operant conditioning module 16 demo activity ho 16.1 pkt. p. 7 see outline in pkt. p. 6 ½ dvd:...
TRANSCRIPT
Operant Conditioning
Module 16
• Demo Activity• HO 16.1 Pkt. p. 7• See outline in pkt. p. 6 ½• DVD: Discovering Psychology: Disc 2: “Learning”
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)• Introduced the “Law of Effect”• Behaviors with favorable consequences
will occur more frequently.• Behaviors with unfavorable
consequences will occur less frequently.• Developed into Operant Conditioning
• Created puzzle boxes for research on cats
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Operant Conditioning
• A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
• The frequency will if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject.
• The frequency will if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)• Developed the fundamental principles
and techniques of operant conditioning.
• Devised ways to apply these principles in the real world.
• Designed the Skinner
Box.
Reinforcement v Punishment• Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. • Punishment - Any consequence
that decreases the likelihood
of the behavior to be repeated.
I. ReinforcementA. Types of Reinforcement
1. Positive Reinforcement• Anything that increases the likelihood
of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state
• The subject receives something they want
• Will strengthen the behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning Activity:Positive Reinforcement
Get in groups of three. Choose who will be the recorder, the experimenter, and the subject.
Subjects please leave the room for a moment.
Directions……
2. Negative Reinforcement• Anything that increases the likelihood of a
behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
• Something the subject doesn’t like is removed
• Will strengthen the behavior (Definition of Reinforcement)
ORX X
Negative Reinforcement
Positive/Negative Reinforcement
Pkt.p. 10: HO 16-4 Negative Reinforcement “Quiz” Review
Homework: Worksheet #2 from Mrs. Schneider:
“Negative Reinforcement Examples”
Operant Conditioning Computer Lab & Activities
• PsychSim Operant Conditioning Maze Lab
• Clicker Training Pkt. p. 11
• Pkt. P. 12: HO- 16-6: “You & The Impact of Future Consequences” Survey
II. Ways of Reinforcement:
A. Primary v Secondary
A. 1. Primary Reinforcement• Something that is naturally reinforcing
• Examples: food, warmth, water, etc.
• The item is reinforcing in and of itself
A. 2. Secondary Reinforcement
• Something that a person has learned to value or finds rewarding because it is paired with a primary reinforcer
• Money is a good example
• Cooking utensil
Shaping Preview
II. Ways of Reinforcement
B. Shaping • Step by step reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to the one you want to occur.
(Progress Reports, etc)
•Technique used to
establish a new
behavior
II. Ways of Reinforcement: C. Immediate v Delayed
C. Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement
• Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement
• Ability to delay gratification predicts higher achievement
II. Ways of Reinforcement
D. Schedules of Reinforcement:
1. Continuous Reinforcement
D. 1. Continuous reinforcement
• A schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response
• Most useful way to establish a behavior
• The behavior will extinguish quickly once the reinforcement stops.
D. Schedules of ….2. Reinforcement: Partial Reinforcement
See Pkt. p. 13
D. 2. Partial Reinforcement
• A schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses
• Includes the following types:
– Fixed-interval and variable interval
– Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio
(a) Fixed- Interval Schedule
• A partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period of time
• i.e. weekly quiz in a class
(a) Variable-Interval Schedule
• A partial reinforcement that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time
• i.e. “pop” quiz in a class
(b) Fixed-Ratio Schedule• A partial reinforcement schedule that
rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses
• The faster the subject responds, the more reinforcements they will receive.
(b) Variable-Ratio Schedule
• A partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses
• This schedule is very resistant
to extinction.
• Sometimes called the “gambler’s schedule”; similar to a slot machine
Schedules of Reinforcement
Pkt. p. 14 for practice…thenHomework: Worksheet #3 from Mrs. Schneider:
“Schedules of Reinforcement”
III. Punishment:The Process of
PunishmentDecreaseDecrease a behavior
from happening again by following it with a negative consequence
II. A. Types of Punishment(1) An undesirable
event following a behavior
(2) A desirable state or event ends following a behavior
III. Punishment: B. Problems With
Punishment
Module 16: Operant Conditioning
II. B. Negative Effects of Punishment
• Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher
• Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self-esteem
• Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems.
II. C. Positive Effects of Punishment
• Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors.
• Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior
• Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment
Homework: Worksheet #4 from Mrs. Schneider: “Reinforcement v Punishment”
IV. The Role of Cognition: New Understandings of Operant Conditioning
Module 16: Operant Conditioning
III. A. Latent Learning
• Learning that takes place in absence of an apparent reward
III. B. Cognitive Map
• A mental representation of a place
• Experiments showed rats could learn a maze without any reinforcements
III. C. Overjustification Effect
• The effect of promising a reward for doing what someone already likes to do
• The reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated
The End