opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh ... home study module 1 lesson 1 2 part a: what is a contraction?...

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GRAMMAR

CASUAL CONVERSATION

Module 1, Lesson 1

LINC HOME STUDY Module 1 Lesson 1

2

Part A: What is a contraction?

Let‟s learn more about contractions.

A contraction is two words shortened into one. A letter (or letters) is left out.

An apostrophe („) goes in the place of the missing letter(s).

For answering “Yes”

(Positively):

I am I‟ m

It is /It has It‟s

He is He‟s

She is She‟s

There is There‟s

We are We‟re

We will We‟ll

For answering “No”

(negatively):

I am not I‟m not

Is not isn‟t

Are not aren‟t

Will not won‟t

You can say:

I am hot. I‟m hot.

It is hot. It‟s hot.

He is hot. He‟s hot.

She is hot. She‟s hot.

They are hot. They‟re hot.

We are hot. We‟re hot.

There is snow. There‟s snow.

We will have snow. We‟ll have snow.

You can say:

I am not hot. I‟m not hot.

It is not hot. It isn‟t hot.

He is not hot He isn‟t hot.

She is not hot She isn‟t hot.

They are not hot. They aren‟t hot.

We are not hot. We aren‟t hot.

There is not any snow. There isn‟t any

snow.

We will not have snow We won‟t have

snow.

Casual Conversation

3

Exercise 1

Try the following exercises. Make each sentence negative.

Example: It‟s a warm day.

It isn’t a warm day.

1. It‟s a beautiful day. _________________________________________________

2. I‟m cold. __________________________________________________________

3. It‟s a sunny day. ____________________________________________________

4. We‟re cold. ________________________________________________________

5. They‟re warm.______________________________________________________

6. It‟s windy. _________________________________________________________

Exercise 2

Make these sentences positive.

Example: It isn‟t warm.

It‟s warm.

1. It isn‟t snowy. _______________________________________________________

2. I‟m not cold. _________________________________________________________

3. It isn‟t windy. ________________________________________________________

4. They aren‟t cold. _____________________________________________________

5. We aren‟t cold. ______________________________________________________

6. It won‟t rain. ________________________________________________________


4

Exercise 3

Practice the following statements:

I am / I’m

hot ______________________________

warm _____________________________

cold ______________________________

Exercise 4

Write “am” or “is” in the spaces provided.

1. It ___________________________________ very nice today.

2. I ______________________________________fine, thanks.

3. I ________________________________________________well.

4. The weather ___________________________________beautiful.

5. The dog __________________________________fine, too.

Casual Conversation

5

Exercise 5

Make sentences. Use “is” or “am”.

Example: (Yen, is, today, fine) = Yen is fine today.

1. (I, cold, am) _____________________________________________________.

2. (It, today, is, warm) _______________________________________________ .

3. (It, day, is, isn‟t it?, a lovely) _________________________________________ .

4. ( I thanks, am, and you?, fine) ________________________________________ .

5. (It, and, is, warm, sunny) ____________________________________________ .


6

Part B: What is a sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that tells about something or someone, or asks about

something or someone.

It shows a complete thought.

A sentence must:

1. Start with a capital letter.

2. End with punctuation ( . ? !).

3. Have a subject (s).

4. Have a verb (v).

Casual Conversation

7

Part C: What is the subject (s) of a sentence?

The subject is the

person

place

thing or

quality

that the sentence is telling about or asking about.

Examples:

Kazik is my friend. (Person)

The neighbourhood is pretty. (Place)

The snow is beautiful. (Thing)

Love is happiness. (Quality)

The subject is also a noun. A noun is a person, place or thing.

A noun can be a proper noun or a common noun.

Proper nouns are nouns that name a particular person, place, or thing.

Common nouns are all other nouns that aren‟t proper nouns.

Examples:

Kazik is my friend.

The neighbourhood is pretty.

Proper noun

(subject)

common noun

common noun

(subject)


8

Part D: What is the verb (v) of a sentence?

The verb shows the

action or

state of being

of the subject of the sentence.

Examples:

Yen lives in a pretty neighbourhood.

Yen likes her neighbourhood.

Yen is my friend.

A sentence is made up of a subject (s) and a verb (v) in order to be a

complete thought.

Subject + Verb = Sentence

(s) (v) (complete thought)

What someone

Does a physical action

What someone

Thinks a mental action

What someone

Is – a state of being

Casual Conversation

9

Part E: What is a pronoun?

A pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun.

