56

A≤ymbw c≠v

"kptem-N\'apX¬"IÆp-\o¿Øp≈n'hsc

1086 anYp\w ap-X¬ 1087 Nnßwhsc-bp≈ (1911) Ih-\-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS

e°-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv \me-∏m-Ss‚ "kptem-N\' F∂ IrXn ]pd-Øp h∂-Xv.

IÆp-\o¿Øp≈n 1921 Unkw-_-dnepw ]pdØp h∂p. 1911- \pw 1921 \p anS-

bv°v At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb ]Zy-km-lnXy IrXn-Isf ]tXyI hn`m-K-ambn IW-

°m°n ]T\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-XmWv DNnXw. Cu Ime-L-- -Øn¬ At±-l-sa-gp-

Xnb Ihn-X-IfpsS cq]-X-e-hpw `mh-X-ehpw sht∆sd ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°n-

bm¬ cq]-XeØn¬ at\m-l-c-ßfpw ]cn-]-IzX B¿÷n-®-h-bp-am-Wv Ah-

sb∂p ImWmw. `mh-X-e-Øn-em-Is´ Ihn hf¿®-bpsS ]S-hp-Iƒ Ib-dp∂

tXbp-≈q. A\-¥-c-Im-e-I-hn-X-I-fn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ amXncn Kl-\-amb Bi-

b-X-etam hy‡n-\n-jvTamb khn-tij Z¿i-\-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw -sIm≠p-

≠m-Ip∂ Hcp `mh-K-cn-atbm Cu Ime-L- -Ønse Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Is≠-Øm-

\m-hn-√. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-Z-bmb Bfl-\njvTkz`m-hhpw Cu Ime-

L- -Øn-se-gp-Xnb IrXn-I-fn¬ Gsd-sbm∂pw Z¿in-°m-\m-hn-√. ]t£ a\p-

jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ Xew hnI-kz-c-ambn hcp∂Xv ImWm-\m-Ipw..

sh¨aWnamcpƒs∏-Sp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿ tImhn-e-IsØ Ihn-I-fpsS

Imhy-ssien Gsd-°psd ]n¥p-S¿∂ph∂-h-cmWv "h≈-tØmƒ Iº-\n'bnse

Ihn-Iƒ. emfn-Xyhpw kpKmlyXbpw \¿Ω-c-k-]-Np-cn-abpw B ]ÿm-\-

Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-I-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-hn- -‡y-¥-]-Z-߃ Gsd-sbm∂pw Ah-

cpsS IrXn-I-fn-en√. GXp hnj-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \nan-j-t\-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ab-

Xv\-e-fn-X-ambn IhnX cNn-°phm-\p≈ sImSp-ß-√q¿ tImhn-e-IsØ Ihn-

I-fpsS i‡n Ipsd-sbms° h≈-tØmƒ Iº-\n-bnse Ihn-I-fnepw ImWmw.

kwkvIr-Xm- n-⁄cm-bn-cps∂¶nepw kwkvIrX`mj-bpsS AXn-]-k-csØ ae-

bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂-I‰n \n¿Øm≥ Ah¿ ]tXyIw i≤h®p. sh¨a-

Wn-°-hn-I-fn¬ ]e-cnepw Im-Wp∂ Kmay-]-tbm-KmZn tZmj-ßsf Xß-fpsS

Imhy-ß-fn¬ \n∂-I-‰n-\n¿Øm≥ h≈-tØmƒ Iº-\n-°m¿]tXyIw i≤n-

57

®n-´p-≠v. irwKm-c-Øns‚ ISn-™m-Wn-√m-Ø-t]m°pw h≈-tØmƒ Iº-\n-

bnse Ihn-I-fn¬ ImWm-\m-hn-√. \me-∏m-S≥ h≈tØmƒ Iº-\n-bn-epƒs∏-

Sp-∂p-sh∂p amX-a-√, h≈-tØm-fns‚ k¥-X-k-l-NmcnIqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

h≈-tØm-fns‚ t_mkv sh¬ F∂p \me-∏m-S≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°-∏-´n-´p≠v.

(]p-tØ-gØv cma≥ tat\m≥ 1955:278) ""h≈-tØm-fns‚ kz¥w skI- -dn,

`mjy-Im-c≥, injy≥, kJm-hv, Bin-X≥, Imcy-ÿ≥, IW-s°-gp-Øp-Im-

c≥, D]-tZ-jvSm-hv, D’m-l-]-Zm-b-I≥, Imc-W-h¿...... Fs¥√mw hn[-Øn-

emWv \me-∏mSpw h≈-tØmfpw XΩn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘-߃ F∂v

hnh-cn-°p-hm-≥ km[y-a-√, Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw Kpcphpw injy-\p-am-bn-cp∂p

F∂p ]d-™m¬ sX‰n-√'' (1955:278) F∂p ]ptØ-gØp cma-≥tat\m≥

Np≠n-°m- p-∂p. 1090- ¬ \me-∏m-S≥ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]uc-kvXy-Zo-]-Øns‚

ka¿∏-W-Ønepw ""h≈-tØm-fns‚ `‡\pw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿Æ-\p-amb

injy≥''F∂mWv At±lw kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. kwkvIrX kmln-

Xy-Øns‚ aln-am-Xn-tc-I-߃ Ipsd Hs° h≈-tØm-fn¬ \n∂p \me-∏m-

S≥ a\-n-em-°n-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v. BwK-e-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-kz- m-h-߃ \me-∏m-S-\n¬ \n∂p h≈-tØmfpw Kln-®p. h≈-tØm-

fp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu KmV-_‘w \me-∏m-Ss‚ Imhy-ssi-ensb Gsd

kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.

GsXmcp Ihn-bp-tSbpw BZy-Ime Ihn-X-I-fn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn

]Xy-£-s∏Smhp∂ ssieo-hn-j-b-I-amb Akzm-c-ky-߃, Ign™ A≤ym-

b-Øn¬ \mw hni-I-e\w sNbvX \me-∏m-Ss‚ BZy-ImeIhn-X-I-fn¬, C√m-

sX-b-√. kpJ-i-h-a-√m-Ø-hbpw IrXn-aXzw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂-hbpw Hgp°p

Ipd-™-h-bp-amb hcn-Iƒ BZy-ImeIhn-X-I-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS ImWmw. ItaW

CØ-cw tZmj-߃ \oßn Ic-Sn-√mØ Hcp Imhy-ssien \me-∏m-S\p kzmb-

Øambn. Aßs\ hf¿®-sb-Ønb B ssien-bn¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb BZy-J-

WvU-Im-hy-amWv "kptem-N-\'.

\me∏m-Ss‚ Nn¥m-[m-c-Ifpw Pohn-X-ho-£-Whpw Imhy-k-¶ev]hpw

a‰pw 1911\pw 1921\pw CS-bv°p≈ Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ hnImkw ]m]n-®p-h-

cp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. Ch-bpsS Ian-I-amb hf¿® sshNm-cnI Xe-Øn¬ amXw

58

HXpßn \n¬°msX Hcp Xcw ]q¿Æ-Xm-kz- mhw ]I-S-am-°p∂ A\p- q-Xn-

]-Zm-b-I-amb Hcm-fl-h-Ø-bmbn cq]w sIm≈p-Ibpw AXv At±l-Øns‚

IrXn-I-fn¬ ]Xn- -en-X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ImgvN-bmWv "IÆp-\o¿Øp≈n'

apX-ev°p≈ IrXn-I-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. CØ-c-samcp `mh-Xew 1086 (1911),

1087(1912), 1088 (1913) F∂o h¿-j-ß-fn¬ cNn® Jfi-Im-hy-ß-fn¬ ImWm-

\m-hn-√. ]t£ XpS¿∂v "IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n'°p apºmbn \me-∏m-S≥ cNn®

sNdp Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Ihn-bpsS hnI-kz-c-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ Bfl-h-Ø-

bpsS ]Xn- -e\w hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ ImWm-\m-Ipw. AXv B Ihn-X-Iƒ°v

Hcp ]tXyI `mh- wKn \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

c≠p ]cn-lmk Ih-\-ß-fpƒs∏sS aq∂p-J-WvUIm-hy-ßfpw Bdp

eLpIhn-X-Ifpw c≠v H‰t«mI-ßfpw Iptd A\ym-]-tZit«mI-ßfpw Ipsd

awK-f-t«m-I-ßfpw GXm\pw Nc-a-t«m-I-ßfpamWv Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬

Ihn cNn-®-Xv.

20˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ BZy-ZiI-Øn¬ \ho\ coXn -bn -ep≈

JWvUIm-hy-߃ Gsd-sbm∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-∂n- n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.""\mXn-Zo¿Lhpw

\mS-Io-bhpw AYhm Imhymfl-I-hp-amb ]Xn-]m-Zyw, `mh-Xo-hhpw `mh-\m-

fl-I-hp-w cq]-k-c-f-X-bp-am¿∂ ]Xn-]m-Z-\w, HuNn-Xy-`m-kp-c-amb Ae-¶m-c-

]-tbm-Khpw h¿Æ-\-bpw, s]mXpth Imev]\n-I-]-`m-h-ebn-X-amb A¥-

co£w F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv eLp-Im-hy-ßsf B[p-\nIJWvU-Im-hy-ß-

fpsSap≥\n-c-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂ khn-tijX-Iƒ''. (Fw.

]n. ]Wn-°¿ 1990:14) F∂v JWvUIm-hy-߃°v e£Ww Iev]n-°-s∏- n- p-

≠v. Cu e£-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ ae-b-hn-em-

kw (1895), Bk-∂-a-c-W-Nn-¥m-i-XIw (1895), Hcp hnem]w (1902), hoW-]qhv

(1907), Hcphnem]w (1908), _[n-c-hn-em]w (1909) XpSßn GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ

amXta "kptem-N-\'-bv°p-apºv JWvUIm-hy-ß-fpsS KW-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-

h-∂n´p≈q F∂p ImWmw.

kptem-N\

kptem-N\, tZhkzw Imcy-ÿ≥, ]pI-bn-e-am-lmflyw F∂o- J-

WvU-Im-hy-ß-fn¬ kptem-N-\-bmWv Ihn BZyw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Ih-\-Iu-ap-

59

Zn-bn¬ Jfi»-bmbn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® IrXn 1087- ¬ D≈q-cns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-

tbmsS ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Ønepw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \me-∏m-Ss‚ Ihn-Xz-kn-≤n°v

klr-Z-b-tem-I-Øns‚ AwKo-Imcw e`n-®Xv "kptem-N-\'bpsS cN-\-tbm-sS-

bm-Wv. Ih-\-Iu-ap-Zn-bn-eqsS ]kn-≤o-I--cn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒXs∂ henb ]iwk

Cu Imhyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂psh∂v Cu IrXn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬

ImWmw. ""Iuap-Zn-bn¬°qSn I≠n-cp∂ ImeØv CXv Hmtcm ]mh-iyhpw

]pd-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ImØv klr-Z-b¿ AXyp-XvI-WvT-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv t\m°n-

s°m-≠ncp-∂-sX∂p R߃°p a\-n-em-bn- p-≠v. CXv AX-amXw IuXp-

I-ap≈ H∂m-Wv''. (I-h-\-Iu-apZn 1087: ]p.7:47) ]cn-Nn-X-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ CXn-hr-

Ø-Øns‚ kzoI-cWw sIm≠pw \mS-Io-bX Xpfp-ºn-\n-¬-°p∂Ah-X-c-W-

co-XnsIm≠pw "kptem-N\' klr-Z-b-tem-I-Øns‚ ]iwk ]nSn-®p-]-‰n. CXn-

hr-ØsØ \mS-Io-b- w-Kn-tbmsS HuNn-Xy- m-kp-c-amb Ae-¶m-c-I¬∏-\-I-fn-

eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ BZy-J-fi-Im-hy-amWv Cu IrXn. CXn-hr-ØsØ

kpLS-nXambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v A\-¥-c-Im-eØv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ P∑w-

sIm≠ ]pcm-W-hn-j-b-ß-fmb Jfi-Im-hy-߃°v amXr-I-bm-Ip-I-bm-bn-

cp∂p kptem-N-\. a-e-bm-f-Im-hy- m-hp-IXzw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ImeØv

Fgp-X-s∏´ Imhy-sa-∂-\n-e-bnepw kptem-N-\-bpsS ]m[m\yw Ah-K-Wn°m-

\m-hn-√.

IrXn-bpsS cq]-Xew

]c-º-cm-K-X-amb coXn-bn¬ awK-fm-N-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Imhym-cw`w.

BsI 115 t«mI-߃ D≠v. BZysØ 113 t«mI-߃ hwiÿ-bnepw Ah-

km-\sØ c≠p-t«m-I-߃ inJ-cn-Wn, kKv[c F∂o hrØ-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv.

ZznXo-b-m£-c-]mkw Zo£n-®n- p-≠v. Imhy-tZm-j-߃ C√mØ Ab-Xv\-e-fn-X-

amb mjm-ssi-en-bmWv IrXn-bn¬ s]mXpth ImWp-∂-Xv. "tZiy- m-j, Ipk-

‘n, bXn-`wKw, \nc¿∞I]Zw apX-embtZmj-ßsf Hgn®p i_vZm¿∞-

߃°p Xpey Na-Xv°mcw hcpØn Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ Cu Iº-\n-bnse

AwK-ß-fmb bph-I-hn-Iƒ°v kmam-t\y\ ImWm-dp≈ ]mb-Øn¬ Ihn™

]mShw GXp-k-lr-Z-b-t\bpw hnkva-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv' F∂v alm-Ihn D≈q¿

60

"kptem-N-\'-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ h≈-tØmƒ Iº-\n-bnse Ihn-I-sf-

∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. Cu khntij-X-I-sfms° kptem-N-\-bv°p-ap≠v.

kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw mhm- n-hy-RvP-\-Øn\p ka¿∞-amb i_vZ-߃

Xnc-s™-SpØp ]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ lrZ-b-lmcnbmb ImgvN Imhy-Øn-e-

tßm-f-an-tßmfw ImWmw. tIm[m-hn-jvS-\mbn \n¬°p∂ cmh-W-s‚ -NnXw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ t«mIw Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

""XpSn® c‡-sØm-Sc-°-\m™p ]¬

ISn®p Xo°´ sXdn® IÆp-ambv

sNmSn®p \nevs°, s°mSp-XmbnSpw `bw

]nSn®p temI-߃ ]cn-`-an-®p-t]mbv''

cuZ-`m-hsØ A`n-hy-‡-am-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb i_vZ--kw-hn-[m\w Cu

t«mI-Øn¬ ImWmw. kptem-N-\-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ am¿±h-an-b∂ kvssX

W- mhw hyRvPn-∏n-°-Ø° coXn-bn¬ \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""F\n°p Poh≥ hc, \m alm≥ acn˛

®n\n-£Ww t]mep-an-cn-°-bn√ Rm≥;

X\n® thiy-bv°Xp tNcp, sa¥p, Rm≥

P\n® hwi-Øn-e-ip≤n tN¿°tbm?''

arX-\mb Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ inc-ns\ h¿Æn-°p∂ t«mIw Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

""]cw Xpdn-®p-¥n\ tLmc-ZrjvSnbpw

]c-kv]cw tIm¿Øp ISn® ]√p-ambv

]c--lkw apdntb‰p tNmcbpw

]pcs≠mc°¿∫pcio¿j-ap¬°Sw''

B Zriy-Øns‚ `b-m\-IXsb hy‡-am-°m≥ ka¿∞-amWv t«mI-Ønse

]Z-k-∂n-th-iw. hm\-c-∑m-cpsS N]-e-kz-`mhw `wKn-bmbn hyRvPn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂ t«mIw Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

""Hcp-Ø¿ tate-dn-sbm-cp-Ø, cq°-\mw

Xcp-°-fn¬ ]m™p Itcdn a‰p t]¿

s]cpØp Xn°n-®-e¿ sN∂p apºn-se˛

s¥mcp-’hw! sam®-Iƒ t\m°n \nev°-bmb''

61

C]-Imcw AXn-a-t\m-l-chpw `mhm-`n-hy-RvPI ka¿∞-hp-amb ]Z-L-S-\-

bmWv IrXn-bn¬ \nct∏ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Cßs\ mh-Øn\p XnI®pw CW-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-X-e-amWv Cu IrXn-

bv°p-≈-Xv.

