operation castle, project 3.5, blast effects on miscellaneous structures … · foreword this...

UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED @r 90/. ’

Technical Report -

distributed by

Defense Technical Information Center DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY

Cameron Station l Alexandria, Virginia 22314

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of 225 copies, Series A

REPORT TO THE SCIENTIFIC ‘DIRECTOR

-._ Wayne J. Christensen, LE33E$TEC; EN-...

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. BIKINI ATOLL NORfH PACIFIC OCEAN

0 COCA

khot 3

. --I. _

GENERAL SHOT INFORMATION

DATE

CODE NAME ( Unciossrfrcd )

Shot I Shot 2

I March 27 March

Bravo Romeo

Shot 3, “, Shot 4 Shot 5

--_. ‘+ 1

7 April 26 April

-+

5 May

“---

Koon Unwon ‘fonkec

Shot 6

14 Moy

--

Nectar

TIME* 06:40 06: 25 06: I5 06:05 ,G6: 05 06: I5

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LOCATION

Bikrni, West of

Chorke [ Namu) on Reef

Bikini, Shot I Crate?

Bikini, Tore ( Enmmoa)

Bikinr , on Borpe ot Intersectron of Arcs wrlh Radrr of 69OO’from Enrwelok, IVY Mrkc

009 (Yurochr) and 3 Statute Miles Crater , Floro (Elupclob)

from Fox ( Aomoen ). .

TYPE Land Barge Lond Barge Barge 0org.e

--

i0LME.S 8 NARVER N 170,617. I7 N 170,635.05 N 100,154.50 N 161.698.83 N 161,42443 N 147,750.OO

COORDINATES E 76.163.98 E 75,950.46 E 109,799.OO E I I6,800.27 E (16,688,15 E 67,790.OO .

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ABSTRACT

Jf \ m_e lmexp=et.ed structural &mace which resulted from the Shot 1

(1 Karch) blast wave of'operation CASTLR presented an opportunity to determine the blast effects of high yield weapons on miscellaneous , structures.

It became evident fro: this damage survey that the effective lethal range to light wood frame buildings was surprisingly great. This type of structure and tents were damaged severely beyond 14.5 miles.

Reinforced concrete shelter type structures exposed directly to the blast were vulnerable'to the effects of air blast as far as l-1/2

. miles. This was evident from the postshot condition of station 131&l on Able Island. A smey of Station l20O.on Charlie Island indicates that earth cover,affords a good deal of protection against this type

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FOREWORD

This report is one of the reports presenting the results of the 34 projects participating in the Military Effects Tests Pr&ram of Operation CASTLE, which included six test deton&.ions. For readers interested in other pertinent test information, reference is made to WT-934, Summary Repo-ti of the Commander Task Unit 13, PX$ra~s l-9, 14ilitarj Effects Program. This summary report includes the followix& information of possible general interest.

a. An over-all description of each detonation, including yield, height of burst, ground zero location, time of detonation', ambient atmospheric conditions at detonation, etc., for the six shots.

b. Discussion of all project results.

c. A summary of each project, including objectives and results.

d. A complete listirg of.al.3 reports covering the Military . Effects Tests Progrsm.

PREFACE

Immediately following Shot 1 of Operation CASTIX, an aerial radio- logical and photographic survey was made of the various islands of the BikiniAtoll.. Two~'important facts were ismediately apparent. (1) Con- siderable damage occurred to light structures at extremely great distances from ground zero. Also, the heavy reinforced concrete shelter type structures close to ground zero received significEst damage. (2) All the islands of the atoll had a hi& level of radioactive contamina- tion which made them uninhabitable. This report is concerned with stnict*Ual damage only.

The damaged, reinforced concrete, shelter type structures to be discussed in this report had been designed to withaLad the eqected bust f,rom a 6 Ki? thermonuclear device. These structures were instrument shelters on Able and Charlie Islands. Other installations such as the living area, the tcc!lnicnl arca, t!x x:erehouse and shop area, and the scientific urea on Tare Island, and the airport facility on Peter Island were located. at suff icit>tl;I Sreat distances from Shot 1 ground zero that little or no structural damage had been anticipated. Codever, the actual yield of Shot 1 (about 14.5 NJ) far exceeded the expected yield. The siflificant structural dzmge which resulted presented an excellent opportunity to study the effects of air blast from a hi& yield weapon on miscellaneous types of structures.

7

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s 3.1.2.6 lVtisceUaneous Light wood Frame StrucVxes, Tare and Peter.............. 25

3.1.3 jlstcr Tower, Tare . . . . . . . . . . . . 2j 3.1.4 Scientific Structures, Tare . . . . . . . 25

3 .2 Daxgc to Rcinf'orced Concrete Instrument Q:eiters on Able ati3 Charlie Islands . . . . . . 25 3.2.1 wposcd Structures . . . . , . . . . . . . 25

3.2.1.1 Failure or Walls . * . . . . . . 26 3.2.1.2 Failure of Doors . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.1.3 Other Hiscellaneous Damage . . . 26

3.2.2 Earth Co:ercd Structures . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.2.1 Structure Failure . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.2.2 Dsmage to Doors . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.2.3 Other Miscellaneous damage . . . 27