Pronouns that take the place of singular nouns are:

I

Me

You

He

Him

She

Her

It

Pronouns that take the place of plural nouns are:

We

Us

You

They

Them

Examples of singular pronouns are:

Michelle is pretty. She is pretty. / She’s pretty.

Snow is cold. It is cold. / It’s cold.

Kazik is nineteen. He is nineteen. / He’s nineteen.

Examples of plural pronouns are:

Yen and Katya are neighbours. They are neighbours.

They’re neighbours.


10

Exercise 1

Make a list of five “Do” action verbs and five “think” action verbs in the spaces

provided below.

Do Action Verbs Think Action Verbs

(Physical) (Mental)

Example:

walk think

1. ____________________ ________________

2. ___________________ ________________

3. ___________________ ________________

4. ___________________ ________________

5. ___________________ ________________

Exercise 2

Make five sentences using either a “Do” action verb or a “think” action verb.

1. ______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 3

Choose the correct pronoun to take the place of the underlined noun.

1. Mr. Rzewinski is another neighbour. (he, she)

2. Everyday Yen goes for a walk. (they, she)

3. Frank is a baby. (it, he)

4. Monica goes to university. (she, it)

5. Yen talks to her neighbours about the weather. (he, she)

6. Monica and Mr. Rzewinski are neighbours. (it, they)

Casual Conversation

11

Part F: When do I use the verb “be”?

Sentences with the verb “be” describe people or things.

The verb “be” can have different forms:

I am

You are

He is / she is / it is

We are

They are

We use the verb “be” in sentences together with nouns.

Remember: nouns describe a person, place or thing.

Example:

Monica is a student.

(subject, noun) (verb) (noun)

She is a student.

(subject, pronoun) (verb) (noun)

We also use the verb “be” in sentences together with adjectives.

Example:

Monica is great.

(subject, noun) (verb) (adjective)

She is great.

(subject, pronoun) (verb) (adjective)

Sometimes we put nouns and adjectives together in a sentence with the verb “be.”

Example:

Monica is a great student.

(subject, noun) (verb) (adjective) (noun)

She is a great

student.

(subject, pronoun) (verb) (adjective) (noun)


12

The Verb “be” Statements

Table #1: Positive Statements (“be”)

Here are some examples of simple sentences.

Pronoun Verb “be”

I + am You + are He + is She + is + noun (student) or adjective (great) It + is We + are They + are

Examples:

I am terrific.

You are pretty.

He is happy.

She is friendly.

It is a hot day.

We are fine.

They are wonderful.

Table #2: Negative Statements (“be”)

Here are some examples of simple sentences.

Pronoun Verb “be” + Not

I + am not You + are not He + is not She + is not + noun (student) or adjective (great) It + is not We + are not They + are not

Casual Conversation

13

Examples:

I am not sad.

You aren‟t (are not) happy.

He isn‟t (is not) Canadian.

She isn‟t (is not) cute.

It isn‟t (is not) a hot day.

We aren‟t (are not) fine.

They aren‟t (are not) friendly.

The Verb “be” Questions

We put the verb “be” before the subject to make questions.

Table #3: Questions (“be”)

Verb “be” Pronoun

Am + I Are + you Is + he Is + she + noun (student) or adjective (happy)? Is + it Are + we Are + they

Example:

Am I first?

Are you a Canadian?

Is he a teacher?

Is she married?

Is it hot?

Are we late?

Are you Americans?

Are they citizens?


14

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks using the verb “be.” Look at Table 1 and 2 for help.

Example:

Positive sentence: You ________________. You are beautiful.

Negative sentence: She ________________. She isn‟t happy.

1. positive sentence: You _____________

2. positive sentence: He _________________

3. negative sentence: It _________________

4. negative sentence: They _____________

5. positive sentence: We _________________

6. negative sentence: You _____________

7. positive sentence: She _____________

8. negative sentence: I _________________

9. positive sentence: I _________________

10. negative sentence: We _________________

Exercise 2

Tell me about yourself. Fill in the blanks.

I am _________________________________________________________

I am not _______________________________________________________

My best friend is ________________________________________________

My apartment is _________________________________________________

My apartment isn‟t _______________________________________________

Casual Conversation

15

Exercise 3

Write 10 sentences about different people in your family (e.g. father, mother, sister,

brother, daughter, son, grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, cousins)

Use the verb “be” to make your sentences.

Exercise 4

Tell me the name of this famous person.

She is French Canadian.

She is very thin.