IrXn-bpsS `mh-Xew

Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS kzm[o\w `mh-X-e-Øn¬ KWy-amb tXmXn-en-√.

Bfl-\n-jvT-a√ Imhyw. Ihn-bpsS hy‡n-kØ Ipd™ Af-hn¬ amXta

CØcw Imhy-ß-fn¬ ImWm-\m-Iq. kpL-SnXamb CXn-hr-Øw, ck-]-cn-t]m-

j-Ww, \S-Io-b-X, ]mX-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-Ønse HuNn-Xyw, XpS-ßnb B¥-c-L-S-

Iß-fmWv kptem-N-\-bpsS `mh-X-e-]-T-\-Øn¬ ]k-‡-am-b-h.

1. CXn-hrØw

tIc-f-Øn¬ A[nIw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp CXn-hr-Ø-a√ \me-∏m-

S≥ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp ]t£ hmfloIn cmam-b-W-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw

]mtZ-in-I-]m-T-Øn¬ Cu IY-bp-≠m-sb∂p hcmw. "kptem-N-\'bv°v Ah-

Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xnb D≈q¿ C°mcyw Cßs\ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ""kptem-N-\m-

k-Xn-bpsS IY ]c-tZ-ißfn¬ ]kn-≤-am-Wv. Ahn-S-ß-fnse `mK-h-X-∑m-

cpsS "Ime-t£-]-'Øn\v CXv ]mtbW hnj-bo- -hn-°m-dp-≠v. sXep-¶v, Xangv

apX-emb `mj-I-fn¬ ]e Km\-ßfpw CXns\ A\p-I-cn®v cNn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v.

F∂m¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Cu IY ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv CZw-

]-Y-a-am-bn- msW∂p tXm∂p∂p''. (1087:2)

Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ ac-W-hm¿Ø-b-dn™v tIm]m-Ip-e-\mbn \n¬°p∂

cmh-Ws‚ kao-]-tØbv°v Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ mcy-bmb kptem-N\ FØp-∂p.

kXn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v ¿Xr-in-cv H∂p ImWp-hm≥ th≠n cma-

\n¬ \n∂v AXv G‰p-hm-ß-W-sa∂v Ahƒ cmh-Wt\mSv A`y¿∞n-®p. Ah-

tfmSv kXn-b-\p-jvTn-°m-\mWv cmh-W≥ BPvRm-]n-°p-∂-Xv. iXp-hn-t\mSv

bmNn-°m≥ Abmƒ°p a\-n-√. kptem-N-\-bm-Is´ tIm]w-sIm≠p Pzen®p

\n¬°p∂ cmh-Ws\ Ah-K-Wn®v kss[cyw bp≤-°-f-Øn-tebv°v \oßn.

\b-⁄-\mb iocm-as‚ kao-]-sØØn `¿Xr-in-cv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. iXp-

62

hns‚ Bbp-[-]-l-c-ta‰p hoW Xs‚ ]nbXa≥ kzIcmw-_p-Pw-sIm≠,v

A‰p-hoW \ne-bn¬ Fs‚ incv Ft∏mgpw cmamwLnIsf `Pn-°p-I-bm-

sW∂p Im´n-s°m≠v, X\n°v Hcp IØ-b-s®∂pw AXp-sIm-≠m-Wn-hnsS

FØn-b-sX∂pw Ahƒ ]d-™p. hm\-c-∑m¿ CX-hn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw Ahsf

cq£-ambn ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. iocm-a-\m-Is´ \o ]d™ hm°p-

Iƒ P\-t_m-[y-am-°pI F∂v ]d-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Ahƒ `¿Xr-in-c-n-

t\mSv hm\-c-∑m¿°v hnizmkw hcp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Fs¥-¶nepw D®-cn-°-W-

sa∂v Bh¿Øn®v At]-£n-s®-¶nepw AXv i_vZn-®n-√. Ah-km\w temssI-

I-ho-c-\mb Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ A`n-a-m\sØ kv]¿in-°Ø coXn-bn¬,

""AbXv\an-∏m-cp-Iƒ sh∂-h≥ `hm≥

Ib¿Øp kuan-Xn-bp-am-sb-Xn¿°th

Pb-Øn-s\-∂-—s\ \n∂-Sp-°-te˛

bv°b-®-Xn-√m, bXnt\m, apjn™p \o?''

F∂ hm°p-Iƒ kptem-N\ D®-cn® \nan-j-Øn¬"Aa¿j e÷mXpe-cm-K-

k-¶p-e-amb' Ah¿Æy-amb Hcp ]p©n-cn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ""A\¿L-iote, aXn-in-£,

\n-ø-pXm≥ \n\bv° a÷o-h\''sa∂v B in-cv kv^p-S-ambn D®-cn-®p.

CXp-I≠ l\p-am≥ \a-kvI-cn®v am∏-t]-£n-®p. CX-c-hm-\-c-∑m¿ \nt›-jvS-

cm-bn. kptem-N\ kXn A\p-jvTn-®p. e£va-W≥ hnh¿Æ-\mbn hne-]n-®p.

kptem-N\ BZn-ti-js‚ aI-fm-sW∂pw e£va-W≥ B-Zn-ti-js‚ Ah-

Xm-c-am-sW∂pw iocm-a≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®-t∏m-gmWv l\p-am-Zn-I-fpsS kwibw

amdn-b-Xv. iocm-a≥ e£va-Ws\ Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-tXmsS Imhyw Ah-km-\n-

°p-∂p.

1911˛\p ap≥]v ]pcmW CXn-lm-k-ßsf D]-Po-hn®v Ihn-X-b-߃

t]mepw Jfi-Im-hy-߃ cNn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1914- ¬ BWv "_‘-\-

ÿ-\mb A\n-cp-≤≥' ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ipamc\mims‚ "Nn¥mhnjvSbmb

koX' 1914˛¬ cNn°m\mcw`n°p∂tXbp≈p 1919 ˛¬ BWv IrXn ]pdØv

h∂Xv. kptem-N-\bv°v kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn-ep≈ Cu ]m[m\yw kpIp-

am¿ Ago-t°mSv \nco-£n-®n- p-≠v. ""alm-Ihn h≈-tØm-fns‚ P\-]o--Xn-P-\-

63

I-ßfpw AXn]kn-≤-ß-fp-amb ]pcm-W-I-hn-X-Iƒ A∂p ]pdØp h∂n- n-

s√∂v Hm¿ °p-I. klr-Z-b-cpsS ck-\m-\¿Ø-I\mbn Gsd-°mew hne-

knb "_‘-\-ÿ-\mb A\n-cp-≤≥' \me∏m-Ss‚ "kptem-N-\-'bpsS A\p-

P-\m-Wv. "injy\pw aI\pw' XssYh. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ Ipam-c-\m-ims‚

Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]pcm-tWm-]m-Ø-ß-fmb ]pXp-Im-hy-ß-

fpsS cN-\-bn¬ ]th-in® mh-hy-Xymkw A∂v ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw

kptem-N\ Cu Imhy-߃s°√mw tPy-jvT-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmbn h¿Øn-°p∂p''

(1995:111) "kptem-N\' ae-bmf Jfi-Im-hy-]-ÿm-\-Øn\v ]tNm-Z-I-am-bn-

´p-s≠∂v tNe-\m´v ANyp-X-ta-t\m\pw A`n-]m-b-s∏- n- p-≠v (1948:31).

2. ck-]-cn-t]m-jWw

\thm-∞m\ ]_p-≤-X-bmWv \qX-\m-h-t_m-[-tØmsS Imhy-c-N-\-

bn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ihn-Iƒ°v t]c-W-bm-b-Xv. Hcp hnem-]w, hoW-]qhv XpS-ßnb

IrXn-I-fn¬ ap≥]n-√m-Ø-hn[w Pohn-XsØ s]mXn-™p-\n¬°p∂ timIm-

fl-IX Bhn-jvI-cn-bv°s∏´p. Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-t≠msS ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn-

em-cw-`n® Cu ipXn-am‰w kptem-N-\-bnepw ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠v. Pohn-X-

Øns‚ timIm-fl-I-X-bmWv IrXnbn¬ \nd™p \nev°p-∂Xv. ZpxJ-]-cy-h-

km-bn-bmb ]tabw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm-\p≈ iaw A°m-

eØv hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. Icp-W-ckw kptem-N-\-bn¬ Baq-emKw \nd-™n-

cn-°p-∂p. ckm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-ep≈ \me-∏m-Ss‚ sshZKv[yw CXnse t«mI-

ß-fn-se√mw ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠v. `¿Xr-in-c-n-\-Sp-sØ-Ønb kptem-N-\-

bpsS hnem-]-kµ ¿`Øn-emWv IcpW ckw Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip-∂-Xv.

""]pIgv∂ Zn°v]m-e-I¿ t\sc-t\m-°n-Sm˛

ØI-evajuP-nS Xnßp-a-ß-bn¬

XnI™ [m¿jvSy-sØmSp a¿Øy-t\-I\n˛

øI¿Ω-a-tøm, _X, sNbvXsX-ßns\?''

F∂p XpS-ßp∂ hnem-]- mKw hfsc it≤-b-am-Wv. cmh-W-\n¬

\n∂p e`n® iIm-cw, hm\-c-°q- -ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-kw, sXfn-hm-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂

iocm-a≥, A\-°-an-√mØ `¿Xr-in-cv XpS-ßnb kµ¿`-߃ Icp-W-c-

64

ksØ t]mjn-∏n-°p∂ kµ¿`-ß-fmWv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw ZpxJ-Øn-e-a¿∂p-

t]m-Ip∂ \mbn-I-bm-b√ kptem-N-\sb Ihn NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IcpWw

hoc-Øn\v hgn-am-dp∂ kµ¿ -߃ "kptem-N-\'-bn¬ \nch-[n-bp-≠v. hn[-h-

bm-sW-¶nepw kptem-N\ hocmw-K-\-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kptem-N\bpsS hm°p-Iƒ

Ihn \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""acn-®p-X≥ Im¥, -\n-tXm¿Øp IÆp-\o¿

sNmcn™p \n¬t°-s≠mcp `ocp-h√ Rm≥

Fcn™ sN¥o-b-ar-X-√-tbm, hc≥

]ncn-™Iw Np´ kXnbv°p kmºXw?''

kptem-N-\-bpsS At]£ \nc-kn-°p∂ tIm]m-‘-\mb cmh-W\p

t\scbpw DK-am-bmWv Ahƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

""\n\®p t]mbv Rm≥ `ph-ss\-I-Zp-jvS\mw

\n\-°p-ap-≠mw-Z-b-sb-∂, Xn∂p \o

A\-ev]-sas-∂-∏-gn-sNm√n, l¥! Zp˛

¿÷\-Øn-s\∂pw ]c-]o-U\w ckw'' îF∂pw

""ISp-Ø-hm-°n-ßs\ sNm∂\n≥ Xe

bv°SpØp \miw cLp-hw-i-ho-c-\m¬,

anSp°p Im -s∏m-fp-, b¿∂ hwi-sam˛

s∂mSp-°p-hm≥ Xo¿s∂mcp ZpjvS! Zp¿ΩtX!''

hoc-c-k-Øn\v "kptem-N-\'-bn¬ Icp-W-tØm-sSm∏w ]m_-ey-ap-≠v.

ZpxJ-Øn¬ Xf-cp∂hf√ kptem-N-\. kvssXW-amb hoc-ckw IYm-]m-X-

hy-‡n-Xz-Øn\v angnhv \evIp-∂p. temssI-I-ho-c-\mb Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ `mcym-

]-Z-hn°v XnI®pw A¿lbmW-h-sf∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂p. ]XnhXm-Xz-Øns‚

i‡n-bmWv Ihn "kptem-N-\-'bneqsS BhnjvI-cn-°p∂ BZ¿iw. 1923˛¬

BWv "`mc-X-kvXo-Iƒ X≥`m-h-ip≤n'F∂ IhnX h≈-tØmƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-

Xv. AXn\pw 12 h¿jw ap≥]p Xs∂ \me-∏m-S≥ Cu IrXn FgpXn. `mc-X-

Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-º-cy-sØ-bmWv \me-∏m-S\pw h≈-tØmfpw Bhn-

65

jvI-cn-®-Xv. CXn-lm-k-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew \me-∏m-S\pw Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-

Øew h≈-tØmfpw kzoI-cn-®p-sh-∂p-am-Xw. DXvIr-jvS-amb Zmº-Xy-]-W-

b-Øns‚ sFXn-lm-kn-I-am-\-amWv "kptem-N-\-'bn-eqsS \me∏m-S≥ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Icp-W-ho-c-c-k-߃s°m∏w ‡n- m-hhpw Ihn hfsc \∂mbn NnXo-

I-cn-®n- p-≠v.

""Ncm-N-c-߃s°mcp Xmß-em-sbgpw

apcm-cn-bt√m apIn¬ h¿Æ-\mw `hm≥;

[cm-]-tX, \n∂-cp-WmwLn tkh-bn¬

]cm-Mvap-J-∑m¿s°mcp kuJy-sa-ßp-hm≥'' F∂pw

""NcmNc-Øn≥ Kpcp-hm-b h¿Æy-\mbv

\ncm-Ip-sse-iz-cy-hn-em-k-]q¿Æ-\mbv

]cm-]cw I≠-h¿ sh®p hmgvØnSpw

[cm-]-tX, \nø-dn-bp∂p k¿∆hpw''

Cu t«mI-ß-fn¬ `‡n- mhw \∂mbn kv^pcn-°p-∂p.

\m\m- m-h-ß-fpsS DNn-X-amb k∂n-th-i-Øn-eqsS ck-t]m-j-I-amb

coXn-bn¬ Imhyw \n_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ihn i≤n-®n- p-≠v. kptem-N-\-bpsS

AZ-ay-amb `¿Xr-kvt\-lw, `¿Xr-hn-tbm-K-Ønse sImSnb ZpxJw, Xs‚ ]Z-hn-

bv°-\p-k-c-W-amb A`n-am-\--t_m-[w, ZrV-\n-›-bw, XnI™ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, cmh-

Ws‚ tIm]-ho-cm-Zn- m-h-߃, cmas‚ ia-]-[m-\-amb at\m- m-hw, hm\-c-∑m-

cpsS D]-cn-π-h-amb ]p—- mhw Ch-sbms° kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw ck-t]m-j-I-

amb coXn-bn¬Øs∂ CW-°n-t®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

\mS-Io-bX

ae-bm-f-Ønse ]kn-≤-ß-fmb Jfi-Im-hy-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂

XnI®pw \mS-Io-b-ß-fp-am-Wv. `mh-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ NmcpX ]I-cp∂ Ah-

ÿm-hn-ti-j-ßsf Ne-\m-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Ah. CXv ae-bm-fn-

bpsS mhp-I-Xz-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠v. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Bfl-\n-jvTX ]m_-

ey-am¿÷n-®p-h-cp∂ Ime-L- -Øn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv Cu Jfi-Im-hy-ß-fp-sSbpw

Bhn¿`mhw. Bfl\njvT-ß-f-√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw Cu IrXn-Iƒ Gsd ]kn-≤-ß-

66

fm-bn. a\p-jy-a-\ns‚ kq£va`m-h-ßsf Ah-bpsS s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-I-tfm-

Sp-IqSn kwL¿jm-fl-I-ambpw NSp-e-ambpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-™-XmWv

Ah-bpsS hnP-b-Øns‚ Hcp Imc-Ww. CØcw IrXn-I-fpsS Iq´Øn¬ kap

∂Xamb ÿm\-amWv "kptem-N-\'-bv°p-≈-Xv.

