open science - paradigm shift or revival of old ideas?
TRANSCRIPT
OPEN SCIENCE - PARADIGM SHIFT OR
REVIVAL OF OLD IDEAS?HEIDI LAINE / [email protected] / @heidiklaine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ABOUT MEOPEN SCIENCE THE BUZZWORD
AGE-OLD OPEN SCIENCE?PARADIGM SHIFT
OPEN SCIENCE IN PRACTICE
THIS PRESENTATION
Doctoral Candidate at University of Helsinki, Tiina and Antti Herlin Foundation research grant recipient
Open Knowledge Foundation Finland Open Science Working Group core person
Finnish Committee for Research Data (national member of CODATA) secretary
Worked f. e. for Finnish Advisory Board on Research Ethics, National Committee on Public Information, Council of Finnish Academies, most recently Center for Scientific Computing CSC at the Open Science and Research Initiative on early 2015
ABOUT ME
Defining responsible conduct of research: top-down and bottom-up perspectives to self-regulation and research integrity
Responsible conduct for research (RCR) is a set of principles and values that all fields of research are expected to follow. According to Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity (FABR), RCR is a precondition for ethically acceptable, reliable and credible research. The issues covered by the Finnish RCR guideline include f. e. research methods, data management, reporting of results, giving credit to others and dealing with liabilities. I approach the guideline from three different perspectives:
1) the defining and negotiating of the content,2) the practical application of the values and the suspected misconduct handling process described in the guideline and3) the standing against changing tides of research practices, namely open science.
MY RESEARCH
OPEN SCIENCE - ONE MORE ANNOYING BUZZWORD FOR POLICYMAKERS AND ALIKE
TO THROW AROUND?
http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Julkaisut/2014/Avoimen_tieteen_ja_tutkimuksen_tiekartta_2014_2017.html?lang=en
http://strategia.helsinki.fi/en/#development-areas3
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/open-science-open-access
https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org/content/open-science
BUT WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
OPENNESS IS PART OF THE DEFINITION OF
GOOD SCIENCE
Communalism – the common ownership of scientific discoveries, according to which scientists give up intellectual property in exchange for recognition and esteem.
Universalism – according to which claims to truth are evaluated in terms of universal or impersonal criteria, and not on the basis of race, class, gender, religion, or nationality;
Disinterestedness – according to which scientists are rewarded for acting in ways that outwardly appear to be selfless;
Organized skepticism – all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny
MERTONIAN NORMS OF SCIENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Merton#Sociology_of_science
“2. The methods applied for data acquisition as well as for research and evaluation, conform to scientific criteria and are ethically sustainable. When publishing the research results, the results are communicated in an open and responsible fashion that is intrinsic to the dissemination of scientific knowledge. [...]”
http://www.tenk.fi/en/resposible-conduct-research-guidelines
OPEN SCIENCE,OLD OR NEW? DEPENDS WHO
YOU ASK
“An essential, defining feature of modern science thus is found in its public, collective character, and its commitment to cooperative inquiry and free sharing of knowledge. While to most of us the idea of science as the pursuit of "public knowledge" seems a natural, indeed a primitive conceptualization, it is actually a social contrivance; and by historical standards, a comparatively recent innovation at that, having taken form only as recently as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.”
Paul A. David www-siepr.stanford.edu/workp/swp06008.pdf
“Open science commonly refers to efforts to make the output of publicly funded research more widely accessible in digital format to the scientific community, the business sector, or society more generally. Open science is the encounter between the age-old tradition of openness in science and the tools of information and communications technologies (ICTs) that have reshaped the scientific enterprise and”
OECD report “Making Open Science a Reality”https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org/content/open-science
1665 2016
ACADEMIC JOURNALS
Photo by Henry Oldenburg - Philosophical Transactions
WHERE’S THE PROBLEM?
0. Article is published in ArXiv for free1. Author gives article to publisher for free2. Referee reviews article for free3. Editor makes decision to publish (might get payed)
4. Author might need to pay an APC5. Journal publishes the article and sells it to the authors employer https://pbs.twimg.com/media/
CWQKclwVAAA4u_k.jpg
STATE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING BY SYKSY RÄSÄNEN
“The investigators collected their samples, returned home and published the startling results in European medical journals. [...] Even today, downloading one of the papers would cost a
physician here $45, about half a week’s salary.” Lähde: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/opinion/yes-we-were-warned-about-ebola.html?_r=1
DATA MANAGEMENT GONE WRONG
<http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/research-management-for-dummies/
>http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/magazine/diederik-stapels-audacious-academic-fraud.html?pagewanted=all
https://olh.openlibhums.org/articles/10.16995/olh.72/DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/olh.72
“Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other
research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and
methods.”https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/foster-taxonomy/open-science-definition
https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/foster-taxonomy/open-science-definition
Author: Andreas E. Neuhold Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Science_-_Prinzipien.png
PARADIGM SHIFT?
paradigm* > revolution > new paradigm & period of normal science** (repeat)
*paradigm Term employed by Thomas Kuhn to characterize a scientific tradition, including its theory, textbook problems and solutions, its apparatus, methodology, and its philosophy of science.