She is very famous.

She is a singer.

She is ____________________________.

Describe three famous people. Read these descriptions to your learning partner. Tell

your partner to guess the names of these people.

1.

2.

3.


16

Exercise 5

Fill in the blanks by using the verb “be” to make questions.

1. ______________________________________________a doctor?

2. ______________________________________________friends?

3. ______________________________________________windy?

4. ______________________________________________a nurse?

5. ______________________________________________tired?

6. ______________________________________________soldiers?

7. ______________________________________________Tuesday?

8. ______________________________________________divorced?

9. ______________________________________________sleepy?

10. ______________________________________________parents?

Exercise 6

Answer these questions using the verb “be”:

Example: Are you tired today?

Yes, I am. or No, I am not. or No, I‟m not.

1. Are you rich?

____________________________________________________________

2. Are you sleepy now?

____________________________________________________________

3. Is your husband / wife home?

____________________________________________________________

4. Is your apartment small?

____________________________________________________________

Casual Conversation

17

5. Is English your first language?

____________________________________________________________

6. Are you tired in the morning?

____________________________________________________________

7. Is your family big?

____________________________________________________________

8. Are you busy on weekends?

____________________________________________________________

Exercise 7

Now, make some questions using the verb “be”. Ask your learning partner these

questions.

1. Are you _____________________________________________________?

2. Are you _____________________________________________________?

3. Are you _____________________________________________________?

4. Is __________________________________________________________?

5. Is __________________________________________________________?

6. Is __________________________________________________________?


18

Exercise 8

Ask your learning partner about his / her best friend.

Example:

Is he / she tall?

Is he / she beautiful?

Is he / she a teacher?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Is _________________________________________________________?

Casual Conversation

19

Part G: When do I use the present continuous tense?

We use present continuous to describe an action in progress. The action takes place:

now at this moment right now

Present Continuous Statements

Structure:

Subject (person or thing) + the verb “be” (am, is, are, am not, isn’t, aren’t) + verb (basic form

+ “ing”).

I am walking

(subject) (verb “be”) (verb basic form + “ing”)

We can also add an object (dinner, movie, etc.), place (school, kitchen, etc.) and time (now,

at this moment, etc.) to the sentence.

or

He is cooking dinner now.

(subject) (verb “be”) (verb basic form + “ing”) (object) (time)

Remember: Spelling Rules

When a verb ends with “e,” we change drop the “e” before we add the ending.

write – writing

close – closing

take – taking

When a verb ends with a vowel followed by a consonant, we add the same consonant to

the “ing” construction.

run – running

sit – sitting

get – getting


20

Table #4: Positive Statements (present continuous)


I + am (or I’m)

You + are (or you’re)

He + is (or he’s)

She + is (or she’s)

It + is (or it’s) + verb + “ing” (read+ing, walk+ing)

We + are (or we’re)

You + are (or you’re)

They + are (or they’re)

Examples:

I am skating.

You are reading.

He is laughing.

She is swimming.

It is raining.

We are cooking.

You are biking.

They are sleeping.

Casual Conversation

21

Table #5: Negative Statements (present continuous)


I + am not (or I’m not)

You + are not (or you’re not)

He + is not (or he’s not)

She + is not (or she’s not) + verb + “ing” (read+ing, walk+ing)

It + is not (or it’s not)

We + are not (or we’re not)

You + are not (or you’re not)

They + are not (or they’re not)

Examples:

I am not drinking.

You are not skating.

He is not writing.

She is not listening.

It is not snowing.

We are not shopping.

You are not eating.

They are not working.


22

Present Continuous Questions

We put the verb “be” in front of a subject to make questions.

Table #6: Questions (present continuous)

Verb “be” Pronoun

Am + I

Are + you

Is + he

Is + she + verb + “ing” (read+ing, walk+ing)

Is + it

Are + we

Are + you

Are +they

Examples:

Am I disturbing you?

Are you watching TV?

Is he helping you?

Is she sleeping?

Is it raining now?

Are we getting there?

Are they driving this car now?

Casual Conversation

23

Exercise 1

Make sentences using the verb “be” and the present continuous tense.

Example:

(I, take home books) I am taking home books.

1. (They, listen to language tapes) ______________________________________

2. (The librarian, help Ronny) __________________________________________

3. (I, get a library card) ________________________________________________

4. (You, read a magazine) _____________________________________________

5. (Juan, save money) ________________________________________________


24

Exercise 2

Match each sentence with the correct picture by drawing a line.