BZy¥w \mS-Io-b-amWv "kptem-N-\'. CXn-hr-Ø-Ønse Hmtcm kw -

hhpw A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn kw -hn-°p-∂p. AXv hmb-\-°m-cs‚ DtZzKw h¿≤n-

∏n-°p-Ibpw ImhysØ Ne-\m-fl-I-am°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IrXm-¥-\pw-

IqSn t]cp-tI- m¬ hnd-®p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xm-]-im-en-bmb Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ ac-W-

hm¿Ø-bn-emWv Imhym-cw- w. Cµ-Pn-Øns‚ ac-W-hm¿Ø-b-dn™v tIm]m-

Ip-e-\mb cmh-W-≥, ¿Xr-in-cv tNmZn-®p-hm-ßm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kptem-

N\, Cu Bh-iy-tØmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\m-ImØ cmh-Ws‚ DK-amb

`¿’\w, kptem-N-\-bpsS A`n-Pm-X-amb adp-]-Sn, cmh-Ws\ [n°-cn-®p-sIm≠v

bp≤- q-an-bn-te-°p≈ Ah-fpsS ]th-iw, iocm-as‚ ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbm-Sp-IqSnb

\ne-]m-Sv, l\p-am-s‚bpw hm\-c-°q-´-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-lm-kw F∂n-ßs\

\oßp-∂ CXn-hrØhn\ym-k-Øn¬ NSp-e-Xbpw BImw£ P\n-∏n-°p∂

kwhn-[m-\I-ahpw \nct∏ ImWmw. Imhym-h-km-\-ØnseØptºmƒ \mS-

Io-bX AXns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn¬ FØp∂ ImgvN-bWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. ]Xo-

£n-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp ]cn-Wm-a-amWv Imhym-¥-Øn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-

X-Øns‚ s]mcp-f-dn-bmsX Pohn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bmWv kptem-

N-\-bpsS Imhym-h-km\w shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xv.

\mS-Io-b-amb CXn-hr-Ø-hn-\yk\w amX-a-√, s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ

Xoh`mh-ß-fpsS G‰p-ap- -ep-Ifpw AXv IYmKXnsb Atß-b‰w Ne-\mfl-Ihpw

hn£p_v[hpam°p∂ Imgv®bpw IrXn-bn¬ ImWm-\mIpw kp£vakp£va-ß-

fmb n∂`mh-߃ sXfn-a-tbmsS IrXn-bn¬ \nct∏ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. _‘-

\-ÿ-\mb A\n-cp-≤≥, injy\pw aI\pw, A—\pw aIfpw XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-

fpsS \mS-Io-b-Xbpw `mh-Xo-h-X-bm¿∂ NnXo-I-c-Whpw Ht´sd ]iw-kn-°-

s∏- -Xm-Wv. B IrXn-Iƒs°ms° ap≥t] Fgp-X-s∏´ kptem-N-\-bnepw B

KpW-߃ H´pw Ipd-bsX Xs∂ ImWm-\mIpw.

67

4. IYm-]mX NnXo-I-cWw

\mS-Io-b-Xbv°v ]m[m-\y-ap≈ Imhy-ß-fn¬ BJym-\-tØ-°mƒ

IYm-]m-X-Øn-\mWv ]m[m\yw. ck-]pjvSn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hy‡n-Xz-ap≈

IYm-]m-X-߃ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS a\-ns‚ Bg-߃

I≠psIm≠p≈ NnXo-I-c-W-amWv "kptem-N-\'sb it≤-b-am-°p∂ ][m-

\-L-S-Iw. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS sFXn-lm-kn-I-Xz-Øn\v bmsXmcp CSnhpw X´mØ

\ne-bn-emWv \me-∏m-S≥ IYm-]m-X-Nn-Xo-I-cWw \n¿∆-ln-®n- p-≈-Xv. CXn-lmk

kµ¿ -Øn¬ \n∂pw sNdnb Nne am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXv Imhy-Øn

s‚ Iem-ta-∑bv°v i‡n ]I-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. taL-\m-Zs‚ ac-W-hm¿Ø-

b-dn™v s]s´∂v tamlm-e-ky-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv CXn-lm-k-Ønse cmhW≥. B

`mKw \me-∏m-S≥ Hgnhm-°n. ]uc-pj-Øns‚ Xo ]mdp∂ hm°p-Ifpw tIm[m-

th-i-hp-amWv kptem-N-\-bnse cmh-W-\n¬ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cµ-Pn-Øns‚

ac-W-hm¿Ø-b-dn™ cmh-W≥ sshtZ-lnsb h[n-°m-\mbn ]pd-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

kp]m¿izkNn-hs‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v ]n≥Xn-cn-bp-∂-Xm-bmWv hmfloIn cmam-

b-W-Øn-ep-≈Xv (bp-≤-Imfiw 92) aqe-Øn¬ \n∂pw hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈

hyXymkw cmh-Ws‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ tim` h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. kptem-N-\-

bnse cmh-W≥ DK-aq¿Øn-bm-Wv. DK-aq¿Øn-bmb cmh-Ws\ hI-h-

bv°msX `¿Xr-in-c-p-tX-Sn-t∏m-Ip∂ kptem-N-\-bpsS C—m-i-‡nbpw ]mXn-

h-Xy-\n-jvTbpw A\p-hm-N-Is‚ a\-n¬ i‡-ambn ]Xn-bp-∂p. ]Xn-tbm-

Knsb i‡-am-°p-tºm-gm-Wt√m \mb-I-Xz-Øns‚ tim` h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xv.

Imhy-Ønse tIµ-I-Ym-]m-X-amb kptem-N-\- khn-ti-j-amb

hy‡n-Xz-Øn\pSa-bm-Wv. bmsXmcp ]Xn-_-‘-Øn\pw XS-™p-\n¿Øm-\m-

hmØ hocmw-K-\-Xz-amWv Ihn kptem-N-\bv°v \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. e£y-

Øn-te°v ]Xn-_-‘-߃ XI¿Øv apt∂m- p-\o-ßp-∂-Xv kptem-N-\-bbpsS

]mXn-h-Xy-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm-≠m-Wv.

A¥-I-t\-t∏mse Xs‚ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ cmh-W\p kao]w

\n¿ -b-am-bn-Øs∂ Ahƒ \n¬°p-∂p. kXn A\p-jvTn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏´

cmh-W-t\mSv AXp-Xs∂ Bcpw ]d™p ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂pw kXnbv°p

68

ap≥]v B apJw H∂p ImWpI amX-amWv Xs‚ Bh-iy-sa∂pw hotcm-Nn-

X-ambn kptem-N\ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. ZpjvS-s\-¶nepw \n∂nepw Zb-bp-≠m-

Ip-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bmWv Xm≥ At]-£n-®-sX∂pw Zp¿÷-\-߃°v F∂pw

]c-]o-U\w Xs∂bmWv ck-sa∂pw ]d-™n´v cLp-hw-i-ho-c-\m¬ DS≥

\n\°v \miw `hn-°p-sa∂v i]n-°p-hm\pw kptem-N\ ss[cyw Im´p-∂p.

Aßs\ \n¿ -b-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]mXn-h-Xy- i‡n-bp-sSbpw ]Xn-cq-]-am-bmWv

\me-∏m-S≥ kptem-N-\sb hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. iocm-as‚ k∂n-

[n-bn-seØn kptem-N\ At]-£n-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""]Xn-hXmXzw ]c--amb [¿Ω-sa˛

∂Xn-X-\mfpw Icp-Xn-°-gn™ Rm≥

]Xn-bv°-Sp-°¬ ZpX-sa-Øn-S-s -b˛

ßXn-s∂-\n-°mbv ØpW-sN-bvXn-tS-Wta''

kptem-N\ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ hy‡n-a-l-Xz-amWv ImhysØ

Bkzm-Zy-am-°p∂ Hcp ][m\ LS-Iw.

iocm-as\ \b-⁄-s\∂v Imhy-Øn¬ c≠n-SØv hntijn-∏n-°p-

∂p-≠v. iocm-as‚ hy‡n-Xz-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ apJy-am-bXv Cu \b-P-RX

Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xs‚ ap∂n-se-Ønb kptem-N-\tbmSp ]d-bp∂ hm°p-I-fn¬

\b-⁄-Xbpw ka-Nn-Ø-Xbpw \∂mbn ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p. iocm-as‚ Cuizc-

Xz sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Ihn-sb-bmWv "kptem-N-\'-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. l\p-

ams‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\pw hfsc angnhv \evIn-bmWv Ihn NnXo-I-cn-®ncn°p-

∂-Xv. `¿Xr-in-c-p-tX-Sn-sb-Øp∂ kptem-N-\sb BZyw ]cn-l-kn-°-ps∂-

¶nepw Ah-fpsS ]mXnhXyi‡n Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ l\p-am≥ ]›m-Ø-]n-

°pIbpw Ah-tfmSv am∏p tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Id-I-f™ cma-`-

‡≥ Xs∂-bmWv "kptem-N-\-'bnsebpw l\p-am≥. amb-bm¬ ad-bv°-s∏´

Pohn-X-s∏m-cp-fns\ Cuiz-c-k-lm-b-Øm¬ Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ a\p-jy≥ A\p-

`-hn-°p∂ thZ-\-sb-X-sb∂v shfn-hm-°p-∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv e£va-W≥.

hnIm-c-tem-ecpw D]-cn-π-h-_p-≤n-I-fp-amWv `S-P-\-ßfpw hm\-c--°q- -hpw.

69

Hcp cwKØp amXw hcp-∂ IYm-]m-X-߃°p-t]mepw ]tXyI

hy‡nXzw \evIp-hm≥ Ihn ian-®n- p-≠v. "kptem-N-\-'bnse IYm-]m-X-\n¿Ωn-

Xn-bn¬ Ihn ]pe¿Øn-bn- p≈ Cu hn[ \njvI¿j-Iƒ ]n∂oSv h≈-tØm-

fns‚ Jfi-Im-hy-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ angn-thmsS ]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ImWmw.

klrZ-b-cpsS `mhpIXz]cn-W-ma-Øn\v Cu IrXn hgn--sX-fn-®n´p≠v. BJym-

\m-fl-I-amb Zo¿L-I-mhy-ß-fn¬ A`ncan-®n-cp∂ klr-Z-b-a-\v \mS-Io-bX

\nd-™Xpw Xmc-X-tay\ lkz-hp-amb JWvU-Im-hy-ß-fn-tebv°v Xncn-bp-∂Xv

kptem-N-\-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. AXy-[nIw P\-]oXn ]nSn-®p-

]-‰nb IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

Ihn-bpsS Bfl-h-Øbpw kptem-N-\bpw

FX-Xs∂ hkvXp-\n-jvTamb IrXn-bnepw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Fgp-Øp-

Im-cs‚ BflhØ ]Xn- -en-°p-sa-∂Xv \nw-i-b-am-Wv. k¿§m-fl-I-amb

Bhn-jvIcWw km[n-°p∂ IrXn-I-fn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ hy‡n-kØ ]_-

e-ambn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sN-øpw. hnj-b-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, A`n-

ho£Ww, Ah-X-cW kt¶-X-ß-fpsS kzoIm-cw, IYm-]m-X-ßsf \bn-

°¬ F∂o Xe-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ssIs°m-≈p∂ kao-]\w At±-

l-Øns‚ Z¿i-\sØ Ipsd-sbms° shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Xs‚

Pohn-X-ho£-WsØ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-IWw

Imhy-c-N-\bv°v A]-i-kvX-ambXmsW¶nepw Cu IY Xs∂ \me-∏m-S≥

sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. ImhysØ A\p-hm-N-Is‚ BZ-c-hn-\n-S-bm-°n-Øo¿°p∂

][m-\-L-S-I-w kptem-N-\-bpsS ÿnX]⁄-I-Xz-am-Wv. ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf

XI¿Øv ]mXn-hXy i‡n-bm¬ apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip∂ kptem-N\bn¬ Ihn-

bpsS hy‡n-Xzw \∂mbn ]Xn^ en°p∂p≠v. al-Ømb I¿Ω-߃°v

Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-°p-hm\pw ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Pbn-°p-hm\pw \me-∏m-S\v Akm-

[m-c-W-amb Icp-Øp-s≠∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n -´p -≠v. ""Xm\p-d® Hcp

Imcyw˛AXn\p \ymbamb Bkv]-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw˛GXp ]Xn-_-‘hpw

hI-h-bv°msX km[n-°m-\p-g-dp∂ X\n-°p-Xm≥ t]m-cn-Ø-am-Wt√m kptem-

N-\-bn¬ ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. CXv Ihn-bpsS kz`m-h-Øn\pw CW-ßn-

70

\n¬°p∂ Hcp ]tXy-I-L-S-I-am-sW∂v At±-lsØ ASp Øp ]cn-N-b-

ap≈ Gh¿°pw t_m[y-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-tk-h-\-Øn-em-Is´ kap-Zm-b-tk-

h-\-Øn-em-Is´ Cßs\ Dd® a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw tijn-bpap-≈-h¿ Npcp-°-am-

Wv. ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf hI-h-bv°p-I-bn-s√∂p amX-a-√, Ahsb t\cn-Sp-∂Xv

\me-∏m-S\v Hcp hnt\m-Z-am-Wv F∂p amX-a-√, Akm-[m-c-WXzw Ie-cp∂ I¿Ω-

ß-fn-en-dßn Nne-t∏mƒ ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf £Wn-°p-∂Xpw At±-l-Øn\v

ck-am-Wv''. (tNe-\m´v ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 1948 :32) Cu ]cm-a¿iw Ihn-hy-‡n-

Xzhpw IYm-]mX hr‡n-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-ØØn--te-bv°m-Wt√m

hnc¬Nq≠p∂-Xv.

IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n-bnepw a‰pw ]Xn- -en-°p∂ Ihn-bpsS Zm¿i-\nI

at\m- m-hØns‚ _oPm-¶p-chpw kptem-N-\-bn¬ Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. iocm-a-

k-∂n-[n-bn¬ h®v kptem-N\ "PK-Øn≥ KXnbmcp I≠-h≥?' F∂v tNmZn-

°p-∂p-≠v. Cu tNmZyw IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n-bn¬ Iptd-°qSn kv pS-ambn Bh¿

Øn®p ImWp-∂p. "a¿Xy¿ IY-sb¥p I≠q' F∂v Ihn tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠-

t√m. kptem-N-\-bn¬ XpS¿∂pw

""Kl-∏n-gbv°, Øe km≤zn-sNm-∂m-cm˛

Klw \nh¿Øn-∏-Xn-\p-∂n-Sm-bvIth,

_rl¬kz\w XX apg°n Ioi¿; Zp¿

Klw PK-∂m-b-I-Nn-Ø-am¿°pta!''

