operating an efficient district cooling plant in water
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WILL START ON THE HOUR 5:00 pm GST 8:00 am EST 1:00 pm GMT
Operating an Efficient District Cooling Plant in Water-Stressed Regions Part 1: The Energy-Water Nexus
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Welcome - Webinar Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes - Panelists: Please mute when not talking and silence /shut-off cell phones. - Questions to Presenters: Please type in Questions in the Q&A box at the lower right hand corner of screen. Questions will be answered after the end of the presentation. (If you are just dialed in with audio, send questions to [email protected])
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Johnson Controls, Inc. —
International District Energy Association November 19, 2014 Roy Hubbard Johnson Controls, Inc.
Operating an Efficient District Cooling Plant in Water-Stressed Regions Part 1: The Energy-Water Nexus
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Agenda
Why do we need air conditioning?
How does air conditioning work?
How does water play a role in air conditioning?
What roles do weather and climate play in air conditioning?
How can saving energy save water?
What can we do to save energy?
What are the two main choices in air conditioning heat rejection systems?
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Definition: Energy Balance
Energy In
Energy Out
Thermodynamics Law #1
The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer
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Definition: Sources of Energy in a Building
Thermal Loss
Thermal Gain LIGHTING
PEOPLE
EQUIPMENT / PLUG LOAD
INFILTRATION / EXFILTRATION
VENTILATION
HVAC EQUIPMENT
BUILDING ENVELOPE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
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Definition: Sources of Energy in a Building
Thermal Loss
Thermal Gain LIGHTING
PEOPLE
EQUIPMENT / PLUG LOAD
INFILTRATION / EXFILTRATION
VENTILATION
HVAC EQUIPMENT
BUILDING ENVELOPE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
Air conditioning allows buildings to be habitable
KEY CONCEPT
The purpose of Air Conditioning is to move unwanted heat from one area (building) to a location
less objectionable (outside)
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How Air Conditioning Systems Move Energy / Heat
Building Energy
Air Handler Fan
Water-Cooled Chiller
Cooling Tower
Air Handler Coil
Atmosphere
Building Energy
Air Handler Fan
Air-Cooled Chiller
Air Handler Coil
Atmosphere
AIR
-CO
OLE
D
WAT
ER-C
OO
LED
= air transfer
= water transfer
= refrigerant transfer
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Definition: Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb
DRY BULB (DB) Temperature of air
measured by a thermometer
Exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture
WET BULB (WB) Minimum temperature
achieved by evaporative cooling
Largely determined by the DRY BULB temperature and HUMIDITY (moisture)
Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
46°C
24°C
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Definition: Air-Cooled Heat Rejection
Air-Cooled System Air-Cooled Radiator
LIQUID OUT
LIQUID IN
AIR IN
WARM AIR OUT
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Definition: Evaporative Cooling
Heat Energy +
Water Vapor Molecules
When EVAPORATION occurs, heat is removed from an object that is being cooled.
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Definition: Water-Cooled Heat Rejection
Body Evaporation Evaporative Cooling Tower
Heat energy +
water vapor molecules
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Definition: Psychrometric Chart
Weather Data Location:RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
Weather Hours0 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °CChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
15%
25%
2%4%6%8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%30%40%50%60%70%80
%
90%
5
5 10
1015
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
35
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.comChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Dry
Bul
b
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Psychrometric Chart for Air-Cooled Systems
Air-Cooled System
LIQUID OUT 54°C
LIQUID IN
60°C
AIR IN 46°C
WARM AIR OUT
57°C
Weather Data Location:RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
Weather Hours0 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °CChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
15%
25%
2%4%6%8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%30%40%50%60%70%80
%
90%
5
5 10
1015
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
35
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.comChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
46°C 57°C
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Weather Data Location:RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
Weather Hours0 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °CChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
15%
25%
2%4%6%8% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY20%30%40%50%60%70%80
%
90%
5
5 10
1015
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
35
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.comChart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Psychrometric Chart for Water-Cooled Systems
Water-Cooled System
37°C dB 24°C wB
33°C dB 33°C wB
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Air-Cooled vs. Water-Cooled Heat Rejection
Design day is based on DRY BULB temperature
Consumes no water (no evaporative cooling)
Large footprint
Design day is based on WET BULB temperature
Consumes water (evaporative cooling process uses water)
80% LESS AIR FLOW
Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
KEY CONCEPT
Evaporative cooling enables water-cooled
systems to use less energy at the cost of water
consumption.
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Definition: Energy Use and System Lift
Load (weight of the rock)
Lift
(hei
ght o
f the
mou
ntai
n)
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E N E R G Y
Lift
Definition: Energy Use and System Lift
Load
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Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
100%
E N E R G Y
Per AHRI: Design Day conditions occur only 1% of the year
Des
ign
Lift
Design Load
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Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
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Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
46°C
DES
IGN
LIF
T
DES
IGN
LIF
T
24°C
KEY CONCEPT
There are multiple ways to save energy in a chiller plant that are
weather related:
1. Reduce the 2. Reduce the size of the load system lift
(weight of the rock) (height of the mountain)
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Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA
RIYADH, KSA
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Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA
28 31
35 40
43 45 46 45 43 39
33 28
17 18 19 21 21 20 22 23 21 20 19 18
05
101520253035404550
Dry Bulb (C)Wet Bulb (C)
TEM
PE
RAT
UR
E (°
C)
Average Wet Bulb = 12.6 C
Average Dry Bulb = 26.2 C
Dry Bulb (°C) Wet Bulb (°C)
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Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Dry Bulb Variation by Hour
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Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Wet Bulb Variation by Hour
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Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Annual Load Profile
KEY CONCEPTS
- Air Conditioning moves Energy / Heat.