They are walking in the park.

He is reading the newspaper.

We are watching a play.

You are listening to music.

He is eating.

Casual Conversation

25

Exercise 3

Fill in the blanks by using the correct form of the verb “be” and the present continuous

tense.

Example: I think am thinking about this answer.

1. They (eat) ____________________________ breakfast in the kitchen now.

2. She (sing) ____________________________ a beautiful song.

3. We (sit) ____________________________ in the living room at this moment.

4. John (drive) ____________________________ on a highway now.

5. Betty (not/watch) ____________________________ TV now.

6. Paul and Claudio (not/play) ____________________________ soccer.

7. The weather is very nice. It isn‟t ____________________________.

8. She (write) ____________________________ a letter to a friend.

Exercise 4

Complete these sentences by adding a subject and a noun/ adjective and

object/place/time. If you need to, review Part G on page

Example: She is reading a book now.

1. watching

2. sleeping

3. driving ____

4. washing

5. listening to ____

6. dancing


26

7. playing

8. talking ____

9. eating ____

10. drinking

Exercise 5

Some of the sentences below have mistakes in them. Underline these mistakes.

1. She is watching TV in the bedroom.

2. He is riding on a bicycle.

3. Mark and Paul is playing baseball now.

4. Susan is sleeping on a sofa.

5. He is writeing a letter to his mother.

6. They are cuting the grass at this moment.

7. She are smiling at me.

8. They aren‟t eatting dinner now.

Now, correct each sentence above and rewrite each one in the space below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Casual Conversation

27

Exercise 6

Like Yen in the reading, go for a walk around your neighbourhood. Describe what you

see, who you speak to, what you hear, etc.

Example: A woman is crossing the street.

A child is riding a bicycle.

Now, you write:

Exercise 7

It is Monday, 8 a.m. Tell me what is happening in your house. Use your imagination.

Example: I‟m watching TV.

My daughter is talking on the phone.

Write at least six sentences.


28

Exercise 8

Make questions using the verb “be” and the present continuous tense.

Example: (a book, now, you, read)

Are you reading a book now?

1. (drink, he, in the kitchen) ______________________

2. (to the radio, listen, they, in the bedroom) ___________________

3. (my car, in his garage, repair, a mechanic) ______________________

4. (sing, she, a song) ___________________

5. (John, paint, the living room) ___________________

6. (you, sleep) ______________________

7. (have, they, a party, now) ___________________

8. (Lili, read, her daughter, to, a story) ___________________

Exercise 9

Change these sentences into questions using the verb “be” and the present continuous

tense.

Example: We are singing loudly

Are we singing loudly?

1. They are smiling at her. ______________________

2. Rafiq is riding a bus to school. ________________

3. She is vacuuming the living room. ________________

4. He is reading a magazine. ___________________

5. They are watering the flowers. ___________________

6. The dog is barking. _________________________

7. Arafa is studying English. ___________________

8. It is snowing. ___________________________

Casual Conversation

29

Exercise 10

Some of the questions below have mistakes. Underline these mistakes.

1. Are they taking computer classes?

2. Is she jogging now?

3. Is he read a letter in the bedroom?

4. Are John playing guitar in the living room?

5. Is she taking a shower now?

6. Is they mowing the grass?

7. Is she cleaning the bathroom?

8. Are Mark and Cleo drinking beer now?

Now, correct sentences above and rewrite each one.

1. ______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________


30

Exercise 11

Complete these questions.

1. ___________ in the kitchen?

2. ___________ she ______ ?

3. Are _______________________ ?

4. __________________ now?

5. you ________?

6. listening ________ ?

7. Is _____________________________ ?

8. he _______________________?

9. they ________________ ?

Exercise 12

Answer these questions about you and your family.

1. Are you wearing jeans now? _______________________

2. Is your wife / husband working now? ______________________

3. Is your radio playing a song at this moment? _______________________

4. Are you sitting now? ________________________________

5. Are you feeling tired? __________________________

6. Are you getting hungry? __________________________

7. Is your wife / husband doing something in the house? ___________________

8. Is your fridge making noises at this moment? _______________________

Casual Conversation

31

Exercise 13

Tell your learning partner that it is now Sunday, 11:30 a.m.

Ask your learning partner about things that he /she and his / her family members are

doing.

Example: Are you walking in a park?

Is your daughter talking on the phone?

Think of at least six questions:

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh ... home study module 1 lesson 1 2 part a: what is a contraction?...

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