]]-©-i‡nsbmcp-°p∂ At⁄-b-X-bpsS XS-h-d-bn¬ Ign-bmt\ a\p-jy\p

hn[n-bp≈q F∂ Nn¥ Ihn-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-ho-£-W-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xv. Cu ho£Ww i‡-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Imhym-h-km\w kptem-N\ kXn-

b-\p-jvTn® tijw e£vaW≥ ]q¿∆-P-∑-hr-Øm¥w A\p-kvacn-°p-tºmgm-

Wv. a\p-jy-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p ]n∂n-ep≈ I¿Ω-K-Xn-bpsS Ah-ÿm-¥-c-

ßfpw icn-sX-‰p-I-fpsS A\n-›n-X-Xzhpw t\m°n-°m-WpI F∂-Xp-IqSn kptem-

N-\-bpsS Imhy-e-£y-Øn¬ A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p-s≠∂p ImWmw.\me-∏m-Ss‚

euInIhpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ho£-W-K-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-b-tXm-Xnse¶nepw

"kptem-N-\'-sb∂ Cu BZy-Im-e-IrXnbn¬ ]Xn-^en-®p-Im-Wmw.

71

\me-∏m-Ss‚ Imhy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Hcp L´-amWv

kptemN\bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. A\yq-\-amb t«mIcN-\-bnepw kpXm-cy-amb

Bi-bm-hn-jvI-c-W-Ønepw At±lw ssIh-cn® ]mK¤yw kptem-N-\bv°p

ap≥s]-gp-Xnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ sXfn-bp-I-bp-≠m-b-t√m. `mh -cq-]-

s∏m-cpØw Zo£n-®p-sIm≠v Imhy-w cNn-°p-hm\pw `n∂-c-k-ßsf BI¿j-

Iambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°phm\pap≈ Ihn-bpsS kma¿∞yw "kptem-N-\'-bn¬

AXns‚ ]cn-]q¿Øn-bn-se-Øp-∂p. A\m-hiy ]Z-߃ Hgn-hm-°nbpw G‰hpw

A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]Z-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp-sa-gp-Xp∂ h≈-tØmƒ Iº\n-

bpsS s]mXp-coXn Xs∂-bmWv "kptem-N-\'-bnepw ImWp-∂-Xv. h≈-tØm-

fns‚ Imhy-I-em-a¿Ω-⁄-Xsb Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ ]I-c-W-ip-≤n-sb∂p t]cn´p

hnfn-°p-∂p-≠v. B XØzw \me-∏m-S≥ \∂mbn ]men-®n- p-≠v. Xr»q¿ \n∂pw

ht∂cnbn-te°v h≈-tØmƒ Xmakw am‰n-bXpw \me-∏m-S-\p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-

´Xpw "kptem-N\' cNn® h¿j-amb 1911˛¬ BsW-∂Xpw i≤m¿l-am-Wv.

tZhkzw Imcy-ÿ≥ (ssZhKXn)

Ih\Iua-pZn-bpsS 1087 [\p, CShw, anYp-\w, I¿°n-SIw e°ß-

fn-embmWv "tZhkzw Imcy-ÿ≥' ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-

cpsS Ah-Xm-cnItbmSp-IqSn "ssZh-KXn' F∂ t]cn¬ 1120 taS-Øn¬ IrXn

]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. "kptem-N-\-'bn-teXp t]mse AbXv\efn-

X-amb Imhy-ssi-en-bmWv Cu IrXn-bnepw ImWp-∂-Xv. lmky-Øn¬

s]mXn™ AXn-cq-£-amb kmaq-lnIhna¿i\w \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p-sh∂

]tXyIX IqSnbp≠v. Xp≈¬∏ms´∂ kmln-Xy-cq-]-Øns‚ ka-kvX-

k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Imhy-amWv "tZhkzw Imcy-ÿ≥'.

\thm-∞m-\-Z-i-bpsS ]_p-≤X Dƒs°m≠ Ihn-bmWv \me-∏m-S-

s\∂v H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. \thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øns‚

t]c-I-i‡n "ssZh-K-Xn-'bn¬ Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. \thm-∞m\w ]I¿∂p

\evInb Bfl-t_m-[-Øns‚ ^e-ambn´mImw, hyh-ÿn-Xnsb hna¿in-°p-

hm\pw ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ i‡-amb ]h-WXbmWv CXn¬ ImWp-

∂Xv-. tZhkzw `c-W-Ønse Agn-a-Xnsb lmky-hn-j-b-am-°pI hgn DK-

72

amb kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-amWv "ssZh-K-Xn'-bn-eqsS \n¿∆-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

AXn-\p-th≠n ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-Øs∂ ]cn-lm-k-c-k-]-Np-c-ambn kmaq-ln-

I-hn-a¿i\w \n¿∆-ln-®p-h-∂ Xp≈¬ ]ÿm-\-Øn¬Øs∂ Ihn cN\

\n¿∆-ln-®p. ]mNo\ kmln-Xy-am-Xr-I-I-fn-te-°v Xncn-™p-t\m-°m-\p≈ ]h-

W-Xbpw \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØp Zriy-am-Wv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -

Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ ]gb Infn-∏m´v coXn-bnepw, Xpf-f¬∏m´v coXn-bnepw \nc-h[n

IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. lmky-c-k-]-Np-c-amb Cu IrXn Xp≈¬ cq]-

Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ Cu ]›m-Øehpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

ssZh-K-Xn-bnse CXn-hrØw

hmfloIn cmam-bWw DØ-c-Im-fi-Ønse 59˛mw k¿§-Øn-\p-tijw

ImWp∂ c≠p ]£n-]vX k¿§-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn-®n- p-≈-XmWv ssZh-K-Xn-bpsS

CXnhrØw. iocma≥ ]P-I-fpsS ]cmXn tIƒ°m≥ Fgp-∂-≈n-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. ]cm-Xn°mcmscbpw ImWp∂n√. Ahkm\w e£va¨ ]pdØp sN∂v

t\m°ptºmƒ Hcp \mb ]cmXn ]d-bm-s\-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn I≠p. ASn-

sIm≠v Ahi-\mb \mb Gh-tcbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Xs∂ Hcp

_m“-W≥ A\ym-b-ambn D]-Z-hn-s®∂pw AXn\p in£-bmbn Abmsf

Hcp tZhkzwImcy-ÿ-\mbn \nb-an-°Wsa∂pw Adn-bn-°p∂p. Ign™

P∑w tZhkzwImcy-ÿ-\m-bncp∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv X\n°v Cu KXn-h-∂-sX∂

bmYm¿∞yhpw \mb k`sb Adn-bn-°p-∂p. XpS∂v iocm-a-kvXp-Xn-tbmsS \mb

tam£w ]m]n-°p-Ibm-Wv.

ssZh-K-Xn-bnse lmkyw

Nncn-°p∂ IY-I-fm-bmWv Xp≈-ens\ Bkzm-Z-I-temIw Icp-Xn-t∏m-

cp-∂-Xv. lmkysØ Hgn-®p-\n¿Øn-bm¬ Xp≈¬∏m-´p-Iƒ \njv]-`-am-Ipw.

ssZh-KXnbnse Hmtcm Awihpw lmkym-fl-I-am-°m≥ \me-∏m-S≥ ian-®n-

´p -≠v . B lmkyw hmNym¿∞sØ IS∂p]h¿Øn°pIbpw

sNøp∂psh∂ XmWv \ºymcpsS Xp≈¬ IrXnIfn¬ \n∂pw ssZhKXnsb

th¿s]SpØp∂ Hcp LSIw. Hm¿tØm¿Øv Nncn°m\pff hItbmsSm∏w

kaImenI ÿnXn hntijßtfmSp≈ i‡amb ]Xntj[w A\phmNI

73

a\n¬ D±o]vXam °m\pw ssZhKXnbv°v Ignbp∂p. Btem-N-\-bv°p-X-

Ip∂ Bg-ap≈ lmky-I-h-\-߃ `mj-bn¬ Gsd-bp-≠m-bn-´n-s√∂pw

Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xpd∂ ^en X-ß-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-amWv ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-

sX∂pw ssZh-K-Xn-bnse lmkyw ae-bm-f-Ønse Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb lmky-

]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hgn-amdn \S∏m-sW∂pw CS-t»cn A`n-]m-b-s∏- n-

´p≈Xv A¿∞hØmWv. (1988:44)

AXyp-‡nbpw \mS-Io-b-Xbpw \nd™ ssZh-K-Xn-bnse CXnhrØw

Xs∂ AXy¥w lmkym-fl-I-am-Wv. cma-cm-Py-Øn¬ ]cm-Xn-°m-cn-√msX hcp

∂Xpw ]cm-Xn-°m-tc-tØSn `S-∑m¿ At\z-jn-®p-\-S-°p-∂Xpw HSp-hn¬ ]pd-

Øn-dßn t\m°p-tºmƒ Ah-i-\mb \mbsb ]cmXn°mc-\mbn e`n-°p-∂Xpw

\mb Xs‚ ]cmXn e£va-W-t\mSv ]d-bm≥ Iq´m°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXyp-

‡n-bn-eqsS lmkyw krjvSn-°p∂ X¥-am-Wv. \ºym¿ IrXn-I-fnse De-IpsS

s]cp-am-fns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øn\v kZr-i-amWv iocm-a-N-µ≥ `cn-°p∂ Ime-w.

iocm-as‚ `c-W-Im-esØ sFiz-cysØ ]¿∆-Xo-I-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂Xp

t\m°p-I.

Iq -°mtc t]mcpw; \ΩpsS

t\m´w shdpsX; aS-ßpI \√q.

\m´n¬ k¶-S-an-√nl, \man˛

°m´n-Sp-hXp Nne tKmjvSn-Iƒ amXw.

Ahn-Sp-∂-h\n `cns° k¶S˛

sahnsS°mWpw? CsX-s¥m-cp -NnXw!

Cu kµ¿`-Øn-se-Øp∂ \mb ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-sf-bmsI XInSw adn-°p-∂p.

lnc-◊-b-]mXw sIm≠p aqSnb kXy-Øns‚ Zb-\ob apJw shfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

A[n-Imcw ASn-ÿm\ bmYm¿∞y-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw ad-®p-h-bv°p-∂p F∂

kXyw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ kvXpXn-]m-T-I-∑m-cm¬ cmPmhv h©n-\m-bn-

Øo-cp∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p."ssZh-KXn' Db¿Øn °m´p-

∂-Xv A[-n-Imcw Adn-bmsX t]mIp∂ ASn-ÿm\ bmYm¿∞y-ß-sfbm-Wv. ""k¶S-

°m-cs\ In´n-b-t∏m-gm-Is´ At\-I-Xcw t¢i-߃ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p-. c≠p-

74

Zn-h-k-ambn `£Ww In´mØ _m“-W≥ Atbm-≤y-bnse ]`p°-fpsS HuZm-

cy io-esØ hnh-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. _m“W ]m_-eysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-

hm≥ iqZ-tbm-Knsb h[n-®p-I-fbp∂ alm-cmPmhns‚ \m´n¬ \n∂p≈

Cu dnt∏m¿´v Ahn-SpsØ `b-¶-c-amb Hcp kmº-ØnI Ipg-∏-Øn-s\-bmWv

]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv''. (C-S-t»cn 1988:45) ]pdta lmkymflIambn tXm∂p-

sa-¶nepw hen-b cmjvSob hnh-£-Iƒ "ssZh-KXn' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.

\mbsb X√nb _m“-W≥ \mb \n¿t±-in® in£ A\p- -hn-°p-∂p.AXm-

Is´ tZhkzw Imcy-ÿ-\m-bn- p≈ \nb-a-\-am-Wv. AXp-I≠p-\n∂ Bfp-I-

fpsS A`n-]m-b-߃ t\m°p-I.

]´n-sb-sbm∂p s]mXp-°p-In-, eo-hI

In´n-Sp-sa-∂m¬ \s√mcp Imcyw!

]n®-bv°p-g-dn-\-S-s∂mcp `qkp-c˛

s\m®-s∏-s´mcp amXncn t\m°q!

\mb-bpsS in£m-\n¿t±-i-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ iocm-a-N-µ≥ t]mepw

a\-n-em-°p-∂n-√. \mb iocm-a-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""ASn-b∂p Ign™ P∑-Ønen t÷men-bm¬

s°mSn-sbm-c-g-en-Xbpw h∂p-Iq-Snetbm?

Icp-X-semSncp∂p Rms\-∂n- p, -ao-hn[w

s]cpIn aa ZpxJan ÷∑-Øn-¬; BI-bm¬

£aIpd-bp-an-£-amtZh-]p-X∂n\n

°a-e- -hs\s¥¥p k¶Sw tN¿ØoSm!''

Ign™ P∑w tZhkzwImcy-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-amWv \mb Ct∏m-g-\p-

-hn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ÿm\w e`n-®m¬ _m“-W\pw ASpØ P∑w Xs‚ Ah-

ÿ-Xs∂ hcp-sa∂p Npcp-°w.

lmky-Øns‚ s]mSn-]p-c≠ hna¿i-\m-kvX-ß-fmWv \ºym¿ Xs‚

Imhy-ß-fn-eqsS kaq-l-Øn\p t\sc sXmSpØp hn -Xv. ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-tØ-

°mƒ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-hn-[-amWv \ºym¿ IrXn-I-fn¬ ]cn-lm-k-ap-f-hm-°p-∂-Xv.

ssZh-K-Xn-bn-em-Is´ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-hn-[Øn\p ]pdsI ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jbw Xs∂

75

]cn-lm-k-]-Np-c-am-Wv. t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v Hcp-Xcw ]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn \ne-\n-¿Øn

AXp-h-gnbpw lmkyw Df-hm-°p-∂p. tZh-kz-wImcyÿs\∂ ÿm\w Ic-K-

X-ambtXmsS \nan-j-t\-cØn\Iw ]´n-Wn-∏-mh-amb _m“-W≥ Ipt_-c-Xp-

ey-\m-bn. in£-bmbn Hcp hen-b-ÿm-\-am\w \evIn-b-Xn\p ]n∂n-ep≈

clkyw kmam\y P\-߃°p ]nSn-In- p-∂n-√. \mb ]d-™n- mWv iocm-a≥

t]mepw CXns‚ cl-ky-a-dn-bp-∂-Xv. "ssZh-K-Xn'-bnse lmkyw AXns‚ D®-

ÿm-bn-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv Cu clkyw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ss[j-Wn-

I-kz- mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ lmky-am-Wn-Xv. Pohn-X-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-f-hm-Ip-∂Xpw \n¿t±m-j-X-bn¬ \n∂p-S-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-amWv

ssZh-K-Xn-bnse lmkyw. ImWp-∂Xp hniz-kn-°p-∂, ImWp-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n-

ep≈ kXysØ ImWmsX t]mIp∂ a\p-jys‚ A‘-Xz-amWv ChnsS lmky-

tl-Xp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. Cu kz`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ lmky-sØ-bmWv Ip´n-

Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ DØ-a-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-sX-∂Xpw it≤-b-am-Wv.

Imhym-cw`w apX-en-tßm´v Hmtcm L -Ønepw s]mXpP\m- n-]m-b-

ß-fpsS ]›m-Øew Ihn krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. CXv aqe-I-Y-bn-en-√m-ØXpw

Ihn Iq´nt®¿ØXmsW∂pw Ah-Xm-cn-ImIm--c≥ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠.v (Ip-´n-

Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ 1979:327) "ssZh-K-Xn'bn¬ lmkyw Df-hm-°p∂ as‰mcp LSIw

D]-cn-π-h-ambn kw`-h-K-Xnsb t\m°n-°m-Wp∂ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS A`n-

]m-b-hpw B A`n-]m-b-ß-fpsS A¥x-km-c-iq-\y-X-bp-amWv. ""Cßs\sbm-

s°-bm-bn-´pw-cm-a-cmPyw bpK-ßsf AXn-Po-hn®v C∂pw Hcp at\m-l-c-kz-

]v\-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-amdv AXns\ Hma-\n-®p-Iq-´p∂ s]mXp-P-\m-`n-]mbw

F∂ H∂ns\, alØpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw A‘-hp-amb B H∂ns\ X∑-

b-Xz-tØmsS NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu Imhy-Ønse G‰hpw DXvIr-jvS-

amb Iem-hnZy'' (1988:46) F∂ CS-t»-cn-bpsS \nco-£Ww it≤-b-am-Wv.