CI~ 4 coxc~usxo;;S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

ILLUSTRATIONS

2.1

2.2

2.3 2.4

2.5

2.6

2” *I

3*1

3.2

3*3

3*4

3.5

3.6

3-7

3.8

3-9

Typical Warehouse Section, Tare,Island, i-4-3/4 Miles fromGZ :; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . . . . ...15 Plot Plan of Living, Administrative,, and Warehouse Areas, Tare Is'land, 14-3/h Pilles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . 17 Technical Area - Tare Island, 14-3/4 Kiles from GZ . . . . . 18 Plot Plan of Airpcrt i%cilities, Peter Island 15-i/2 Kiiles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Station 1341, Able Island, 7506 ft from GZ, Longitudinal Vertical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Station 1341, Able Island (7500 ft from GZ) Front Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. ,

Floor Plan, S'ation 1200, Charlie Island, 7565 ft fromG2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...22 Postshot Aerial View of Camp and Warehouse Area on Tare Island, l!+-3/4 Miles from GZ . . . , . . . . . . . . 28 Poatchot Aerial View of Camp and Administrative Area on Tare Island after Shot 1, 14-3/4 I.llles from GZ . . . 29 Postshot Tent Damage in Scientific Area, !Yl&re Island 14-3/4 i4iles from GZ . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Postshot Tent and Latrine D‘amage, 'iarc Island, l!+-3/4 Kllcs from GZ . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Camp and Wnrehouse Area, Tare Island Postshot, 14-3j4 !4iles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . l . 31 Technical and Scientific Areas, Tare Island, Postshot 14-3/h Miles fron GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 31 !p,Tical Dxz!nge to Pour-man Tents, Tare Icland., Postshot, 14-3/i+ Kiles from GZ . . . . . . , . . . . a . . . 32 Fire from Shot 1 (CsriCin I) which Spread to Tents Downwind, 14-3/4 I.:ilea from Gy . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Fire Dtuya~e to Tents (Origin I), 14-3/4 I!ileo from CZ . . . 33

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3.l.l

3.12

3.13

3.19

3.20 j.21

3.22

-a ‘32 J-L_)

3.24

3.25

3.26 3.27

3.28

3.29

3.30

3*31

3.32

3.33

3.34

I I

’ ?’ ire (crigin i) Dcaape *to Signal Corps >siicr, lib-Z/S Xiles from GZ.. . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . .’ . . 33 Fire frcn S'iOt 1 (Origin II) which Did llot SprcuZ, 14-3/J Xiles from GZ . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 34 llorth Side of Xess Yall ikQ"- Lure Installation 0; :\'ortA Win<, Tare Island, Preshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ilorth Dining Winn of Kess Hall, Tare Island, Postshot, l4-3/lcL.Ues from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 South Dining Wing, The Island, Preshot . . . . . . . . . 36 South Dining Wing, Tare Islncd, Postnhot,lb-3/i+ i.!i fr GZ . 36 bless Iiall, Tzre Island, F‘reshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Kess I!nll, li'c;re Island, Postshot, 1&>/1b Kiles from GZ . . 3'7 KCss I!all, Administrative, and L:ving Areas, Tare Island, ?reshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . 38 Xess Bll, Administrative, and Living Areas, Tare Island, PostAot, lb3/4 bibles from GZ ’ . . . . . . . 38 Scientific Power Iiouse, Tare Island, Preshot . . . . . . . 39 Scientific Power IbEe, Tare Island, Postshot, 14-j/r Kiles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 South Zrd 02 Scientific Power Ilouse, Tare Island, Postshot, lb-j/b I~Ii.& from GZ . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 40 . \.yest S& & ‘Sip. Stadyqrf! !:‘~r&~l~~2, ?b_re Isl*?d .,“...._,

Postshot, I_!+-3/b Kiles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Bin Stow _?e Warehouse Looking Southwest, Tare Island, ;'r,stsnot, lb-3/4 Eliles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . ,!+l

pin Storage Warbousc Looking Eorthwest, ,%re Island, Postsnot, .lb-3/lc biilcs from GZ . . . . . . . . . . a

II&m and Msrver Warehouses, Tare Island, Preshot . . . . ~$2 Holmes and Ifarver Bulk Storage Warehouse, Tare Island, Pcstshot, 14-3/b EIiles from GZ.. . . . . . . . . . ~$2 BuJ.ii Stomp Warehouse from Uorthwest, Tare Island, Postshot, l&-3/4 Mles from GZ . . . c . . ., . . . 43 Another 9ulk Storage Warehouse, tire Island, Viewed frcm Direction of Burst, llr-z/It Miles from GZ . . . 43 Air Opcrz.tions and Control Tower, Peter Island, Posts‘not, 15-l/2 lliles from GZ . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u Airport Facilities, Peter Island, Postshot, 15-l/2 Kiles from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 iianpr Building LookinS Fxthwest, Peter Island, PO6t:j!lOt, 15-l/2 Nilcs from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 IIar.pr Duildin. Looking South, Peter Island, ?octs!iot, 15-l 2 ~.files from ~'1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7 ffunczr Lookl.ng Uorth, Peter Island, Preohot, 15-l/2 IYleo from GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 f&y&r Looking Northwest, Peter Island, Postshot, 15-l/2 !;ilcs from GZ . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Station 50, Tare Isbnd, Preshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 <*.I. ~~7~'iion 50, Tnre Island, Postshot, 14-j/4 Kilts from GZ . -48 Station 50 Looking West, Tare Island, Postshot, lbj/4 I~;ilec from CZ . i . . . . . . . FrG:lt W311 of Station ijhi Lox; &&lyKolc Islnnd,

