Opener Questions

• 1. What are some foods that you ate yesterday or today?

• 2. What are some things in those foods that your body may need?

• 3. How do you think your body used each of the foods that you ate?

• 4. A common saying is “You are what you eat.” What do you think this statement means?

Theme = “You Are What You Eat”

Carbon Carbon CompoundsCompounds

Chapter 2.3

Carbon• Number 6 on the periodic table

Why is it so unique? It can form 4 covalent bonds because it has 4

electrons in its outer shell

• Can form very long, complex molecules One carbon atom can bond to other carbon

atoms to form long chains or rings

Organic Molecules• Organic Molecules:

Contain carbon bonded to hydrogen-ex. CH4 (methane gas)

• Inorganic Molecules:Do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

-ex. CO2 (carbon dioxide gas)

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3Examples of Organic Compounds

A ringChains

A long chain

Macromolecules Means “giant molecules” Monomers (small units) join together to form polymers (large compounds) through the process of polymerization

monomers can be the same or different

• 4 Classes:– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates• Functions:

Energy sourcesStructures in plants

• Components Made of elements: C, H, O

*Ratio of 2 H to 1 O*

CarbohydratesMonomer• Monosaccharide (“mono” = 1, “saccharide” = sugar)

– Simple sugar

C6H12O6

Ex: Galactose (in milk), Fructose (in fruit), Glucose

Polymer

• Polysaccharides: Starch, cellulose, glycogen

(“poly” = many, “saccharide” = sugar)

Carbohydrates

• Source– Pasta– Bread– Fruit– Vegetables

Other info.– Carbohydrates stands for carbon and

water

Starch

Is made up of glucose, a monosaccharide

Section 2-3Starch = A Polysaccharide

Proteins• Functions:

1. Building material

2. Carrying out chemical reactions

3. Fighting disease

4. Transporting materials

Proteins• Components: C, H, O, N, and S

• Examples– Hemoglobin– Antibodies– Antigens

• Source– Meat fish – eggs – nuts – soybean

Proteins• Monomer = Amino acid

There are 20 amino acids total– Picture on page 47

2. Carboxyl group = COOH

3. Amino group = NH2

1. R group = varies from 1 amino acid to another

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Examples of Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Proteins• When two or more amino acids join

together, they form a polypeptide - polymer– Held together by a peptide bond

A water molecule is released when a peptide bond is formed

Aminoacids

Section 2-3 A Protein

Lipids• Functions:

– Stored and used as energy– Structural component of cell membranes– Protect nerve cells in animals– Speed up nerve impulses– Protect from the cold

Lipids• Elements: C, H, O

– High hydrogen to oxygen ratio

Ratio of H:O not equal to 2:1

• Monomer: Glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

LipidsExamples:• Oils lipids produced by plants

Are unsaturated = usually liquid at room temp.

• Fats lipids produced by animals Are saturated = usually solid at room temp.

• Waxes produced by both plants and animals

• Cholesterol and steroids insoluble in water

Lipids

• Source:– Butter– Liver– Any kind of oil ex. Vegetable oil

Other Info on Lipids• Saturated fats –

– Contain all single covalent bonds– Contains maximum # of hydrogens

Are considered bad for you heart

• Unsaturated fats – – Contains double and triple bonds– Typically liquid at room temp.

Are considered better for you heart

Saturated vs. unsaturated fats

Saturated- no double bondsbetween carbons, all possible hydrogens

Unsaturated- at least one double bond,

less hydrogen, can bend

Nucleic Acids• Function:

Carry genetic information

• Elements: C, H, O, P, and NSome other elements can be used

Nucleic Acids • Examples:

RNA and DNA

• Source:– Compounds with proteins are

used to make nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids

• Monomer = nucleotideMade of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a

nitrogenous base

• Polymer– Nucleic Acid

A Well-Balanced Diet

• 1. Carbohydrates = 50-60%– pasta, bread, fruits, vegetables

• 2. Fat = 20-30%– butter, mayonnaise, cooking oil

• 3. Protein = 10%– meat, fish, eggs, nuts, soybeans,

• 4. Other = 10%– burgers, tacos, cookies

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map of Organic Compounds *Fill in the Blanks*

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Concept Map of Organic Compounds *Answer Key*

Identify the Macromolecule