\ºym¿ IrXn-I-fn¬ Nncnbv°p ]n∂mse amXta Nn¥-bp-≠m-Ip-I-bp-≈q.

"ssZh-K-Xn'-bn-em-Is´ Btem-Nn-°p-t¥mdpamWv Nncn-°p≈ hI Ihn Hcp-

°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p ImWmw,

76

ssZ-h-K-Xn-bnse bmYm¿∞y-߃

ssZh-K-Xn-bneh-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ bmYm¿∞y-߃ k¿∆-Ime

]k‡-ß-fm-Wv. \ºym¿ Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw

Hcp Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]iv\-ß-fmbncp∂p. Ime-L- -Øns‚ am‰-Øn\v KXn-

thKw Iq´p-hm≥ \ºym¿ IrXn-Iƒ°v Bhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ tZi-

Im-e-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ amdn-b-tXmsS Ah-bpsS ]k-‡nbv°v CSn-hp-≠m-bn.

F∂m¬ "ssZh-KXn'bnse ]iv\w Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂ H∂m-

Wv. Ime-saX Ign-™n´pw AXn-s\mcp am‰hpw D≠m-Ip-∂n√. \nXy-\q-X-\-

amb Hcp Nnc-¥\ IYsb A[n-I-cn-®p≈ CØ-c-samcp IrXn°v h√-t∏mgpw

Imew Ign-™p-t]m-I-ept≠m?' (1979:327) F∂v Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ tNmZn-

®n-´p≈Xv ]k-‡-am-Wv. Agn-aXn, XpS-®p-am-‰m-\m-ImØ tcmK-ambn GXp

`c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. `c-W-Iq-S-߃ ASn-ÿm\ bm-Ym¿∞y-

߃ aqSn-h-bv°p-Itbm Ah-K-Wn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ [z\nbpw

"ssZh-K-Xn'bn¬ apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p-∂p.

Imhy-ssien

A\m-bm-k-am-bn-Øs∂ \ºym-cpsS AtX ssien-bn-se-gp-Xm≥ \me-

∏m-S\p km[n-®n- p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v k¶-S-°msc At\z-jn®p t]mIp∂

`Ss‚ hm°p-Iƒ t\m°p-I.

""k¶S lc÷n-°m-cp-s≠-¶n¬-˛

¶-S-an-t∏mƒ t_m[n-∏n°mw

h¶-∑msc hnfn-®m¬°mWn˛

s√, ¶¬∏m-Sp-InS°pw ]ns∂

Ah-cpsS kabw t\m°n-bn-cn-∏m˛

\nh-\n-∂-h-cpsS iº-f-sat∂m!

thWw Imcn-b-sa-∂p-s≠-¶n¬˛

°mWm-hp-t∂-SØp hc-s´.

ChsctØSn \S-°m≥ ]Wn-bn-h,˛

\h-km-\nbv°m ∏Wn-Iƒ InS∏q''.

77

X∑-bXztØmsS bmYm¿∞y-]-XoXn P\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠p efn-X-amb

`mj-bn¬ Ip©≥ \ºymscgpXnb hcn-I-fm-Wn-sXt∂ tXm∂q. \ºym¿°hn-

X-I-fnse ]e hcn-Ifpw Aev]-kzev] t`Z-tØmsS "ssZh-K-Xn'-bn¬ IS-∂p-

h-∂n-´p≠v.

""F¨]-sØ´p hbp Ign-™n˛

°pw`w sIm≠p XnI-s™mcp Ingh≥''

""]c-am-flmhmw ]¶-P-\-b\≥

aXn-am≥am¿ aWna∂-h-\-XpIfn''˛

XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-W߃. \ºym¿ IrXn-I-fnse∂-t]mse at\m-l-c-ß-fmb

_nw_-ßsf Is≠Øn hnh£n-X-m-i-bsØ ka¿∞n-°p∂ coXn ssZh-K-

Xn-bn¬ kpe- -am-Wv. iocm-a≥ \mSp - -cn-°p-tºmƒ Fßs\ k¶-S-ap-≠m-Im-

s\∂ Bi-bsØ ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

""\√ hk¥w s]cp-am-dp-tºmƒ

ap√-Iƒ hmSn-Ø-fcp-I-bpt≠m?''

""\ndbpw KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS Ic-bn¬

]d-bpI Zml-s°-SpXn hcmtam?''

""tacp-a-lm-ae apI-fn-en-cp-t∏m¿˛

t°mcp-In-ept≠m s]m∂n-\p-]™w''

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Iev]-\-Isf kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI. \ºym¿

ssi enbpsS A\p--cW\w ChnsS ImWmw.

AXnat\m-l-c-amb hmMvab NnX-߃ \n_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \me-

∏m-S≥ ka¿∞-\m-Wv. £oWn®p InS°p∂ ]´n-bpsS NnXw Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

""]chi-`m-h-an-b-∂-Xn-bm-bn˛

´,-cbpw saøpw tNmc-bn¬ apgp-In,

Imep-Iƒ \mepw \o≠ IgpØpw

amep≈ hn[w \o´n-a-bßn

]mh-sam-sc®n¬∏´n InS-∏p˛

t≠h\p ap≈-en-hp≠mw I≠m¬

78

NØn-´n-√Xp Npßn-b-h-b-dn-\˛

IØn-Øncnsbmcn-f°w Im◊q''

]Nm-c-ep-]vXtam Kmaytam Bb ]Z-߃ "ssZh-K-Xn-'bnepw ImWp-

∂p-≠v. CXp Ip©≥\-ºymsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv. sNm°n-fn-\m-b,

Ip≠m-a-≠n-Iƒ, X≠p Im´n \S-°p-I, s]m´-∏´n XpS-ßnb ]tbm-K-߃

km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®ncn°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B

]tbm-K-߃°v HuNn-Xy-ap-≠v.

hn -‡y¥ kwkvIrX ]Z-ßfpw C√msXb-√. k`m-s¥, Imcp-Wy-

\n-t[m, ]c-¥] XpS-ßnb ]tbm-K-߃ t\m°pI.

Nne Awi-ß-fn¬ \ºym¿IrXn-I-tf-°mƒ ta∑bpw"ssZh-K-Xn'

bv°hIm-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v. \ºym¿ hnh-c-Wm-fl-I-X°p ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-tºmƒ

\me-∏m-S≥ \mS-Io-b-Xbv°mWv ]m[m\yw \evIn-°mWp-∂Xv. A\p-hm-N-I\v

DtZzKw P\n-∏n-°p∂ hn[w amdn-amdn hcp∂ s]mXp-P-\m- n-]m-b-Øns‚ ]›m-

Ø-ew, CXn-hr-ØØns‚ NSp-e-X, A]-Xo-£n-X-amb IYm-]-cn-W-Xn, XpS-

ßnb LS-I-߃ ssZh-K-Xnsb BI¿j-I-am-°p-∂p. [z\ym-fl-I-Xbpw anX-

Xzhpw \ºym¿ IrXn-I-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ "ssZh-K-Xn'-bnse Imhy-ssi-en-

°p-≠v. Xp≈ens‚ A\p-]-a-amb ssieo-h-√- Xzw kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ \me-

∏m-S\p km[n-®n-´p≠v F∂v "ssZh-KXn' shfn-hm-°p-∂p. \ºym-tc-t∏m-se-

Xs∂ `mjm ]tbm-KsshZ-Kv[y-ap≈ Ihn-bmWv \me-∏m-S\pw. Xp≈¬

]ÿm-\-Øns‚ P\-Io-b-Im-hy-ssi-ensb ]p\-c-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]Xn-

`m-kº∂X \me-∏m-S-\p-s≠∂v Cu IrXn sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

]pI-bn-e-am-lmflyw Infn-∏m´v

\me∏m´p \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xnb ]cn-lmk kz`mhw

]pe¿Øp∂ as‰mcp Jfi-Im-hy-amWv "]pI-bneamlmflyw Infn-∏m- v'. Ih-

\-Iu-apZnbpsS 1088 anYp-\w- I¿°n-S-Iw, 1089 hr›n-Iw- -Ipw- w, 1090 taSw e°-

ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu Imhyw ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv. 1915- ¬ h≈-tØm-fns‚ Ah-

Xm-cn-I-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cu IrXn ]pkvX-I cq]-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. X\Xp

]mc-º-cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Imhy-cq-]-ß-tfmSv \thm-∞m-\-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬

79

B`n-ap-Jy-ap-f-hm-b-Xns‚ kqN\bmImw Cu Infn-∏m´p cN\. Ihn-b-i-ns\

A\m-bm-tk\ ssI°-em-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ambn ]ecpw Infn-∏m´p cN-\-bn¬

BIr-jvS-cmbn F∂v h≈-tØmƒ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Ip‰-s∏SpØp∂p-≠v.

"]pI-bne amlmflyw' Fgp-Xnb kmln-Xy-N-cnX kml-Ncyw

tUm. kph¿Æ-\m-e-∏mSv Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ""A°m-esØ A]-lm-

ky-amb ]e ]h-W-X-I-fn-sem-∂mbncp∂p "amlmflyw ]mS¬'. Xpf-kn°pw

Iqh-f-Øn\pw GIm-Z-in°pw F∂p th≠ Ah-\-h≥ sNøp-∂Xpw a‰p-≈-h-

sc-s°m≠v sNøn-°m\pt±-in-°p-∂-Xp-amb F√m A‘-hn-izm-k-߃°pw

A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw GsX-¶nepw tZh-t\tbm tZhn-tbtbm Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-I,

B tZhn-bp-sStbm tZh-s‚tbm ]oXn-In- m≥ C∂-Xp-sN-ø-W-sa∂v A\p-im-

kn-°p-I. AXn-s∂mcp amlmflyw cNn®v ]N-cn-∏n-°p-I. Xe-ap-d-I-sf-Øs∂

A‘-hn-izm-kØns‚bpw A\m-Nm-c-Øn-s‚bpw sI´p-]m-Sn¬ _‘n-®n-Sp∂

Cu hn[w am\-kn-Im-Sn-a-Ø-Øns\Xnsc ]S-sh- nb BZysØ Ihn F∂v

\me-∏m-Ss\ \ap°v hnfn°mw'' (1995:169).

Infn-∏m´p ]ÿm-\-Øn\p ssIh∂ h¿≤n® kzoImcw ]e £pZ-

Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw cN-\bv°v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cßs\ Hcp khn-

tij kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ "]pI-bne

amlmflyw' FgpXn Cu ]h-W-Xsb ]cn-l-kn-®-Xv. Cu Imhy-c-N-\-bpsS

Dt±iyw a\-n-em-°msX ""]pI-bn-ebv°v Cu hI amlm-fly-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v

\n›-b-ambpw R߃ ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p'' F∂v \ncq-]Ww D≠mb kml-

N-cy-Øn¬ ]pI-bne amlm-fly-Øns‚ c≠mw-]-Xn-∏n¬ \me-∏m-S≥ Imthym-

t±-isØ°pdn®v Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. ""Znhy-Xz-ap≈ IYm-]m-X-߃ Gsd-

°p-sd-bp≈ Hcp IY-bnse ]Xn-]m-Zy-h-kvXp-hn-∂v, B Hcp Imc-W-Øm¬

amlmflyw Iev]n-°p-∂-Xp, IY-bn-√m-bva-bm-sW∂pw amlm-fly-h¿Æ-\-I-f-

S-ßnb ]Zy IrXn-Isf ]mcm-bWw sNøp-∂-h¿ Cusbmcp XXzsØ A\p-

kva-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw Nne ]gb KŸ-߃ hmbn-®-t∏mƒ F\n°p

tXm∂n-b-Xns‚ ^e-amWv Cu ]pI-bn-e-am-lmflyw Infn-∏m´v'' (1979:329) ]mc-

º-cy-Øns‚ A‘-a-t\m- m-hsØ hna¿in-°p-hm\pw Xncp-Øp-hm\pw th≠n

80

\S-Ønb ia-ß-fn¬ \thm-∞m-\-]-_p-≤-X-bpsS \h-ssN-X\yw Z¿in-°m-

\m-hpw.

]pI-bneamlm-fly--Ønse lmkyw

]pI-bn-e-am-lm-flyØn¬ lmky-Øns‚ \nc-h[n AS-cp-Iƒ Is≠-

Øm-\m-Ipw. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-߃°v CW-ßp∂ hnti-j-W-߃ \evIn-

s°m-≠mWv Ihn ]pI-bne amlmflyw hnh-cn-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xv.

""]mh\w ]pcm-X-\w, ]c-am-\-µ-]Zw

tIhew ]pWym-flm-°ƒ tIƒt°≠pw IYm-arXw''

bmsXmcp sshin-jvSy-hp-an-√mØ hkvXp-hns\ G‰hpw tijvThpw ]hn-

X-hp-amb D]-am-\-߃s°m≠v Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]pI-bn-esb tbmK-am¿§-

ambn IW-°m-°p-∂Xpw Pohn-X-t`m-K-߃ Bthmfw Bkz-Zn®pw tam£w

t\Sm-sa∂ ]kvXm-hhpw AXy¥w lmkym-fl-I-am-Wv. B≤ym-flnI XØz-

ß-sf-sb-∂-t]mse ]pI-bn-e-am-lm-fly-sØbpw Hcp cl-ky-ambn k¶-ev]n-

°p-∂Xpw Imhy-Øns‚ lmkymflIkz-`m-hsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

""FXbpw cl-ky-am-bp≈nXp tI´m¬Øs∂

bXbpw alm-]m-]-k-©bw \in-®pt]mw!''

F∂ a´n¬ ]pI-bn-eamlmflyw ]Io¿Ø\w AXy¥w tijvT-am-sW∂p

]d-bp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Nncn-s]m´pw.

GsX-¶nepw Cuc-Sn-bn-e-√, CXn-hr-Ø-Øn¬Øs∂ hym]n-®n-cn-°p-

∂-XmWv ]pI-bn-e-am-lm-fly-Ønse lmkyw. Kuc-h-]XoXn-bn-emWv CXn-

hrØw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss\an-im-c-Wy-Øn¬ \mc-Z≥, hkn-jvT≥,

ipI≥, hnizm-an-X≥, \c≥, \mcm-b-W≥, KuX-a≥, `rKp, Iiy-]≥, thZ-

hym-k≥, IWz≥, ]cm-i-c≥, Ejy-irw-K≥ F∂o ap\n-Iƒ˛]e-Im-e-ß-

fnepw Ah-ÿ-I-fnepw ]Xy-£-s∏- n- p-≈-h¿- -H-∂n®p tNcp-∂Xv ]pI-bn-e-

am-lmflyw tIƒ°m≥ th≠nbm-sW-∂p-≈Xv AXy¥w lmkym-fl-I-am-Wv.

kXy-tem-IsØ ap\n-Iƒ ]pI-bne D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂ \mc-Zs‚

]cm-a¿ihpw ]pI-bneel-cn°v ASn-s∏´ Iufin-\ys\ h¿Æn-°p-∂Xpw

ssIem-k-Ønse Hcp-Zym-\-Øn¬ X¶-°-ºn-IƒsIm≠v then-sI´n ]pI-

bnes®Sn hf¿Øp-∂Xpw a‰pw Atß-A-‰sØ lmky `mh-\-I-fm-Wv.