49

postr?:ot, 7500 ft from GZ . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 50

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3.40

3.41

3.42

3.43

3.44

3.45

3.46

3.47

3.48

3-49

3.50

* 3.51

3.52

3.53

3.54

3.55

3.56

Front Wall of Statlo;) 1341 TLxking West, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 It from GZ ....... ; ......... 50 Station 1341, Able Island, Font Wall-Third Floor, Vertical Section, (7500 ft f,rx 22) ............ 51 Position of Shutter %or, S"tation 1341, Able island (7500 ft from cz) . : ............... 52 Sou<” east \.T*, 1 1

7jOd'ft frozB stntion 1341, Able Island, Postshot, .... ... ... .... ........ 53

Ilorthwest Wall, Station 1341, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from Gz ...................... 53 kin Personnel Door Second Plcor, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from GZ ......... i ....... 54 Top of Staticn I.341, Able Islnrd, Postshot, 7500 ft from GZ ...................... 54 Station 1341 on Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft fromG2 ..................... ...+. 55 Interior I - Room No. 3, Stat: on 1341, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from Gz ................. 56 Interior II - Room Bo. 3, Scation 1341, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from Gz ................. 56 Interior - Room No. 1, Station 1341, Able Island, Postshot, 7joo ft from GZ .................. 57 Interior - Room 110. 2, Station 1341, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from GZ ................. 57 Front of Station 1200, Charlie Island, Postshot, 7565 ft from GZ . ... .... .... .......... 58 Rear of Station 1200, Charlie Island, Postshot, 7565 ft from Gz ....................... 58 Retaining Wall, Station 1200, Charlie Island, Postshot, 7565 ft from GZ .. .... ....... i ... 59 Station 1200, View of Wall, Pos.ition (2) as Shown in Fig. 2.7, Charlie Island, ?octshot, 7565 ft from GZ . . 60 Station 1200, Wall and Ceiling, Position (3) as Shown in Fig. 2.7, Charlie island, Postshot, 7565 ft from GZ .. .... .... ............ CO Latch Dolt Holder - Interior Door, Station 1200, Charlie Island, Postahot, 7565 ft from GZ ......... 61 Compressor Mount - Quipment Room, Station 1230, Charlie Island, Postshot, 7565 ft from GZ . ........ 61

3.57

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1.1 OBECTNE ^. !

The objective of this study was to deternine the effects of air t

blast frm a hi& yield weapon on n?isccllaxous types of structures. The destmctive forces unleashed by Shot 1 caused damge to typical structures at great distances. It was considered Qqportant to obtain all the data pssible about the different types of blast dmnge to different tjrpes of structures; It Is believed that Lhe kmdledge gained fkoz these data will assist in establishing design criteila which will decrease *lie destruction.

!lXe island orientation of Bikini Atoll is oho%& on page 3. t

SECRET RESTRICTED DATA

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Tare Island is a small strip of coral about 1000 ft wide and 3500 ft long oriented in an east-west direction on the southern side of the Bikini Lagoon (page 3). ,h!ost of the installations at the camp site on Tare vere constructed to provide quarters and messing facilities for tcc!mical and operating pcrsomcl, storage warehouses nnd xmintenancc fxil?"ci.es, fresh mter and poxer required during the operation, and edzzinistrative buildiqgs. All the structures irr the living zrko were standcrd types and will be discussed in greater detail bclosr. Figure 2.2 iS ti plot plan of the ca@ site on 'Bre Island.

2.1.1 Living Area

The living quarters consisted of eight blocks of 14 eight-man tents and one block of 29 four-man tents of typical construction over concrete slabs. 3/O in.

Qr.z 2!r ft by 36 ft wood-frame, 100-m.o.n latrine vith exterior plywood siding and corrugated Laluminum roofing vas

constructed to serve each hlocii of tents. These buildings vere fre& with 2" x 4" studs 2 ft on center (O.C.), 2" x 6" rafters, and ceiling joists at 4 ft O.C. The rafters were braced with 1" x 6" struts.

2.1.2 xess Ihll

The mess hall, the largest building on the island; vas a light wood frx7.e structure. .It consisted of tvo dining wings with galley facilities, butcher shop and bakery connecting the dining wi.rqn on the west, and a scullery connccring the dining wings on the east. This buildlnc was dcsigncd for NCC-man capacity. The structure was Tramed with 2" x 4" studs end truoced rafters 2 ft O.C., with extended 2" x 4" knee bracing 6 ft O.C. 2%~ qidins 1:~ 3/o in. exterior plywood and the roofing was corrugated nlun.i.n\z?l sheet metal. The floor slab was 6 in. monolithic concrctc without rcinforcina steel. At the vest en:!. of the @ley, a canons shed covcrcd the rcfriccrntion equipment, ice machines, and storaco sxjac~~s from the lain and cun. Cthcr nisc~zllzneous structures around the mess hall were rclati'rcly srx:ll (up to 2!+ x CC ft} buildings. 'iheir dos?.,-gcd const_ruction WE> vury simi.l_ar to ?!I!_\\ of the mess h:lJl.

