Opening Question (10/5)

Opening Question (10/5)

What do these terms all have in common with each other?Introduction to the Reformation10/5/09We will look at the Reformation through three leaders (Martin Luther, Henry VII, and John Calvin)Martin Luther (Who was he?)Born in what is now GermanyWas a Lawyer who gave up his practice and became a monkStruggled w/ his faith tremendouslyDid not intend to break with the churchHe wanted to reform it originallyLike many, he believed the Church had lost its spirituality

He Takes a Stand!Catholic Church approves the sale of indulgencesParchments people could buy to forgive them or their loved ones of their sinsEnrages Martin LutherWrites 95 Theses in response (post on Wittenberg Church Door) seen as the start of the Reformation!!First person to openly challenge the church like this21. Those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved24. It must needs be, therefore, that the greater part of the people are deceived by that indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalty.27. They preach man who say that so soon as the penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory].32. They will be condemned eternally, together with their teachers, who believe themselves sure of their salvation because they have letters of pardon.36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;44. Because love grows by works of love, and man becomes better; but by pardons man does not grow better, only more free from penalty.45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a man in need, and passes him by, and gives [his money] for pardons, purchases not the indulgences of the pope, but the indignation of God.52. The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even though the commissary, nay, even though the pope himself, were to stake his soul upon it.Luther vs. the ChurchHis writings opened up feelings in many peoples hearts1521 - Pope Leo X declares Luther is a heretic and excommunicates himHoly Roman Emperor (Charles V) calls Luther to trial (Diet of Worms)Rules Luther as an outlawFrederick of Saxony puts Luther in hidingWhile in hiding Luther translates the Bible into GermanFirst person to do this in Western EuropeNow everyone can read it for themselves

Martin Luther's BeliefsLuther founds his own church (Lutheran)Simple, priests guide it (not powerful officials)Luther believes that people can reach salvation through faith aloneHe claims that one cant get it through good deeds or buying indulgencesHe claims that the bible is the ultimate authority, not the popeHe believes that all people are equal before the eyes of GodConflict in German StatesCharles V tries to stomp out any religious dissent against the Catholic ChurchWins battles against other German Princes but cannot stop the spread of Luthers messageGerman Princes that protest Charles V are called ProtestantsPeace of Augsburg (1555)Reaches a compromise with German princes that support LutherEach prince can choose what religion they want for their landPeople who dont want to follow that religion have to move to different stateNorthern Princes follow Luthers teachings, Southern Princes remain loyal to Catholic ChurchReformation in EnglandStarts with Henry VIII (for political reasons)Defended Church during Reformation in GermanyPope gives him the title as defender of the faithHenry VIII asks for a divorce from his wife Catharine of Aragon (1529)Pope refuses to allow him the divorceHenry gets angry and pulls England from the Catholic ChurchForms the Church of England with him as the head of it (later called the Anglican Church)

Church of EnglandAct of Supremacy (1534)Officially broke England with the Catholic ChurchEngland confiscated all property the Catholic Church held in EnglandHenry VIII was now able to divorce his wife and remarry1588 Spanish Armada tries to sail to EnglandGoal was to overthrow England's rulers and reassert Catholic domination over the countryHuge failure English become most powerful naval force afterwardsJohn CalvinJohn Calvin forms his own church in SwitzerlandHas similarities to Luthers ideas, but differs in some aspects as well1536 John Calvin writes Institutions of the Christian ReligionOutlines his beliefs on every issue Gives followers a united frontBecomes the basis of (Calvinism)

John Calvins Beliefs (Calvinism)Predestination Idea that God has already decided who will be saved and who would notChosen ones called the electBelieves that a persons faith will be revealed by living a righteous lifePreached self discipline, high moral standards, and strong work ethic Calvin establishes his church in Switzerland

1536 Calvin moves to Geneva Switzerland and establishes a Theocracy thereA government ruled by religious leadersStrict rules but people willingly followNo Vices allowed

Calvinism spreads to FranceMany French Nobles convert to Calvinism1/3 of the nobility at one pointFrench protestants are referred to as HUGUENOTS1562 Huguenots and Catholics in France begin a bloody civil warMany Huguenots flee France (Go to Netherlands)1598 Edict of NantesKing Henry IV of France grants some religious and political freedom to the Huguenots in order to quell the violence

Calvinism Spreads to other countries in EuropeIn Poland, Hungry, and other parts of Eastern Europe some minorities convert to CalvinismCalvinism also spreads to the Netherlands, Scotland, and parts of the Western German statesThese people will eventually be called PuritansTried to purify the church and live pure lives

By 1600 Calvinism is firmly rooted in European societyEnd of Day Question (10/5)What are your impressions of the movie thus far.How do you view Luther?What is your impression of the people in the movie (the regular/common folks)?What are your impressions of the way the movie depicts the Catholic Church?