81

]pI-bn-e-bpsS krjvSn-c-l-ky-amWv ]pI-bne amlm-fly-Ønse

G‰hpw henb lmky-hn-j-bw. kc-kz-Xn-bpsS ZpxJ-a-dn™ _“mhv tlma-

Ip-WvUØn¬\n∂v Ipd®v ]pI-sb-SpØv kc-kz-Xn-bpsS Iøn¬sIm-Sp-ØXpw

Ahƒ AXv Ipgn-®n-´-t∏mƒ ]pI-bn-e-s®Sn hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw ]pcm-tW-Xn-

lm-k-ß-fn¬ Nne-t∏m-sgms° ]Xy-£s∏Sp∂ IrXn-a-ß-fmb sI´p-I-Y-

Isf Ifn-bm-°m≥ th≠n \n_-‘n-®-Xm-Wv. ]hn-X-ambn Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠pw hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-jvTm-\-Øn-s‚bpw _‘-ap-≈-Xp-

sIm≠pw ]pcm-W-ß-fnse bp‡n-cm-ln-XysØ kaq-l-a-\v hnkva-cn-°p-I-

bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ]pI-sIm-≠p-t]mbn Ipgn-®n´p F∂Xv FX henb Akw-

_-‘-am-Wv. ]pcm-W-Øn-em-I-bm¬ GX-kw-_-‘hpw hniz-kn-°p∂

A‘Xzw _m[n® a\-p-Isf ]p\¿Nn-¥-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bmWv

Ihn. ]pI-bne kc-kzXn e£van°pw ]m¿∆-Xn°pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw

]pI-bn-e-sIm≠v A¿®n®v kc-kzXn _“m-hns\ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw

Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ ]pI-bn-esb ]pI-gvØp-∂Xpw a‰p ]cn-lmk \n¿`-c-amb

`mh-\-I-fm-Wv. awK-fm-iw-k-tbmsS Imhyw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.

""\s√mcp hcaoat-´--In-\m¿: Bcn-∂n-ta˛

e√tbm [qa-]-X-s®Sn, \n∂n-e-I-fm¬

R߃ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse sNøp-∂p, In√n-√,-h¿

awK-e-kz-cq-]-cmbv R߃ X≥ temI-ß-fn¬

P∑-ar-Xy-p°-fmIpw t¢i-߃ _m[n-°msX

\n¿Ω-em-\-µa\p-`-hn°pw kZm-Imew!''

]pcm-W-am-sW-¶n¬, CXn-hr-Ø-sa-¥p-am-Is , AXp-sIm≠v Poh-∑p‡n

km[n-°p-sa∂ anYym-[m-c-Wsb ]cn-l-kn-°p-I-bmWv Cu awK-fm-iw-k. ]pcm-W-

hn-j-b-ßfpsS A¥x-km-c-apƒs°m-≈msX tIhew A\p-I-c-W-߃ krjvSn-°p-

∂-h¿°v cq]-t_m-[Øne-√msX IrXn-bpsS B¥-cnI Kcn-a-bn-te°v IsÆ-Øm-dn-

√. kmln-Xy-Øns‚ A\p-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v F∂pw kw -hn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ hogvN-sb-

bmWv Ihn Cu awK-fm-iw-k-bneqsS ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

82

_u≤n-I-kz-`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ lmky-amWv \me∏mS≥ \nXy-Po-

hn-X-Øn¬t]mepw ]d-bm-dp-≈-sX∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs∏´n- p≠v. (h-≈-tØmƒ

hmkp-tZ-h-ta-t\m≥ 1976:96) "ssZh-K-Xn'-bn-se-∂-t]mse \nKq-Vhpw [z\ym-

fl-I-hp-amb lmky-amWv "]pI-bn-e-am-lm-fly'-Ønepw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

s]m´n-®n-cn-t°≠ ^en-X-tØ-°mƒ Btem-Nn®p ckn-t°≠ ^en-X-amWv

"]pIbneamlm-fly'-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ""Hcp ap\n-bpsS Nncn-bn¬ kv pcn-°m-hp∂

amXncn hnNm-c-K¿ -amb lmky-c-kw-sIm-≠mWv ]pI-bneamlmflyw klr-Z-b-

∑msc BI¿jn-°p-∂''-sX∂v Ipam-c-\m-im≥ \ncq-]Ww sNbvXn- p-≠v. (1981 :96)

]pI-bneamlm-fly-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ

]c-º-cm-KX ]Xn-]m-Z\-co-Xn-Isf D]-l-kn-°m≥ th≠n hnh-c-Wm-

fl-I- -ssienbmWv Ihn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]pI-bneamlm-fly-Ønse mjm-

co-Xnbv°v Xp≈¬∏m-´nse `mjm-co-Xn-tbm-SmWv ASp∏w ImWp-∂-sX∂pw

Xp≈¬∏m´v Cu ]ta-b-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ tbmPn-°pambn-cp-∂nt√ F∂pw

Ipam-c-\m-im≥ tNmZn-®n-´p-≠v. XpS¿∂v At±lw IrXnsb C-ßs\ ]iw-

kn-°p∂p. ""ss\an-im-c-Wy-Øn¬ Ejn-am¿ k -Iq-Sp∂Xpw Ipfin-\y-a-l¿jn-

bpsS Npcp- p-h-enbpw s]mSn ]nSn-°epw At±lw ssIem-kØp ]c-ta-iz-

cs‚ \mS-Im- n-\bw ImWm≥ t]mIp-∂Xpw \µn-tI-iz-c-\p-ambn I≠p-ap´n

DZym-\-Øn¬ h®psNøp∂ kw`m-j-Whpw tZhn-am-cpsS aµm-In\n XocsØ

ktΩ-f-\hpw a‰pw hfsc ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. h¿Æ\Iƒ°p≈ X∑-b-

Xzhpw kµ¿ -ß-fpsS cay-Xbpw ]e \√ Dt√-J-\-ßfpw sIm≠v CXv DØ-

a-tIm-Sn-bn¬ KWn-°m≥ tbmKy-amb Hcp sNdp-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv''. (1981: 96)

"ssZh-K-Xn'bpw "]pI-bn-e-am-lm-fly'hpw \me-∏m-Ss‚lmkym-hn-jvI-

c-W-]m-S-hsØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. _u≤n-I-kz-`mhw ]pe¿Øp-∂Xpw ]c-

Ip’\-XrjvWXo-≠m-ØXpw ae-bm-f-Øn\v AX ]cn-Nn-X-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb

([z-\ym-flIhpw \nKq-V-hp-am-b) lmky-co-Xn-bmWv \me-∏m-Sn-t‚Xv. "ssZh-K-

Xn-bn-'eqsS A∂sØ Zpjv]- pXzsØ hna¿in-°p-hm≥ Ihn ss[cyw Im´n.

]pcm-W-Øns‚ A¥x-kØ a\-n-em-°mØ A\p-I-c-W-°mtc AXn-i-‡-

ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI hgn-I-fn¬\n∂v AIew ]men-°p-

83

Ibpw sNøp-IbmWv "]pI-bneamlm-fly'-Øn¬. \thm-∞m-\-]-h-W-X-IfpsS

kzm[o\amWv Ime-L- -Øns‚ kz`m-h-ßsf adn-I-S∂v ]cn-lm-k-I-h-\-ß-

sf-gp-Xm\pw ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-Isf hn¿in-°p-hm\pw Ihnsb i‡-\m-°n-b-Xv.

eLp-I-hn-X-Iƒ

H∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvX eLp Ihn-X-Iƒ Ihn-bpsS

]Ir-Xyp∑p-Jhpw at\m-hn-iIe-\-\n-jvThpw tZim- n-am-\- -cn-Xhpw Bflo-tbm-

∑p-J-hpamb at\m-\n-e-Isf hy‡-am-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-ti-j-sa-gp-

Xn-bXpw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xp-amb eLp Ihn-X-I-fn-

em-I-s´, sshb-‡n-IXbpsS k¶p-Nn-X-XzsØ D√w-Ln®v km¿∆-eu-InI-amb

Hcp Xe-Øn-te°v Ihn a\v hf-cp∂ ImgvN-bmWv ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

"hm\-]-ÿs‚ hnc-‡n'bnepw "]c-ta-iz-co-]-©-I-'Ønepw a‰pw ]Xy-£-

s∏-Sp∂ sshcm-Ky-Øns‚ kv^pc-Whpw `‡n- m-hhpw Ipd-®p-IqSn hf¿∂v

AssZz-X-Nn-¥-I-fn-tebv°v Ihnsb sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂p. ]t£ Bflob

ho£Ww AhnsS kam-]vX-am-ImsX euIo-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

Ihn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Ch c≠pw IqSn-bmse PohnXw ]q¿Æ-am-Iq F∂

Z¿i-\-Øn-te-°mWv ]n∂oSv Ihn a\v hf-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-am-Xncn Xs∂

BZy-Im-e-I-hn-X-I-fn¬ kv^pcn®p \n¬°p∂ tZim-`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw ]mc-

X-¥y-tØm-Sp≈ ]Xn-tj-[-a-t\m- m-hhpw ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Hcm-

fl-⁄m-\n-bpsS Xe-Øn-tebv°v Ihn Db-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ k¶p-Nn-X-

Xz-Øns‚ koa-Isf hn´v km¿∆-eu-In-I-X-bpsS Xe-Øn-tebv°v a\-n\v

hf-cmsX hø. Fs‚ \mSv, Fs‚ ZpxJw F∂o `mh-߃ ItaW Zp¿∫-e-

ambn. F√mw Hs∂∂ km¿∆-eu-In-I- mhw thcq-∂p-∂-tXmsS ka-c-ho-cyhpw

A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw \n¿Ωe \njvIf-t]-asØ hmgvØp∂ Ah-ÿ-

bntebv°v KXn amdp-∂p. 1089˛¬ (1914) Fgp-Xnb "Rm≥ I≠ Ipcp-t£-X-

'Øn¬ tZim-`n-am-\hpw kzmX-¥y hmRvObpw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw

]n∂osS-gp-Xnb "lnX-Im-cn-Xz'-Øn¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn AXns‚ Hcp kv pcWw

amXta ImWp-∂p-≈q. XpS¿s∂-gp-Xnb Ihn-X-I-fn-em-Is´ Cu `mh-߃

A]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Ibpw hniz-kvt\-l-Øn-tebv°p hf-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

84

Bflo-b-˛-eu-InI-X-Iƒ kzmX-¥y-˛-]m-c-X-¥y-߃ Ch-sbms° ]c-kv]c

]qc-I-ß-fm-sW∂ Z¿i-\-Øn-tebv°v Ihn a\v hf¿∂p hcp-∂-Xns‚

NnXw Cu Ime-L- -Øn-se-gp-Xnb eLp-I-hn-X-I-fn¬ ImWm-\mhpw. Nn¥m-

]-[m-\-amb A\ym-]-tZit«mI-߃ Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Ihn [mcmfw cNn-

®n-´p-s≠-∂Xpw A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv.

tkmlw

"tkmlw' F∂ IhnX \me-∏m-Ss‚ ]Zy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂ kam-lm-c-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏- -X-√. Cu IhnX ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv 1913 am¿®v amksØ

k\m-X-\-[¿Ωw amkn-I-bn-em-Wv. Xm≥ _“w Xs∂-sb∂ [ym\m-flI \nan-

jsØ Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xm-Wv A©v ivtfmI-ß-fp≈ Cu IhnX. tkmlw

F∂m¬ AXp Rm\m-Ip∂p F∂m-W¿∞w. kwkm-c-Øns‚ Ie-°-

Øn¬s∏´ Ihn BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv ap\n-amcpw a‰pw A\p- -hn-°p∂ tbmKm-

\-µ-am-Wv. ]ta-b-kz- mhw sIm≠v Hcp hm\-]-ÿs‚ hnc‡n F∂ Ihn-

X-bpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bp-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp∂ Ihn-X-bmWv tkmlw

koam-[n-I-m¤pX hnim-eX tN¿∂ NnØ˛

`qam-hn-\p≈nel-sa∂ IS¬®p-gn-∏n¬

lm amdn-am-dn-bXp apßn-Sp-am-ip-s]mßp

aoam-Xn-cn-°nl! InS∂p adn-™n-Sp∂p

`mh-]-Im-i-\Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ k¿§m-flI

]Z-tbm-P-\-Iƒ. Al-sa∂ Znhy-]-Imfiw Hcp-t]mse Fßpw \nd™n-cn-

°p-∂-Xmbn Ihn Adn-bp-∂p. Alw _“mkvan F∂ D]-\n-j-Zzm-IyØns‚

kmc-am-Wn-Xv. Xm≥ Xs∂ Cuiz-c≥ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hm-Wn-Xv.

lm! l¥ tbmK-I-e-bn¬°cƒtN¿Øp-tkmlw

tkmlw alm-a-ln-X-am-\ne k¿∆-Imew

taml£b-Øn-e-Wbpw al-\ob NnØ

cmlw-k-ap-Jy-cpsS kwJy-s]-cp-°-ta-t∑¬

tbmK-im-kvXm-\p-km-cn-bmb ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn-eqsS tkmlw Ah-

ÿbn¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p∂ al¿jo-µ-cmb lwk-ap-Jy-cp-sS-˛-lw-k-tbm-Kn-I-

85

fpsS kwJy h¿≤n-®n-Ss´ F∂v Ihn ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Ihn-bpsS B≤ym-

flnI at\m-\n-e-bpsSbpw Zm¿i-\n-Im-h-ÿ-I-fpsSbpw ]Xn- -e-\amWv Cu

Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. Alwt_m[w Zp¿_-e-am-Ip-Ibpw A\ys\ Xm\m-bn-Øs∂

ImWp∂ km¿∆-eu-InI `mh-Øn-tebv°v Ihn a\v hf-cp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWmw.

C∂sØ AΩ

Ih\-Iu-apZn hnti-jm¬ ]Xn-bmb mjmhnemkw aq∂mw-]p-kvXI

(1088)Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Ihn-X-bmWv "C∂sØ AΩ'. mjm-hn-em-k-Øn¬

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒØs∂ IhnX apgp-h≥ ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn-®-Xmbn

Ip´n-IrjvWamcm¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ""B IrXnbnse apgp--h≥ hcn-Ifpw

BZ¿i-]-h-W-am-b B ]mb-Øn¬ hnti-jn®v C¥y-bn-emsI kztZ-im- n-

am-\-Øns‚ ]pe-cn-°m‰v Hcp \thm-∞m\w hoin-s°m-≠n-cp∂ A°m-eØv

Fs∂ Fs¥-∂n-√msX hio-I-cn-®p-I-f-™p''. (1990:42) `uXnI-km-l-N-cy-

ß-sf-bpw a\p-jy-kz- m-h-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw mc-X-Øns‚ al-Ømb

kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn- ]n©p-Ip-™n\v AΩ Biw-

k-Iƒ t\cp∂ cq]-ØnemWv \me-∏m-S≥ Cu IhnX \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv. `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ alXzw Hcp hnIm-c-ambn ]cn-W-an-®-Xns‚

^e-amWv "C∂sØ AΩ' F∂ Ihn-X. \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Bi-b-hmZw

Ihn-Xb Ihn-I-fn-se-∂-Xp-t]mse \me-∏m-S-\nepw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw

Cu IhnX sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Hcp `mh-Ko-X-Øns‚ emfn-Xyhpw anX-Xzhpw Cu Ihn-X-bv°p-≠v.