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The pgwer plnnts and water distillation pl-nt wc:-e c:r.stmcte& of sli,-htly heavier frming t:?>*A t1n.e ot!:er buil' . vere not covered with sidix

_ ,;rgs and t::e westerr: wzlls exccp t where siled:: hnd bbxz kilt d0n~ side.

The water tower was cons+n~~ctcd to support two lC&b;trrel water tmks I 30 ft above the.grom.d surface. This wils done with six 13" x 10" coiums -dkh double 2" x 6" bracir.0. Emring this burst the txks were left full and the tower was guyed to fcur bulldozers.

2.1.4 _ Sho73s and Werehouscs

!TBe s50ps cad warehouses WC-C light free buildings siaiior to those previously‘described. ElQurc 2.1 is 3 typicnl section of 8 warchouse.

C,,,i’cQ .4’&M. ~..XV.~WG /

2 I 6 &OGE 8ca3.9

.&.LIhf. 2mGF POLL

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Fig. 2.1 Typical Warehouse Section, Tare Island, lir-3/: :.:iLes from GZ f

2.2 SCI~:TIFIC ImzA - mm LETAm

';:qc scientific area on Tax? Island ir.cT_.*_&d 2 EVttCL <rxe %uilding at Stz';l;ln j0 with aluaicm skeet metal siding on the :%:a e:& aal re- novnb.1~ con'r'as ccvers on .the two sides; a steel cmerz tower, a few tents, and other icstcllztions pertinent to Shot 3 (7 X?ril).

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The airport facilities on Pete- ? Island vere ccmposed,of five tempo- rary structures as shown in Fig. 2.4. Tile design of all the buildings except the fiac,+r end Air Cpcrations building was stiilar to those on Tare. The Ati Operations buTU_ding was a 60' x 30' structrcre. A 4" x 10" ridge beam was suppcrted by five 4" x 4" posts. I'he frcming consisted of 2,, x 4" studs 2 ft 3.C. and 2" x 8" rafters 4 ft O.C. The siding was l/2" e.tierior pl;%ood and the roofing was 0.032 gage corrugated aluminum sheet metal, secured to 1" x 4" nailing strips. The control tower was suppcrt&.on four 4" X 4" posts. (Refer to AEC-Yolmcs and flarver plan ;~=12Ol-PD-2 Air Operations 21i?gj PE-1, Plan, ElF.TtiOc,

Section 8 Details for amona information.) The hang:ar was a 50' x 75' q-uct'ure .&.:*U\ 2fI x 15': studs on the +XO sides and partial studding on the back end. The rcaf ccnsisted of two 75 ft trusses on each end supporting three 5.0 ft trusses. These in turn supported 2" x 10" rafters 4 ft 0.c: The.top chords of all trusses were two 3" x 8" timbers. The diagonals were 2" x 6” members and the vertical members were 3” x 6” for the 50 ft trusses and 3” x 8” for the 75 ft. trusses. The siding and 'roofing cccsi sted of corrugated aluminum sheet metal. (For further details, see r?sC-Rz? dra:~?.ngs 6213-P&2 md 6214-PE-2.)

2.5 STATIOrJ J-341 - _BLE ISLAND

St&on 1341 was an instrument shelter located on Able Island approximately 7500 ft to the southwest of Shot 1 ground zero. The longitudinal vertical sectJon and front elevdtgon of this station are shown as Figs. 2.5 and 2.6 respectively. The primary ccnstruction mate- rial was reinforced coral concrete with limonite concrete sections in the walls supporting the shelter‘door.

2.5.1 Design Criteria

Station 1341 was designed for an incident pressure of 50 psi and a reflected pressure on the front face of 130 psi. The factor of safety between the design strengths and mbterial failure was over 2, therefore structural failure at pre ssures less than 260 psi ~oulci not bc expected. g nn me design streng+ _h for the cor?s'Lruction materials was as follows: (1) Coral concrete: compressive strength, 2250 psi; shear strength, 150 psi; bond, 375 psi; (2) Lic?onite concrete: ccnpressive strength, 1600 psi; shear strength; 105 psi; bond 230 psi; and (3) Reinforcing steel: tensile strength, 20,700 psi. .!I?ic shutter door was designed to yield at 400 psi. This door was designed to be.ppen nt the instant of burst and to close by gravity prior to the arrival of the blast wave.

2.6 STM!IO~~ IX9 - CiWRLIE ISUED -

Station 12CO vns a reitiorccd coral concrete ear*&-covered instrument shelter loca‘k d about 7565 ft northeast of ground zero. Figure 2.7 1s a plan vieV of this station. l?ils station was designed by approxi- mstely the SEZS criteria ns Station 131~1. l/ I-in Imrre ami L.Y.d.."r) Iicry;;cr Fast i!Z&VC D~ge ilcport, 15 l.'arc!l 1354, (SPCRZT i?D),

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25 - FIRE STATiON

26 - CANTEEN

27 - MESS HALL 26 - WATER DISTILLATION

PLANT

29 - P(;HIER PLANT

30 - POWER PLANT

31 - HEAVY EQUIP. SHED

32 - WATER TOWER

m 0

BLOCKS I THRU 8 - I4 B-MAN TENTS

BLOCK 9 - 29 4-HAN TENTS

IO - LATRINES

II - PX , PO. 8 BARBER SHOP

I2 - GYMIt B-MAN TENT

13 - DAY ROOM B-MAN TENT

I4 - AEC BUILDING

I5 - AEC SECURITY OFFICE

16 - TIME 8 FlSCAL BLDG.

