field Command to select. in conjunction with AEC/ALO. a new m e 1 site Urea 16) that wu*l Mtisfy the MARSHMALLOW aperimentnl requirements. Reference Id f o m r d e d a program pmckase nrUUng the objectives of the progxam llld I l n t i ~ the approved project#. C o m m d e r . Field Command is requested to continue execution of the MARSHMAL- LOW programs as stated therein. Autbar:ly is ah0 panted Comrmoder. Fleld CommMd to conduct pra- limiauy MARSHMALLOW exploratory and cplibration experiments on auch events as are necessnry and ponnlble on a non-interference basin. The extent of theno experiments is dictatad by the amcunt of funds dlocated to Commander. Field Command for t h i ~ purpose. By sepurate correspondence. the latest of which is reference If. funds have been autborized by Ws headquarters for Lhe rerformsnce of MARSH- MALLOW, the MARSHMALLOW pmgrnm and the program of preliminary testing will be executed wlth these funds.

5. HARD HAT: Reference l b forwarded the HARD HAT teehnlcd pagrnm which Included a listing of projects nnd correspndlng objectives. Commander, Field Command is requested to contmue plnnaing and axecutioo of the HARD BAT event as P part of Operation NOUGAT.

6. SUN BEAM. Reference l e forwarded the Wenpons Effects Program for the SMALL BOY event of Operation SUN BEAM. Commander, Fleld Commuld I n requested to continue pluming and exocutlon of the SMALL BOY event in accordance with lbwe reference.

7. FISH BOWL. Reference I C forwarded th Weapons Effects Program for the STAR FISH ud BLUE GILL events of Operation FISH BOWL C o d e r , Field Corrmyrd is requested to mntiuue p b - nbg Md (LIeccINon of the W H BOWL evenu, subject to dlrecuves from the Commander. JTF-E durhg the oprat lolul phu. ComrnMder. Fleld Comrmod Is requested to candl~te wftb Comrmoder. JTF-8 r- addlUollll ~ ~ W U C U O M for the opnra t iod p b . ~ .

E. DANNY BOY. Reference 10 tomrded prellmtmry delllls for the DANNY BOY event. Refer- ence Ih forwarded the dcui l s on tbe tcchptcal program. Comnunder, meld Camnumi is requested to cwpcrl tc with LRL In the management and oxe.cution of the WeapoM e f t a m program for ths event.

B. SWORD FISH. The JCS baa a v e n the C o d e r , X F - 8 the renponSibUlty for th CODduct of !Ais event. The lochnlcrl program la baing prepued by the Navy h cmrdinotioll with thlS badquutcrll. It 1s wtlc ip ted tbot Commander, Field Command wlll be rew!ested to assist 10 a Umltcd dewee with tbe u.ccINm of a weapons effects program for this event. AddlUod d d s on this operation wil l te for- wuded at a later MW.

10. Pbotograpblc Coverpge. Reference li provldes information on thc present requuemetl for pboIcgraphc coverage of approved test p r m s m a .

173

11. Fwlw~. Commder. Fleld C o d Is requedt~d to comply with the pmvlcdons of tbe “ D m - ylDurl for Budgathg d AddJdSUltlon of Fuods md Proprty Is Support Of Nul - To&.”

12. 0uid.nce Concerning Nture Program6 Inclosure 1 collt.llu the pmposed WMWM effects tests for py 63 M lorwarded to the JCS on 6 J ~ u s r y 1962. In addition. the following operatlo4 names and their UNCUSIPIED m&gB have been approved:

SLYER FOX

BLUk ROCK

BUCK 8 W r

STRONG ARM

- - - -

Proposed Continental Operation to be conducted In 1963

pmp0.d O v s r u i&mIon to ba colldvctad in 1963

Proposed Contineotd Oparatlon to be coducted in 1964

PrDpoaed Overseas Operation 10 k conducted In 1964

1 lncl Proposed Nuclear Weapons Effects Tents for N 63 DAM 59510, Cy. 2W25 of 40 Cys. SECRET-RD

181 John W. Gprvlon /U JOUN W. GANNON

Rear Admiral. USN Dmpuiy Cuef

114

iendlx F

PORTING PROCEDURES

sequent to previous test operations. there was a steady Increaae In the time delay bnween collection of 1 In the Geld and publication of the data In a report. To accelerate the flow of DOD effects tnfornutlon n the 1962 tests, Headquarters DASA prbliahed a letter. 20 Apr!l 1962. subjecr- Weapons Test Report cedumr The l&r m d 5 d th &urea eet forth In the mual. Rewntlon of W- T e n orti. March 1958. Pha moditicatlonm pertained to report content, submlssion dates. review procedures. printing. and ~ r t nomenclature. The Interim T e a Report OTR) became the Project Officers MerIm Report (Porn). the WenpoN Test Report WTl became the Project Officers Report (POW. The POm and POR wer? experimenter’s reports to CHDASA, rather than DASA reports. :he POm was primarily a description of the experiment, a llaing of the data record. obtained. and P sentation of such preliminary remlta and concluiions as might be Immediately derived. Draft copies !x POIR were to be forwarded to CHDASA wuithh SO days of the lamt event to which the POIR applied. %e POR was the flrd report; Its primary p u r p l e was to present the data in reduced form with -ectlons. callbrations. etc.. up la iwd a d applied. Copies of the draft POR were to be forwarded to )-A within 6 months after the last event dl necessary editorial funcuons and techulcnl review were reULned by FCDASA. The POIR w98 pub- ed for limited distribution by Field Command. The POR was published by the Division of Technical rmation Extensron. USAEC. at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ecurity review and classlficatlon of the POm was performed by Fleld Command. The POR was re- red by Readquarters DASA for securlty classiflcatlon and distribution. Headquarters DASA did not ew the POR for tecblcnl ContenL

175

- G

BOT AND METE~OLOGICAL DATA

116 Page 177 deleted.

TABLE 0.3 WMDS ALOIT. SHUT TABLE G.4 WINDS ALOR', llTTLE FELLEB II SHOT JOBNIE BOY

n w DInrr(0n %=d DlncuOn sp..d R mph n mpb

SUdWX 110. 7 SUrfWX 196- i 6,000 190' 14 8,000 170' 7 7,000 180. 17 7.000 160' 7 8.000 180. 13 8,000 160' 11

10.000 180. 10 10,000 170' 15 11.000 140. 7 11.000 180. 12

12,000 120' 13 12,000 180' 15 13.000 110' 19 13.000 190- 17 14.000 1W 18 14.000 200. 21 15.000 090. 9 16.000 200' 22 18.000 140. s 18,000 20q 27 17.000 200. 7 20.000 200. 25 18,000 200. 8

9,000 180. 10 9,000 160. 16

? $

TABLE 0.5 WIND8 ALOFTT, slim SLlALL BOY

Beight Dlr.ctl0n Sped it lm0U

Surface l Z 3 Variable with gusto from 2 ta 5 mph

4.000 145' 4 5.000 170' 5

18.000 230' I 18,000 260' 13 20,000 280' 23

TABLE 0.6 WINDS ALOFT, SHOT LITTLE FELLER I

Height Direction Sped n mph

Surface 200. 15 6,000 200' 13 7,000 190- 12 8,000 170' 12 9,000 170' 11

10,000 150' 11

11.000 140. I1 12.000 150' 13 13,000 180' 16 14,000 180' 20 15.000 180' 23 16,000 190. 25

179-180 Pages 181 and 182 deleted.

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