AXnkc-f-amb `mjm-ssi-en-bmWv Ihn kzoI-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-

amb hn[-Øn¬ Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-Øn-emWv cN-\. Kl-\-amb `mc-Xob Z¿-i-\-

ß-fpsS kmcw efnXtIma-f-]-Zm-h-en-I-fneqsS kc-f-ambn Ihn Bhn-jvI-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ihn-X-bpsS XpS-°-Øn¬Øs∂ \n¿ -b-amb I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-

Øn-\p-≈ ]m]vXn Ip™n-\p-≠m-Is´ F∂-XmWv AΩ-bpsS Biw-k. al-

Ømb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ `mK-amWv Xms\∂ t_m[w `mhn-bn¬ B

Ip™n-\p-≠m-I-Ww. Cu A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw Bfl-hn-th-Ihpw t\SpI-bmWv

86

tZio bXbn-te-°p≈ hf¿®-bpsS BZy-]-Sn-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI ]Xn-k-‘n-

I-fn¬ Xf¿∂p-t]m-tI-≠-h-\√ `mc-Xo-b-s\∂pw Ihn DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p.

`uXn-I-amb Hu∂Xy-a√ `mc-Xo-b¿ al-Xz-Øn\v \nZm-\-ambn Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. Zmcn-Zy-sØbpw t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-X-sØbpw kzbw krjvSn-®-h-

cm-bn-cp∂p Ejn]c-º-c-Iƒ. ]Xn-Iq-e-amb `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂v

D≈nse tXP-m¬ Db¿sØgp-t∂¬°-W-w. kmº-ØnImkaXz߃

krjvSn® D®-\o-N-Xz-t -Zw, ZmcnZyw F∂n-h-sbms° i‡-am-bn-cp∂ Ime-

ØmWv Cu Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-∂-Xv. kmaq-lnI Ah-ÿ-I-fpsS sISp-Xn-bn¬

\n∂pw a\p-jys\ hntam-Nn-∏n-°p∂ arX-k-RvPo-h-\n-bmbn IhnX amdp-

∂p.

IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n°v tij-sa-gp-Xnb Ihn-X-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-X-amb

anÃnIv ho£-W-Øns‚ kv]¿iw Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-≠v. ka-Zr-jvSnbpw XZ-

\p-k-c-W-amb Pohn-X-ho-£-W-hp-amWv AΩ aI\v D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-

Xv. Hcp anÃn-°n\pw tbmKm-\p- hw kn≤n® Ejn°pw FØn-t®-cm-\m-hp∂

Ah-ÿ-bmWv CXv. Ihn-kØ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂Xv t\m°p-I.

""tIhemflm-hmIp-ao-iz--c≥ \n∂nep˛

amhn-[-taXp al¿jn-bnepw

cmPyw `cn-°p∂ cmPcmP¶epw

]qPy-\m-btX ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.!

k¿∆-hn-⁄m-\hpw k¿∆-a-l-Xzhpw

k¿∆Ym-˛Xnßpass®-X\yw

ssIhiw h®p-sIm-"≠mhp Rm≥ ]mh'sa-

∂m-h-em-Xn-s∏- m¬ ]m]-asX!''

hyh-ÿm-]n-XImgvN∏m-Sp-Isf A]-k-‡-am-°p∂, Bflob-X-e-Øn-

se-Ønb kzmX-¥y-Z¿i-\-amWv Ihn ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. CXv `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i\w

\evIn-bn- p≈ kzmX-¥y-am-Wv. cmjvSo-b-kzm-X-¥y-sØ-∏‰n Gsd-sbm∂pw

Fgp-Xm-ØXv CØ-c-Øn-semcp kzmX-¥y-Z¿i\w Ihn-bv-°p-≠m-bncp∂Xp

-sIm-≠m-hmw. PmXn-Nn-¥, kmº-ØnI D®-\o-N-Xz-߃, hnZymkº-∂-X, XpS-

87

ßnb kmaq-lnI˛`uXnI ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ \nm-c-am-°p-I-bmWv \me-∏m-

S≥. `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ßfpw XØz-Nn-¥-Ifpw at\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X-bmbn amdp-

I-bmWv "C∂sØ AΩ'-bn¬. XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS sshNm-cn-I-X-b√ AΩ-bpsS

hm’-ey-a-kr-W-amb hm°p-I-fpsS am[p-cyhpw at\m-lm-cn-X-bp-amWv IhnX

hmbn-°p-tºmƒ A\p-hm-N-Is\ kv]¿in-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-a-lXzw Xncn-®-dn-

bmsX ]cmib-\mbn \nXy-Zpx-J-Øn-e-Sn-s∏´v Ign-tb-≠-h-\√ Bfl-⁄m\w

t\Snb a\p-jy≥. Akm-[y-am-b-Xns\ km[y-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂ ]ucp-j-amWv

`mc-Xo-bs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw henb aXw. Cusbmcp Ah-

t_m-[-amWv Ihn-bpsS (A-Ω-bp-sS) hm°p-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv.

""]n∂n-te-bvt°Xpw Xncn™p t\m°n-s√∂p

ap∂n-tebvt°dpw a\p-jy-∂pt≠m

a∂n-e-km-[y-ambv h√-Xp-sa-∂t√m

\n∂n¬ apXn¿∂-h¿ Im´n-Ø∂p:

AwKpjvT-Km-X\pw thW-sa-∂m-Intem

s]mßpw Kncn-I-f-Sn-®-a¿°mw;

A‰-an-√msX InS°pw kap-Z-߲

sfm‰-ss°-sIm-s≠-Sp-Øm-N-an-°mw˛

ama-e-s]m-°n-a-g-°p-S-bm-°nSmw

tIma-f-°p-™n-°-c-ßfmte;''

Zp¿_eXbmWv ]m]-sa∂ hymJym\w am¿°-tfib ap\n-bpsS hm Iy-

Øn\p \evIn-bXv \me-∏m-S-\m-sW∂v Ip´nIrjvW-am-cm¿ (2006:8) tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn- p-≠v. CXn\p kam-\-ambn hnth-Im-\-µ\pw ]d-™n- p-≈-Xv \me-∏m-

S≥ Nq≠n-°m- n-bn- p-≠v. (1987:111)

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hnZym- ymkw kn≤n-®-h-cn¬ Nne¿°v kzkw-kvIm-

csØ Ah-aXn®p ImWm-\p≈ ]h-W-X-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B ]h-W-Xbpw

Ihn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

A\y-P-\-Øn-ep-a-\y-[¿Ω-Ønepw

a\ym-b-ambn `an-®n-SmsX,

88

k∂ym-k-io-e-cm-a-∏-≠p-t≈m-cpsS

[\y-kva-c-W-\n-∂p-≈n¬ \n∂m¬

AΩ-X-t∂m-a\ s°m®p-an-Sp-°\p

\∑-b-√msX I≠n-√-b-t√m!

Npcp-°-Øn¬ "C∂sØ AΩ' F∂ IhnX \me-∏m-Ss‚ B¿j-

kw-kvIm-c`‡nbpw tZio-b-t_m-[hpw H∂p-t]mse shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ihn-

X-bm-Wv. Bflo-b- u-XnI-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ka-\zbw Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ Z¿in-°mw.

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kmck¿∆kz-apƒs°m-≈p∂p Cu Ihn-X. XØz-

Z¿i-\-ßsf Dt∑-j-I-c-amb A\p- q-Xn-bm-°m≥ Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ Ihn°v km[n-

®n- p-≠v. a\-ns‚ ASn-Ø- n¬ \n∂pw ]h-ln-°p∂ `qX-Im-em- n-c-Xn-sb∂

Imev]-\n-Im-Z¿ihpw Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ A\p-hm-N-I\p Is≠-Ømw. \me-∏m-

Ss‚ Poh-N-cnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Cu Ihn-Xbn-em-hn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂

a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-t_m-[hpw X\n°p Xm≥t]m-cn-abpw Ihn Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ BZ¿i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂psh∂pa\nem°mw. Ihn-bpsS Bfl-

hØ ]Xn- -en-°p∂ Ihn-X-bmWv "C∂sØ AΩ'.

Rm≥ I≠ Ipcp-t£Xw

42 t«mI-߃ AS-ßnb Rm≥ I≠ Ipcp-t£Xw F∂ IhnX

"]pf-Im-¶pcw' F∂ Imhy-k-am-lm-c-Øn-epƒs∏´XmWv. 1089 anYp\w e°w

(9) Ih\Iuap-ZnbnemWv BZyw Cu IhnX ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. alm- m-c-X -

C-Xn-lm-k-tØmSpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-tØm-Sp-ap≈ `‡n Cu IrXn shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

CXn-lm-k-hm-b-\-bv°p-tijw AXns\ [ym\n-®p-In-S∂ Ihn Dd-°-

Øn-tebv°v hgpXn hoWp. kz]v\Øn¬ Hcp am\y-\p-sam-∂n®v hnam-\-Øn¬

bmX-sNbvXv Hcp ÿe-sØ-Øn. al¿jn-sb∂p tXm∂n® B am\y≥ Ihnsb

hnam-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-an-d-°n. AXv bp≤w Ign™ Ipcp-t£X-bp-≤-°-f-

ambncp∂p. bp≤-°-fsØ `oXn-Z-ambn h¿Æn-°p-∂p.

""Ime‰p, Iøp-Iƒ apdn™p, incpS™pw,

tImew \nd®p ic-]w‡n Xd-®n-cp∂pw,

89

iqew ]nf¿Ønb ]cs‚ hb-‰n¬\n∂p

taeX \o≠ IpS¬am-e-Iƒ hoW-Sn™pw''

bp≤-°-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ Zriy-ßfpw timIm-¤p-X-ßfpw Ihn hmMva-b -

NnXß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. I¿Æs‚bpw A`n-a-\yp-hn-s‚bpw InS∏v Ihn-

bn¬ hnkva-bm-Z-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v. I¿Æs\ h¿Æn-°p∂ t«mIw

""hoc¿°p hoc, \Xn amX-ap-Zm-c-io-e≥,

\oc‘ ]uc-pj-]-tbm-\n-[n, kXy-k-‘≥;

Bc-ß-tbm-Sp--icn? [¿Ω-]-Y-Øn¬\n∂p

tXmc-bv°p-Im¬ ]X-dn-SmØ ]pam≥ `hm≥ Xm≥!''

I¿Æs‚ icocw I≠ amX-bn¬ Ihn-lr-Zbw hn£p-_v[-am-bn-t∏m-

bn. A`n-am\n F∂ hnti-jWw Bfp-Iƒ I¿Æ\v \evIp-∂p-≠v. I¿Æs‚

amlmflyw ad∂v ASn-a-ØsØ kzmKXw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-tebv°v C∂sØ

C¥y-m°m¿ \n]-Xn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

""`qhn¬°ngn™ \ne tN¿∂n-Sp-an¥y [¿Ωm˛

[zmhn¬®-cn®p X\-XmkvXn hnSmsX ho≠pw

B hniz-h-µy-]-Z-am¿∂p `hms\-bp-≈n¬˛

_v`mhn-®p-b¿∂n-Sp-h-Xn¬ °\n-bs´ ssZhw''

F∂m-iw-kn-°p∂ Ihn B\pjwKnI-ambn cmjvSo-b-kzm-X-¥ysØbpw kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. ""A-∂m-ata lrZn ad-∂Sn-a-Øcw \s∂-∂mb km[p-P-\-a√n Xhm-

\p-P-∑m¿'' F∂ hcn-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

sFXn-lm-kn-I-a-lXzw FSp-Øp-Im- p-I-bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS -e-£yw.

CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS [¿Ω-am¿§Øn-ep≈ ASn-]XdmØ \nev]v Ihn

sb BI¿jn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ alm-k-Xz-Xbv°v kw -hn® CSnhv ]cn-l-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\v CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS [¿Ω-]-Y-߃ a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. I¿Æ≥ Ihn-bpsS BZ¿i-aq¿Øn-bm-sW∂ [z\n Ihn-X-bnse c≠p

t«mI-߃ \evIp-∂p-≠v.

Ihn-bpsS kq£va-amb temI\nco-£-W-]m-Shw hf¿® ]m]n-®-

90

Xns‚ NnXw Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWm-\mhpw. Ipam-c-\m-is‚ IrXn-I-fn¬

\nct∏ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂amXncn-bp≈ Nne temtIm-‡n-Iƒ Cu IrXn-bnepw

D≠v.

""am‰p-∂ntXm ac-Whpw aa-Xm-_-esØ''

""P¥p-°ƒ X≥]I kln-°-cp-XmØXtX''

Poh-p-t]m-b-h-bnepw ]nb-ta-dn-h-∂m˛

teh-¿°p-am-b-h-˛hn-Sp-∂X-k-ly-at√m˛

XpS-ßnbh Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃.

H∂mw temIa-lm-bp≤w XpS-ßnb Ime-ØmWv Cu Ihn-X-sb-gp-

Xp-∂-Xv. bp≤-hn-cp≤ Bi-b-߃ Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ IS∂p hcp-∂p-≠v. bp≤w

I≠p-]n-Sn-®-h≥ FX i]n-°-s∏-´-h-\mIpw F∂v Ihn hnNm-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

io_p-≤s‚ A]-Zm-\-Im-hy-amb "sse‰v Hm^v Gjy' X¿÷a sNbvXp-

h∂ A°m-eØv Alnw-k-bpw qX-Z-bbpw Ihna\-ns\ Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-

\n-®n-cn-°-Ww. _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb Ihn ]©-ioe]Xn-RvP-

sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn®v Xncn-sI-t∏m-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Alnw-kbpw

kXym-K-lhpw ka-c-am¿§-am-°nb Km‘n-Pnsb PohnX Kpcp-hmbn Ihn

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (Ip´nIrjvWamcm¿ 1991:57) Cu Ihn-X-bpsS

]n∂n¬ Cusbmcp kml-Ncyw ]k-‡-amWv. alm- m-c-X-I-Ysb D]m-Zm-\-

am°n Alnw-km-fl-I-Po-hnX ktµiw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-IqSn Cu Ihn-X-bn-

eqsS Ihn \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p.

\me-∏m-Ss‚ Imev]-\nI hy‡n-Xz-Øn\pw Cu IhnX sXfn-hm-Wv.

bp≤°fw Ihn a\-n¬ krjvSn® `mhw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv IhnX Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kz]v\-Øn-eqsS bp≤-°fw ImWp-∂-Xm-bp≈ k¶-

ev]hpw Bfl-]-c-X-tb-dnb A`n-ho-£-Whpw Ime-L-´-Øns\ Ihn™p

\n¬°p∂ KpW-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°mw.

lnX-Im-cnXzw

"]pf-Im-¶pcw' F∂ kam-lm-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ "lnX-

Im-cnXzw' F∂ IhnX BZyw ]kn-≤o-Icn®Xv 1089 anYp\w˛I¿°n-SIw

e°w k\m-X\[¿Ωw amkn-I-bn-em-Wv. ]t_m-[-\m-fl-I-amWv Cu IhnX.

91

""CX-c-∂p-bn¿ Rms\-Sp-°tbm?

CX-c≥ Xm\n-h-s\-Øp-e-bv°tbm?