If - WAREHOUSE - BIN STORAGE

18 - WAREHOUSE - BULK STORAGE

19 - PLUMBING SHOP 20 - ELECT. 8 REFRIG. SHOP

21 - WAREHOUSE -DRY STORES

22 - WAREHbUSE - CEMENT

23 - ADMIN. BUILDING

24 - INFIRMARY

0 B

2

Fit. 2.2 Plot plen of Living, ACministrativc, and lfzrehouse Areas, Tare Island, 14-3/h Miles from Cz

cl0 3 3

0 cl 2 I 0 3

cl Ll 2

3

cl 2

cl 2

rjrl

3 3

cl 2

I. SISNAL COfiPS TRAILER.

2. ‘STANDARD 4 -MAN TENTS ON CONCRETE SLAB.

3. STiNDARD 8 -‘MAN TENTS ON CONCRETE SLAB.

Fig. 2.3 Technical Area - Tare Island, 14-3/L Miles from Cz

-

l-2fz-J 50’

+------75*-o* -4

SCALE I

50'

I FIRE CRASH IYJILDING

2 OPERATIONS 8 CONTROL TOWER

3 t;ANGAR

4 POWER HOUSE

0 LA?RfRINE

G 6REASE 8 PAINT TENT,

llc. 2.b Plot Ph: of Airport ?ncili.tics, Peter Island 15-l/2 J!iles fron Ground Zero

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Fig, 2.6 Station 1311, Able Island (7503 ft fron CZ) Front Elevation

21


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RESULTS

The air blast tige to installations on Tare and Peter Island6 ;-oried from no damnSe to sturdg strxturco to severe dxznge to light fxame building6 qnd tents. 1Io air blast measurements were made on Tare or Peter Iolrtnds. It is estimated that the peak overprc6sure was about 1.4 psi with a positive phase duration of about 13.4 sec. on Tare Island. The peak over-pressure watt &bout 1.3 psi on Peter Island. T1:e distance from Shot 1 gro-2nd zero wa6 about 78,~~ feet and the direction to ground zero wc.s about iI25.5% from Tare,' the distoncc from the nirport in&alla- tion tin Peter to Shot 1 ground zero was about 83,OCO feet, and the direction to. ground zero was about N34.5%, __

3 J.1 Damage to Tents

The type of dzucnge inflicted to the tents on Tare Island can be described in four general categories. The first type of damnee which is of interest occurred in the living area where the sides of the eight-man tents were oriented about'62 degrees from the direction of burst a6 6hoM in Fig. 2.1. Generally, the first two row6 of tents in csch block were moved bodily from their slabs. This type of d&age is best lllu6trated by referring to Figs. 3.1 - 3.5.

The second type of damace also occurred to eight-man tents, this type of da.ma~e consisted of failure of the two 2" x 6" hip mrtcrs on the end or 6ide of the tent most nearly facing ground zero; the end result being n partial or conplete collapse of the tent roof. This type of dxqc can be observed in Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, nnd 3.6.

The third type of dam.?ce was the failure of the 2" x 4" top plate

( see Fig. 3.7) In the end6 of the four&man tents which faced nearly into the blnct. L!ost of the four-cLnn tents and some of the el&t-mxn tent6 suffered this type of d?mxge in varying degrees of se%-erity. Few tent roofs collapced because of this type f,ailure.

Yhc fourth tjrpe of tent dz~gc was fire In the technical are&. It will, be noted thnt n fire wuc stxtcd in %i:e tent marked X (Origin I) in >' 1 z . 3.6 irnif r.yresci clowwipi (Firs. 3.8 - 3.10) fin-ally engulfing a Sign21 Corps tmilcr. A similar fire (Fig. 3.11) started in t!le tent marked Y (Origin II) in Fig. 3.6 b*Jt did not 6prcad. The initial fires

23


e

uere caused by electrical shorts at the zaster snitch control panels, the pcver hev& been left OD d~~irg the shot. Tnere was no evidence of daz.aGe due to prFnary the,%._ radiation. The reasons for the fire spreading fron its origin can be fairly well established. First, the fire spread dovnvind. The surface Winds were brisk and fairly constant in‘direction. Second, all the tents except one downwind of fire origin had gasoline stored in them. Also, some tents had paint, polyethyiene, and other inflamm~~bks stored ?nsidc. '&o of the tents contained port- able gasoline-driven generators. The, tent ikzcedietely dorrrdind of the fire origin had six 5-EnUon and txo l-gallon gasoline containers. The next tent do\-ln:find had a number of polyethylene botties in storage.

3.12 Light Wood Fr??e Structures

Damage to light wood frame structures varied from light to severe. For a given desifl, the larger structures received erenter dzzxqe than the sn~ller structures. The struct-ties oriented parallel to the dlrec- tion of burst suffered less damage than those oriented normal to the direction of burst. Generally the side of buildings i;o~~~ grog~l ze1‘0 was caved In, usually by bending fractures of the studs. Also, the rafters on the burst side were usually broken. The damage to the sides and roofs dway from the burst direction varie&widely. Somewere completely blown out, others were partially damaged, and some received no perceptible dfxnage. .