**normal science The articulation of a paradigm , in which the scientist's task is to apply the paradigm to the solution of puzzles. Failure to solve puzzles is the fault of the scientists not the paradigm. Persistent failure makes a puzzle an anomaly and threatens a revolution which may end the paradigm's hegemony.
Source: Rosenberg, Alex: Philosophy of Science - A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy, Routledge 2005.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE ACCORDING TO KUHN
• from Aristotelian physics to Newtonian mechanics
• from phlogiston chemistry to Lavoisier's theories of reduction and oxidation
• from non-evolutionary biology to Darwinism
• from Newtonian mechanics to relativistic and quantum mechanics
Source: Rosenberg, Alex: Philosophy of Science - A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy, Routledge 2005.
KEY SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS BY KUHN
“As Jim Gray observed, the first, second, and third paradigms of science - empirical, analytical, and simulation - have successfully carried us to this point in history. Moreover, there is no doubt that if we rely on existing paradigms and technologies, we will continue to make incremental progress. But if we are to achieve dramatic breakthroughs, new approaches will be required. We need to embrace the next, fourth paradigm of science. Jim’s vision of this paradigm called for a new scientific methodology focused on the power of data-intensive science. Today, that vision is becoming reality.”
Craig Mundie: The Way Forward. Fourth Paradigm - Data-intesive Scientific Discovery, ed. Hey, Tony, Tansley, Stewart & Tolle, Kristin. Microsoft Corporation, 2009. http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration/fourthparadigm/
ADVANCES IN COMPUTING+INTERNET+BIG DATA=SCIENCE 2.0
THE VISION“[...] virtuous circle of computing technology and data access will help educate the public about our planet and the
Universe at large - making us all participants in the experience of science and raising awareness of its immense benefit
to everyone.”
“For scientists, this will mean deeper scientific insight, richer discovery, and faster breakthroughs . Another major
advance is the emergence of megascale services that are hosted in the cloud and that operate in conjunction with client
computers of every kind. Such an infrastructure will enable wholly new data delivery systems for scientists - offering them
new ways to visualize, analyze, and interact with their data, which will in turn enable easier collaboration and
communication with others. This enhanced computing infrastructure will make possible the truly global digital library,
where the entire lifecycle of academic research - from inception to publication - will take place in an electronic environment
and be openly available to all. During the development of scientific ideas and subsequent publishing, scientists will be able
to interact virtually with one another—sharing data sources, workflows, and research.”
“Scientific publication will become a 24/7, worldwide, real-time, interactive experience.”Craig Mundie: The Way Forward. Fourth Paradigm - Data-intesive Scientific Discovery, ed. Hey, Tony, Tansley, Stewart & Tolle, Kristin. Microsoft Corporation, 2009. http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration/fourthparadigm/
OPEN SCIENCE IN PRACTICE
NEW TOOLS
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Bosman, Jeroen & Kramer, Biancahttp://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2015/11/11/101-innovations-in-scholarly-communication/
NEW PRACTICES
CHANGING ATTITUDES
MY OPEN PLEDGE
My research is open by default.I will not be open at the cost of my research subjects privacy; when in doubt I will refrain from publishing.When I don’t share something I will explain the decision openly and honestly.I will share both my successes and my failures.I will blog my research.I will communicate my research in a way that is understandable also to people outside the research community.I will either publish in full open access journals or traditional journals that allow self-archiving.I will not publish in so called hybrid open access journals.I will not publish in journals owned by companies that exploit the research community.I will be an advocate of open science and speak about my choices.
https://thehonestbrokerblog.org/2016/01/05/new-years-resolutions-my-open-pledge/
OPEN HUMAN SCIENCE
Messy dataMonograph publishing
Complex copyright issuesPrivacy concerns
Openness influencing results
https://dariah.eu/about/dariah-in-a-nutshell.html
Event on 20 April at Metsätalo: http://blogs.helsinki.fi/mstolone/
https://www.openlibhums.org/
WHAT DOES/COULD OPENNESS MEAN FOR
YOUR RESEARCH?