openhpi 4.4 - ontology types
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Dr. Harald Sack
Hasso Plattner Institute for IT Systems Engineering
University of Potsdam
Spring 2013
Semantic Web Technologies
Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I04: Ontology Types
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I
Open HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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04 Ontology TypesOpen HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies - Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Ontology Types and Categories
general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)
Domain Ontology Task Ontology
specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain
Application Ontology
(according to Guarino,1998)
fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.
fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.
Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,
Foundation Ontology)
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Ontology Types and Categories
general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)
Domain Ontology Task Ontology
specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain
Application Ontology
(according to Guarino,1998)
fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.
fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.
Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,
Foundation Ontology)
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Ontology Types and Categories
general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)
Domain Ontology Task Ontology
specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain
Application Ontology
(according to Guarino,1998)
fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.
Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,
Foundation Ontology)
fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
716
Ontology Types and Categories
general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)
Domain Ontology Task Ontology
specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain
Application Ontology
(according to Guarino,1998)
fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.
fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.
Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,
Foundation Ontology)
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Ontology Types and Categories
general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)
Domain Ontology Task Ontology
specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain
Application Ontology
(according to Guarino,1998)
fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.
fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.
Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,
Foundation Ontology)
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lightweight ontologies heavyweight ontologies
controlledVocabulary
(according to Lassila/McGuinnes, 2001)
Thesauri
Glossaries informalIS-A
formalIS-A
formalInstance
Frames
ValueRestrictions
generallogical
Constraints
Disjunctness,Inversiveness,
Part-of…
Expressivity +-
Ontology Types and Categories
informal formal
Folksonomiesformal
Taxonomies
LogicProgramming Description
Logics
First OrderLogicsData
Dictionaries
Terms
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• Controlled Vocabulary:finite list of terms (e.g. catalogue)
• Glossary: finite list of terms including an informal definition of their semantics in natural language
• Thesauri: [greek. „treasure, treasure house“]
controlled vocabulary, concepts are connected via relations.
• Equivalency (synonyms)• Hierarchies (subclasses, superclasses)• Homographs (Homonyms)• Associations (similar concepts)
Ontology Types and Categories
controlledVocabulary Thesauri
Terms/Glossary
informalis-a
formalis-a
formalInstance
Frames
ValueRestrictions
generallogical
Constraints
Disjunctness,Inversiveness,
Part-of…
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Thesaurus - an Example
Underpants
http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/
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Thesaurus - an Example
Underpants
Knickers
Synonyms
http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/
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Thesaurus - an Example
Underpants
Knickers
Synonyms
Panties
Bloomers
Briefs
Boxershorts
narrower concept
http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/
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Thesaurus - an Example
Underpants
Knickers
Synonyms
Panties
Bloomers
Briefs
Boxershorts
narrower concept
Underwearbroader concept
http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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Thesaurus - an Example
Underpants
Knickers
Synonyms
Panties
Bloomers
Briefs
Boxershorts
narrower concept
Underwearbroader concept
Undershirt
Association
http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/
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Taxonomies
• also classification schema, nomenclature, …
• in science most times classification into (mono-)hierarchical sets (classes, subclasses, ...)
• (also) subject of biology:
• the arrangement of organisms into a classification according to similarities
Taxonomy: Definition of a hierarchical system of groups (from [greek] τασσεῖν (tassein) = to arrange and νόµος (nomos) = method) ...
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• Carl Linnaeus (ca. 1740) created a simple classification schema for organisms that is still used today
Carl Linnaeus(1707-1778)
Des Ritters Carl von Linné vollständiges Natursystem, 1778
Taxonomies
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• informal IS-A-Hierarchy: explicite hierarchy of classes, subclass relations are not strict(e.g. index of a library)
• formal IS-A-Hierarchy: explicite hierarchy of classes, subclass relations are strict
• formale instance: explicite class hierarchy, besides strict subclass relations also instance-of relations are allowed
Taxonomies
controlledVocabulary Thesauri
Terms/Glossary
informalis-a
formalis-a
formalInstance
Frames
ValueRestrictions
generallogical
Constraints
Disjunctness,Inversiveness,
Part-of…
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Ontologies as Interpretation of Reality
various categories of animals from "a certain chinese encyclopedia" according to Jorge Luis Borges:
• Those that belong to the emperor• Embalmed ones• Those that are trained• Suckling pigs• Mermaids (or Sirens)• Fabulous ones• Stray dogs• Those that are included in this classification• Those that tremble as if they were mad• Innumerable ones• Those drawn with a very fine camel hair brush• Et cetera• Those that have just broken the flower vase• Those that, at a distance, resemble flies Jorge Luis Borges
(1899-1986)
Jorge Luis Borges: The Analytical Language of John Wilkins (1942)
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05 Foundations of LogicOpen HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies - Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I