3.i.2.1 &iR&ze to the l.;esE,ikkl

"Qures 3.12 and 3.13 are pre- * and postshot views of the north dining wing of the mess hall which nost nearly faced ground zero. Kost of the side was caved in and the rafters xtre badly dnxqed. Figures 3.13 and 3.15 are pre- and postshot views of the south dinir$ wing. The entire side and large sections of the roof were blown out. One 16’ x 40' secti,on of roof was hurled a distance of 75 feet from its original location. Other views of intcrest are Figs. 3.2 and 3.16 - 3 .lg.

3.1.2.2 timace to Iower Stations _

Figures 3.20 and 3.21 arc pre- and postshot views of the scientific gencrutor station lookinG east. SOLE cd' the rafters were broken, some sheet netnl was ripped off the roof, and most of the ply~oad siding on the end of the building away from ground zero xx blovn off. Fine 3.22 is the end of thin stxe building facing away from uound zero.

the HoZ-es and ikrver bin .A different vies or the

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buLk storage warehouse. Fl,pre 3.29 shovs another bulk storage warehouse which *das moved bodily from its slab.

3.1.2.1; Air Operations i%fldin~, Pec,er Isi;iad

Figure 3.20 is a vieu of t'.?e front side of the Air Operations builJing of the ai_rport facility on Peter Island. It is noted that the side has been caved in, the studs being broken near their center except at the corners of t‘ne bui.lding and door frames. The 2" x 8” rafters uere broken near the center of their span. Also, about one-half of the sheet Retnl roofing had been blown off as shown in Fig. 3..31. Nest of the sash had been removed from the control tower before t!lc burst. The ~lnss which was left in place was not damaged.

3.1 .2.5 itnnpr, Peter Islond

This structure suffered moderate to severe damage. The northwest (back) end of the hangar, including the 75-foot truss, had been almost completely blown out. T'nis is best illustrated in Figs. 3.32 - 3.35. The lower chord of the 75-foot truss on the scutheast (front) end was deflected outward several Inches at the center of the span. Also, a considerable number of the 2" x 10" rafters were broken by the blast.

3.1.2.6 ~<isccU.aneo\;s Light wood Frame Structures, Tare and Peter

.Tnese structures received varying degrees of daclage depending on size of structure, orientation, amount of bracing, and amount of open- tigs in the buildings. GencraUy, the smaller buildings held up better than larger ones, and light knee bracing or truss work was effective in preventing collapse of rafters an d walls of small buildings with their ends facing the burst. The buildings end-on were damaged less severely than those side-cn. The buil.dilngs which.were closed tightly received more damn&c than those which were left open.

3.1.3 Water Tower, Tare

There was no blast damage to the water tower or tanks.

3.1.4 :;cicntific Structures, Tar

The ateel p?,otcsraphic tower received no damage from the blast. The al~uminu~~ sheet uetal siding on the steel frcmc building (Station 50) anti dished inward on the west end and blown off on the east end. Figures

- 3.32, Fllustrale this damace. The skeet mtnl hnc? been removed tl:c north side prior to shot time for Shot 1.

3.2.1 , _ Zxx~r,td Structures .

The dannge which occurred to Station 134i. at Site Cclta on Able

'5 .,


f

I&ad is an e:xelte3t e,uQxzple of'tie effects of direct nlr biast &d Cxx-zal radiation on e.xposed reinforced concrete structures. !Ihe design criteria for -&is structure are given in section 2 .5.1 of this report. ?ke actunl peak overpressure at this station was about 130 psi.

. . --- . . . . .;-< .i ..I/ ‘._-_&‘, :_. - ._. - . . ;,. __~ .

3.2.1.1 Failure of WallS

The front and Fide walls ZAG-~ the thfrd floor receive& severe h- age from the blast. Figures 3.33 and 3. 40 show t-do views of t2e front wall above the third floor. I'i~~rt? 3.41 Lndicutes the design of this wail and shows tie l&atidn of the reinforcing steel around the shutter door fr.s.me. This figure also s!!c’.d;i the npproxtite failure surface of this wall. A tension fallxe JW to bendirig of the wall above the-open- ix can be seen in Fig. .<.hti. -' - l.r\ * r1QU-a J.-c rs Q f;c....-"__ L.==++P shovilI< &si- tizns of the shutter door bcfo_x r.nd after failure. it could not be dcterzlined definitely that the shutter door wirs in position Ho. 2, as s;.?cun in Fig. 3.42, at the time of arrival of the blast wave. Several tixes during tentiq.operatio::s this door failed to latch shut when released. Figures 3.43 and 3.'r& show primary shear cracks in the side walls adjacent to the shutter door opening.