- Air Conditioning rejects heat through air-cooled or water-cooled systems.
- Weather and seasons impact energy use in these systems.
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS SAVING ENERGY
REDUCES WATER CONSUMPTION
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Definition: THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS
WATER FOR ENERGY
ENERGY FOR WATER
Energy and Water are Linked
Energy and power production requires water.
Water processing, production, distribution, and end use requires energy
Water-cooled district cooling plants also require water
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THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Water Cost COMPONENTS OF WATER COST
Pre-Treat
Post-Treat
Dispose Acquire
Transport
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THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Water Cost
WATER COST IS INCREASING • Population Growth
• Rising Standards of living – more water intensive
• Environmental pressures
• Infrastructure Costs
• Climate Change
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THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Ways to Save Energy
SAVING ENERGY = SAVING WATER = SAVING MONEY
Avoidance Conserve Design Optimize Maintain • Insulation • Low-E Glass • Lighting
• Night setback • Isolate leaks • Lighting • CHW Reset
• District Energy • Highly Efficient and variable speed components, products and systems
• Central Plant and System Optimization
• Scheduled Service • Measurement and Verification plan
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THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Ways to Save Water
SAVING ENERGY = SAVING WATER = SAVING MONEY
SAVE WATER : Reduce blow-down in the cooling tower Use well water, river water, sea water, effluent water
SAVE WATER : Use “waste heat” in a heat pump application
SAVE WATER : Collect and re-use cooling coil condensate
SAVE WATER : Use non-evaporative air-cooled heat rejection systems
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Riyadh, KSA
RIYADH, KSA
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Air-Cooled System vs Water-Cooled System - Riyadh, KSA
Assumptions - Energy Evaluated at SAR 0.26/kWh - Water Evaluated at SAR 4.00/m3
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Air Cooled Water Cooled
Syst
em W
ater
Use
Gal
/Ton
-Hr
Chill
er P
lant
Sys
tem
Ene
rgy
kW/T
on
& O
pera
ting
Cost
SAR
/Ton
-Hr
Heat Rejection System Type
Annual Peak and Average Energy Use, Operating Costs, and Annual Average Water Use For Various System Types
Riyadh, KSA
Annual Average kW/Ton Annual Peak kW/Ton Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr Gal/Ton-Hr
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Air-Cooled & Water-Cooled System Advantages
A-C RADIATOR SYSTEMS • No water consumption/ reduced chemical consumption
• Simplistic closed loop design
• Lowest maintenance
• Often Standard tubes and tube sheets
WATER-COOLED SYSTEMS • Lowest kW/ton
• Smaller footprint
• More supplier options
• Lower first cost
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Summary Why do we need air conditioning? Allows building to be habitable. How does air conditioning work? Move unwanted heat from one area (building) to a location less objectionable. How does water play a role in air conditioning? Evaporation of water allows for energy and cost efficient heat rejection to the atmosphere. What roles do weather and climate play in air conditioning? Weather impacts both load and lift and thus energy consumption.
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Summary Continued How can saving energy save water? Less energy equals less heat of rejection to the cooling tower. What can we do to save energy? Avoidance > Conserve > Design > Optimize > Maintain What are the two main choices in air conditioning heat rejection
systems? Air-cooled systems and water-cooled systems What is the Energy-Water Nexus? Energy Saves Water and Water saves energy! They are intrinsically
linked…
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Air-Cooled System vs Water-Cooled System - Riyadh, KSA
Assumptions - Energy Evaluated at SAR 0.26/kWh - Water Evaluated at SAR 4.00/m3
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Air Cooled Water Cooled
Syst
em W
ater
Use
Gal
/Ton
-Hr
Chill
er P
lant
Sys
tem
Ene
rgy
kW/T
on
& O
pera
ting
Cost
SAR
/Ton
-Hr
Heat Rejection System Type
Annual Peak and Average Energy Use, Operating Costs, and Annual Average Water Use For Various System Types
Riyadh, KSA
Annual Average kW/Ton Annual Peak kW/Ton Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr Gal/Ton-Hr
What other opportunities exist between
these two solutions?
Not enough energy
Not enough water
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Next Session....Wednesday December 3, 2014
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Questions and Answers - Please type in Q&A box lower right hand corner.
- Moderator will handle questions to presenter.
- Please complete the survey following the webinar
- Webinar will be recorded and available via download or streaming. Presentation slides will be available in pdf format at www.districtenergy.org
- If you are listening to the webinar recording and have questions, send them to [email protected]
- Register for the second webinar, held at the same time, Wednesday, December 3, 2014.
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