3.2.1.2 Failure crf -?ors P___-

'Due to the faiiure of the wall supporting the shutter door, the blast wave entered the building. The shutter door WCLG hurled imard and f

clro>?ed part way down the,chimey, lodging in a position No. 3 as shown . in Fig. 3.42. %e forces from the blast also broke the latches and h&es from three &her doors, namely, the lead door entering the equip- .

nent rm on the first floor, the light weight steel door between rooms 110. 1 and No. 4 on the first floor, and the nain'persor~lel door on the l

second floor. This door is shown in Fig. 3.45. Tnc following doors did' not fall: .two exterior lead doors on the side of room No. 4, and three steel doors on the outside of the back wall of the equipment room.

f

3.2.1.3 Other MisceUaneous D~ge

In addition to the above, the following structural damage was noted:

(1) A concrete projection above the center df t!le shut'ter door failed and consequently stripped the reinforcing steel act of the concrete in the forward edge of the roof (see Fig. 3.%).

(2) The northwest buttress on the rear of the station showed a shear fnllure. This buttress contained an cpczllng for r)ccess to the sccocd floor. The southeast buttress, without opcnin@,, was undaaged. 'i?:e &unaged and uzdazx~cd buttresses are shcwn in Fig. 3.47.

(3) rl?i.e scientific eqUipncIlt, equipment racks, nnd other interior structures were severely dar,ctc!ed. This ilnange can be noted in Fizs. 3.48 and 3.51.

26

SECRET - RESTRlCTED DATA

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---....e-“P.--- --MI __.~

-------------- --__i--..~. ~-~

3.2.2 -&rth Covered Stmct~es

Station 12OC on Charlie Island was exposed to aDproxi.mtely the sane blast wave as Station 1341 at Site Delta on Able Island; rmely, 130 psi. T2iS structure proved renarkabljj resistant to very high blast pressures.

3.2.2.1 Structme Failure

~ht3 fnilure~ which occurred to the reinforced coccrete uc,lls were at t&e structural dicconttiuities end the x9aining rraU.s. Fiwres 3 .j2 2i-d 3.53 zre exterior view3 of the fro& end -XPS of Sbtion 12CO. Port,ions 0f the papt ad ret-c; balls at the IYXU of the stmcture -tielr: to:= off >j th0 blzst. _ tii)-_- <._.+ T;fllra 1.51 &0vs extensive 'crcckinr: of the retaining wa?J. at p5cition 110. 1 in 3i.g. 2.7. Figwe 3.55 is 0 view of a cor,_idor WZI,J. ncnr the doorway ct positions iio. 2 ad Ko. 3 r~~pe+ tively as shorm in Fig. 2.7. These cracks ad a crack in the cbrridor KKL and ceiling et psition 110. 4 in Piz. 2.7 Ilere t&o only ngjor structural fo;ilu.rcs inside the building.

. 3.2.2.2 D,mnge to Doors

The latch bolt holders on several Interior doors were sheared, allowing the doors to open. 3'hi.s &nape is considered insignificant since the latch bolt holders were made of 1iSht flat bar stock, the strength of k-hich was almost oegligible after being bent to their final fom and welded onto the, doors. An examination of the fracture surfaces indicated that only a sinall area of steel sheared at fracture. This type

of dcm.age is,shown in Fig. 3.57. \

3.2.2.3 Other Miscellaneous Damage

The l/2 inch $ anchor bolts used to secure the compressors in the cqui~mezt room were sheared in the bottom of the Vibrex double deflec- tion isolation rails as choun in Fig. 3.58. ‘i'hi~ indicated a fair mount of horizontal acceleration on the floor of the equipment room. A post- chat survey of.Shot 1 of the scientific equiIm%t inside rooms .A, B, an& C of Fig. 2.7 indicated that only ninor &maSe had occurred. The structure had pcrfomcd its mission deopite an overpre ssure alin03t three times

that for which the structure was [email protected] designed.

27

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3.3 Postshot Tent Wage in Scientific Area, Tare Island 14-3/4 Fliles from .GZ

Fig* 3#4 POSth:ot Tent and titrine Damage, Tare Isl:nd, l&-3/!, !'Lles from CZ

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30 . .

SECWEY - WESTRfCTED DAT_J ._ .

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Fig. 3.5 CDJ~ and Warehouse Area, Txe Islan$ Postshot, 3.4-3/b ~~Liles from GZ

Fig. 3.6 Technical and Scie?.tiflc hrecs, Ture Irjlond, Pontshot, 14-3/b !‘;il.es from GZ

31


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Fig. 3.7. Typical Damge to Fom+ixm Tents,, Tare Island, Postshot, 14-3/4 1.Xles froz GZ

Fig. 3.8 Fire frm Shot 1 (Origin I) which Spread to Tents Dounwind, 14-3/4 Niies iFrom GZ

32

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Fig. 3.9 Fire Dtxmge to Tents (Origin I), 2.4-3/b Kiler; from GZ

Fig. 3.10 Fire (Origin I) Damp to Signal Corps Trailer, 14-3/b ki..les from GZ

33


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Fig. 3.X? .No&h Side of Ness Hall Before Installation of North Wing, Tare Island, Preshot

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Fig. 3.13 Forth Dining Wing of Ness Hall,,Tue Island, Postshot 14-3/h Kilee from GZ

‘35

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Fig. 3.14 South *Dining Wing, Tare Island, Preshot

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Fig. 3.15 South Dinin.? Wing, Tare Island, Postshot, o-3/4 Nlles

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36

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Fig. 3.16 PBSS ULL, Tore Island,'Preshot

Fig. 3.17 Eleos I!aU, Tare Islnnd, Postshot, 1$-3/b MFleo from CZ


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Fig. 3.18 Kess Eall, 'Abinistrative, and Living Areas, Tare Island, EYeshot

Fig. 3.19 F!CS6 iiall, At!3inistrative, and Living Aren6, I Qre

Island, YoStShot, 11,-3/b Jiiles from GZ


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Fig. 3.20 Scientific Fewer IIousel Tare Island, Freshet

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Fig. 3.21 Scientific Power liOUS@, %re Islnnd, Postshot, l.4-3/4 K:ilee from GZ

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Fig. 3.22 South End of Scientific Power Eiouse, Tare Island, Poetshot 14-3/4 k??les from GZ

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Fig. 3.23 Nest End of Bin Storage Warehouse, Tare Island, Pootshot 14-94 Nile8 from GA

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3.24 31n Storage Warehouse Looking Southwest, .Postshot, 14”3/4 Mleo from 02

Tare Island,

Fig. 3.25 Bin Stomge Wwchouse LookFns Northweot., 'Postshot, 14-3/4 Mlos froa GZ

Tare Island,

CL

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FQ. 3.26 Xolmes and Karver Uarehouses, Preshot

Tare Island, .

Fig. 3.27 ff~~_.ec ctnd lu'r.rver culk Storage Wnrehouce, T%re Island, Posts-i-iot, lb-3/!, Kiles fron GZ

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pig. 3.28 Culk Storage Wwchouse from Xorthwest,. Tare island, Postshot, 14-3/4 Kiles fron GZ


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Fig. 3.32 .&mpw‘Wildin Looking I!orthweat, Peter Island, Posts!:&, 15-l 2 Miles'fro-, GZ

Fig. 3.33 IIar!pr i3uilding *Lookin,; South, P+cr Islnnd, I'ostshot, 15-l/2 !.:ilcs frcz GZ

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Fig. 3.3h Kangar Looking Ekxth, Peter Ig4.and, Preshot, 15-l/2 bliles from GZ

Fig. 3.35 bmpr Lcoking l:ort!wcst, Peter Ir;lnnd, Postchot, 1~~-1;2 1Liles from CL

SECZET - RESTRICTED DATA

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Fig. 3.36 Station 50, Tare fsland, Preshot

Fig. 3.37 Station 50, !lhre Island, Postshot, 14-3/b &4ile6 from GZ

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Fig. 3.38 Station ,SO Looking West, Tare 16lmd, Poetdot, i&j/b Nile5 from GZ


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Fig. 3.39 Front Wall of Scation 1341 Postshot, 7500 ft from GZ

Looking South, Able Island,

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Fig. 3.‘iO* Font W~l.3. of Station 13!tl Looking West, Able Island, Postshot, 7500 ft from GZ

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Position at Instnt of Burst

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Designed Position At Time of Blast Arrival

PO ition GLr Bl?st s ’ ‘

Fig, 3.42 Position of Shutter Door, Station 13bl., Able Island, 7590 ft from CZ

52

SECRET -’ RESTRICTED DATA

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FQ. 3.43 southeast vrtn, Station 1341, Able Is&Da, Postshot, 7500 ft from CZ

Fig. 3.44 Korthwcst. Wall, 75Ca ft from GZ

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53

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Fig. 3.53 kcerior - 300x No. 1, Station 1341, Able Island, kstshot, 79; ft from G?.

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Fig. 3.52 Front of Station l2C0, Charlie Isinnd, ?ostshot, 7565 ft from GZ

Fig. 3.53 Rear of Station l.20>, Charlit: Island, postshot., 756:; ft from GL


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Fig. 3.54 Retaining M.111, Station l.200, Ci:arUe Island, Position (1) ati Shown in Fig. 2.7, Postshot, 7565 ft from GZ

.

59


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Fig. 3.55 Ststion i200, Viev of Wall, Posit&n (2) as Shown in Fig. 2.7, axxz.ie ~alnnd, Postshot, 7565 ft fron GZ

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Fig. 3.56 'Station 120, Wnll md Celling, Position (3) ns Shown in Fig. 2.7, Charlie Islend, Postshot, -1555 ft. frm GZ

50


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Fig. 3.57 Latch Bolt liulder - Interior Door, Station i200, Charlie Island, Postshot, 7j;j St frcz GZ

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CHAFTER 4

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that: 1. The blast wave of a 14.5 MI' surface burst vi.11 cause con-

sidera‘ole damage to li.&t wood frame structures out to a radius of about 16 miles from ground zero.

2. TrWSioi,n azd knee bracing is effective in decreasing the severity of damage to light wood frame buildings at these great distances. . 3. Heavy reinforced concrete above ground shelter type structures subJected directly to the blast wave may receive significant damage .as far as i-1/2 miles. It is not known how much farther this damage will extend. I

4. Earth cover appears to‘provide a considerable degree of I

protection to reinforced concrete shelter tjrpe structures from air shock. The addition of the earth cover.apptars to be beneficial primarily. due to,decreasing the bL%st loading by improving the aerodynamic shape which f .

reduces reflection factors to a great extent. Also, there may be a possibility of slight attenuation of pressure incident on the structure dePendin& on the depth and condition of the earth cover.

t

62

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DISTRIBUTION

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1’;’ , 156

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operation castle, project 3.5, blast effects on miscellaneous structures … · foreword this...

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