_X, \manXp t\m°n \nev°-th,

lnX-Im-cn-°nf Iogvs]Sp-∂ptX''

F∂v Bcw-`n-°p∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ \∑ sNøpI F∂ BZ¿i-amWv Ihn

]t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp-]mSp kpJ-߃ e`n-®mepw Xr]vXn tXm∂m-Ø-h≥ a‰p-≈-h\v

k¶Sw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-∂p. bp≤w aXn; C\n a‰p-≈-h¿°v tZmj-

ap≠m°m≥ ian-°msX \∑ sNøp-∂-h¿°mWv D∂Xnbp≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. a‰p-

≈-h¿°v ZpxJw D≠m-°p-hm≥ Im´p-ar-K-߃ aXn. a\p-jy≥ a‰p-≈-h¿°v

\∑-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv. ]c-]o-U\w sNøp-∂-h\v Cuiz-c≥ \∑ hcp-Øp-I-

bn-√. ]c-]o-U\w sNbvXm¬ ^ew Bflm-hn\p h∂p-tN-cpw. `mc-X-kw-

kvImcw a‰p-≈-h¿°v \∑ sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv DZyp-‡-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

""]c-\-∑-bn-ep-Zy-an-∏-h˛

¿°pc t]dpw ]Z-an-ßp-ssI-hcpw''

Nnc-ansømcp ImgvN Im´n-bn˛

_v`c-X-t£m-Wn, kp]p-Wy-im-en\n!

F√m-Ønepw Rm\mWv F∂ Bfl-⁄m-\Øn-te-b°v hf¿∂ `mc-X-Øn\v

lnX-Im-cnXzw A\p-jvTn-°p-hmt\ Ign-bq. as‰mcp t«mI-Øn¬ Ihn io_p-

≤s\ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""Hcp Im´p ]pen-bv°p-Xm-ßp-hm˛

\cp-Xm-Xp≈ hni-∏p-Im-WvI-bm¬

Xncp-sa-ø-Xn-\m-c-in-∏-Xn˛

∂cpfo _p≤-\-h≥ Pbn-∏ptX''

F∂v Fgp-Xp-∂p. _p≤-aXXØz߃ \me-∏m-S-s\ \∂mbn kzm[o\n®ncp∂p

sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡amWv. _p≤-a-X-tØmSv Hcp L -Øn¬ Ihn B`n-

apJyw ]pe¿Øn-bXv t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.

XpS¿∂p≈ t«mI-ß-fnepw \∑-bpsS ktµ-i-amWv Ihn ]N-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv.

92

""X\-Xm-K-lta \ndp-Øn-tb˛

X\-L≥ temI-lnXw \S-Øptam

P\-Xbv°h\o--iz-c≥˛hrYm

I\Iw Nm¿Øn-bn-cn∏p `qan-]≥''.

kz¥w lnXw Dt]-£n®v temI-lnXw \S-Øp-∂-h-\mWv P\-X-bv°o-iz-c-\m-

Ip-∂-Xv.

Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw-Z-i-I-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ Ihn-X-I-fpsS

apJy-kz-`m-h-ß-fn-sem∂v ]t_m-[-\-]-c-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-hn-j-b-ß-

fm-bn-cp∂p ]e Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw ]t_m-[-\-߃°v hnj-bo- -hn-®-Xv. Ipamc

\mis‚ Zpc-h-ÿ CXn\pZmlcamWv. PmXn-]-c-amb D®-\o-N-Xzw, tkmjy-

enÃv Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]k-‡n, kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX XpS-ßnb

hnj-b-߃ i‡-ambn Db¿∂p h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ \me-∏m-S≥

a\p-jy-k-Øsb Bflo-b-X-bn-tebv°v ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw am\-kn-

I-ssh-Ir-X-ßsf \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw tZio-b-kw-kvIm-c-a-l-Xz-Nn-¥-bn-

tebv°v hy‡nIsf sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ia-amWv \S-Øn-°m-Wp-

∂-Xv. "lnX-Im-cnXzw' Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv Cu e£ytØm-sS-bm-Wv.

""]c-\psS lnX-sa-s¥m-, -∂m-b-Xm-hp-∂-hÆw

]c-a-kp-J-a-\p-jvTn®pØ-a-ÿm-\-tadn

hc-ap-\n-Iƒ ]nd∂p-≈n-¥y, \o \ns‚ temtIm˛

Øc-a-lna hf¿Øn-°m´n ho≠pw Pbn°q!''

tZio-bm-`n-am-\-`-cn-X-amb a\-xÿn-Xn, Bflo-b-X-bnepw am\-hn-I-X-

bnepw ASn-bp-d-®p-\n¬°p-∂-XmWv "lnX-Im-cn-Xz'-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

\thm-∞m-\ ]h-W-X-Ifpw Bflob]ÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Ihn

ASp∏w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v H∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.

]uc-kvXy-Zo-]-X¿÷a apgp-an∏n-®Xpw k\m-X-\-[¿Ωw amkn-I-bn¬ aX-hn-

j-b-ß-tf-∏‰n teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xn-bXpw C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

c≠p t«mI-߃

1091 taSw Ih-\-sIm-ap-Zn-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® c≠p t«mI-߃ khn-

tij ]T\w A¿ln-°p-∂-XmWv. CXn¬ BZysØ t«mIw amXw "\me∏m

93

Ss‚ ]ZyIrXnIƒ' F∂ kamlmcKŸØn¬ ap‡IßfpsS Iq´Øn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. c≠masØ t«mIw CXphsc ]pkvXIØneqsS

]pdØph∂n´n√.

""]qa-¶-bv°p‰ ]qa-®-I, ag-In-\-e˛

¶mc, an∏m-cS°pw

Ima-∂p-¬Ir-jvS-_mWw ]pIƒs]-cp-In-\-k˛

Zzmk\m hmk-tKlw

Hma¬s®-¥m-a-c-∏q-;hnXp hn_p-[-P-\m˛

cm≤yamw cmP-lwk

kvtXma-Øm-e¿≤yasX ]W-b-e-l-cn-Xm˛

\n_v`aw `rwKta, tX!''

""I≠m-emcpw sImXn°pw hn[-a-g-In¬ hncn˛

t™ma-\-tØ-\n-b-∂pw˛

sIm≠m-cm¬Øq-aWw XqIn\ Ia-en\n! \n≥

\n¿±-b-Xz-Øn-\mte

Xn≠mSpw t]a-hm\n-ø-fn-bn-e-en-bpI;

cmP-lwkw hcpw \m˛

fp≠m-sa-∂m-In-ems´ \ne-bnXp \n\-hn˛

s∂mØp \nev°n-√-bt√''

Ih-\-Iu-ap-Zn-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu c≠p t«mI-߃ awK-

f-t«m-I-ßtfm A\ym]tZ-i-t«m-I-ßtfm A√. Bfl-\n-th-Z-\-Øns‚ kzcw

CXn-ept≠m F∂v kwi-bn-°-Ww. Xma-cbpw h≠pw ]kn-≤-amb Imap-Io-

Im-apI ]Xo-I-ß-fm-Wv. Imap-In-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb amlmflyw Cu Imap-

Is\ A]m-]y-\m-°p∂p F∂pw, at‰tXm D∂-X-\m¬ hcn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-fmWv

Imap-In-sb-∂pap≈ Ahÿ H∂mw t«mI-Øn¬ ]Xo-X-am-Ip-∂p. ]t£

Aßs\ Hcp ]cn-W-bm¿∞n FØn-t®¿∂n-s√-¶n-ep≈ ÿnXntbm PohnXw

hy¿∞-am-Ip-sa∂p amXw. Cu XØz-amWv c≠mw-t«m-I-Øn¬. \me-∏m-S\pw

]Y-a-`m-cybpw Ifn-°q-´p-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Nnc-Im-esØ BK-l-k-^-

94

eo-I-c-W-amWv Ah-cpsS hnhm-l-sa-∂pw ]e-cp-sSbpw FXn¿∏p-Iƒ AXn-

\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ kqN-\-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. (_m-em-a-Wn-bΩ 1979:32)

IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n-bn¬ ]q¿∆-Im-em-\p- -h-߃ A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ 8˛mw Jfi-

Øns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ Cu _‘w k -e-am-ImsX t]mIptam Ft∂m¿Øp

ZpxJn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ihn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

""]]-©-I¿Øm-sh-gpXpw hnemk

Imhy-Ønse _v`wKn XnI™ `mKw

lm! am™p-t]m-sa≥ NpSp-I-Æp-\o-cm˛

ses∂X t]Sn®p hrYmhneo Rm≥!''

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnhm-l-Øn\v GXm≠v A©p-h¿j-߃°p

ap≥]v Fgp-Xnb Cu t«mI-߃ Bfl-\n-th-Z-\-]-c-ß-fmtWm F∂v kwi-

bn-°-Ww.

t]a-hn-Im-kta sh¬hq-XmI

1096 Xpemw e°w Bfl-t]m-jn-Wn-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Ihn-X-bmWv

"t]a-hn-Im-kta sh¬hq-Xm-I'. "]pf-Im-¶pcw' F∂ Imhy-k-am-lm-c-Øn¬

Cu IhnX tN¿Øn- p-≠v. Ihn-bpsS Bflob ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ hf¿® hy‡-

am-°n-Ø-cp∂ Ihn-X-bmWv CXv.

Dj-ns\ ]Io¿Øn-°p∂ Imhy-amWv CXv. B\-µ-]q¿Æ-amb

BZn _“Øn\v BZn]Ir-Xn-bn¬ DZn-°p∂ t]a-hn-Im-k-amWv Dj-v.

_“-Øns‚ Cu t]a-hn-Im-k-sØ-bmWv Dj-s∂p thtZm-‡n-Iƒ ]pI-

gvØp-∂-Xv. ]pcp-jm¿-∞-kn≤n \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ihn Dj-ns\ kvXpXn-

°p-∂p. Dj-ns‚ ap∂n¬ Xa-ns‚ Icn-apJw amdn-t∏m-Ip-∂p. Xß-fn¬

IY ]d™p ckn®p \n¬°p∂ \£-X-ß-fpsS tim` \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Pohn-X-t∏m-cn¬ Xf¿∂v Ccp-]pdw ap´n-\n¬°p∂ Ihnbv°v Djv DW¿∆v

kΩm-\n-°p-∂p.

F√m-tZln-Iƒ°pw \ns‚ atlm-’hw Xqhn-em-k-am-Wv. ho¿Ø-

ap-J-߃ ]p©n-cn-XqIn \n¬°p-∂p. \n»-_vZ-am-bn-°n-S-°p-∂n-SØv kmc-

kw-Ko-X-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n-Iƒ AWn-ssh-c-°-√p-I-fmbn amdp-

∂p. ]`mXw I≠v temIw BÀmZn°p-∂p. euIn-I-Zpx-J-߃ A\p-`-hn-

°p∂ Ihn ]`m-X-Øn\v hnP-bm-iwk t\cp-∂p-.

95

`qan-bp-≠m-bn v FX \mfmbn? Fs¥-√m-amWv kw -hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

Iqcn-cp-fn\p ]n∂n¬ ]kmZw sXfn™p hcp-∂p. Btcm-Ky-km-am-Py-s®-s¶m-Sn-

Iƒ Hmtcm ]tZ-iØpw ]mdn-°-fn-°p-∂p. henb DW¿∆v Xs∂ kw -hn-°p-

∂p. H∂n\pw ]mban-s√∂pw a\-n\p amXta ]mb-ap-≈p-sh∂pw ]`mXw

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. temI-kz-cq-]n-bpsS t]a-hm-bv]n\v Ihn hnP-bm-iwk t\cp-

∂p.

Ihn-XbpsS GI-tZ-i-amb Bi-b-amWv ta¬ hnh-cn-®-Xv. \me-∏m-

S≥ Fgp-Xnb CXp-h-sc-bp≈ Ihn-X-Ifn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-

amWv Cu IhnX. AXoµnbZrjvSntbmSp-IqSn ]]-©sØ t\m°n°mWp∂

Ihn-tb-bmWv ChnsS ImWp-∂-Xv. ]t_m-[-\m-fl-I-amb Ihn-Xm-coXn \ne-

bv°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øn\p t\sc Kuc-h-bp-‡hpw ]km-Zm-fl-Ihp-amb

ho£Ww hf¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ NnXw Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWp-∂p.

IhnbpsS Cu ho£-W-am‰w "IÆp-\o¿Øp-≈n'-bn¬ ZpxJm-Xn-tcIw IqSn

Ie¿∂v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-. ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-I-fnepw ]]-©-hp-am-

bp≈ kwe-b-\m-fl-I-amb A\p- q-Xn-bmWv ]k-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

as‰mcp Xe-Ønepw Cu IhnX hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. k∂ym-

kØns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ hsc Ihnsb sIms≠-Øn® Bflo-b-amb Imgv®-

∏mSpw sshcm-Ky-a-\-ÿn-Xnbpw Pohn-X-Ønse mKn-I-k-Xy-߃ amXta Bhq

F∂ bmYm¿∞yw \me-∏m-S≥ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-tØm-sSm∏w

euInI Pohn-X-Øn\pw ][m-\y-aps≠∂pw Ah c≠pw-IqSn Bsb-¶nte Pohn-

X-]q¿ÆX ssIh-cn-I-bp-≈q-sh∂pw At±lw ]nev°m-eØv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p-≠v. (am-cm¿s°-gp-Xnb IØv). Cu Nn¥m-KXn Ihn-bn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-

Ip∂ Ime-L- -am-Wn-Xv. Bflo-b- -eu-InI Pohn-X-ß-fpsS ka-\zbw Ihn-

bpsS hy‡n-k-Ø-bn¬ cq]-s∏- p-h-∂-t∏mƒ D≠mb ]km-Zmfl-I`mh-Øns‚

Bhn-jvI-c-W-amWv Cu Ihn-X. Nnc-Im-e-]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚

hnhmlw 1096 Xpem-am-k-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu IhnX ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb AtX

amkw. BZn-a-_-“-Øn\v BZn-]-Ir-Xn-bmb Xs‚ ]nb-bn¬ F∂pw DZn-°p∂

Dƒt]-a-hn-Im-k-ambn Dj-ns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ hcn-Iƒ Cu ]›m-Ø-

96

e-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv. Bflo-b- -eu-InI-X-I-fpsS ka-\z-bhpw ]nb-X-a-

tbmSv ]pcp-j-\p-≠m-Ip∂ B¥-c-kvt\-l-Øns‚ kv pc-Whpw Hs° Cu

Djv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. B t]a-hmbv]v Ime-Øn\v ambv°m-\m-hn-√.

""Ime-sa-t∂m-a\ Øø¬X≥s\-‰n-bn¬

®mep-Io-do-Sp-hm≥ sN√-ept≠m''

F∂ hcn-Iƒ t]a-hm-bv]ns‚ Imem-Xo-X-XzsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnhm-lw

Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Dj-mbn Xs∂ Ihnbv°v A\p- -h-s∏- n-cn-°-Ww. ]tXy-

In®pw t¢i-]q-cn-X-amb Hcp ]q¿∆-Im-e-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬.

GXp-X-c-Øn-em-bmepw Ihn-a-\-nse Bflo-b-˛-eu-InI ho£-W-ß-fpsS

ka-RvP-k-amb taf-\-Øn¬\n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂ Hcp t]a-k-¶ev]w

Ihn-X-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. Xcw-XmW sshIm-cn-I-XbpsS kv^pcWw

t]mepw Ihn-X-bn-en-s√-∂Xv Ihn-X-bpsS Kcn-a-tbm-sSm∏w Ihn-bpsS

hf¿®sbØnb Bfl-h-Ø-sb-°qSn hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

]mW\pw ]mW≥

1097 Nnßw ˛I∂n e°w Ih-\-Iu-ap-Zn-bn¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb

Ihn-X-bmWv "]mW\pw ]W≥'. ]pf-Im-¶pcw F∂ Imhy-k-am-lm-c-Øn¬

Cu IhnX tN¿Øn- p-≠v. \mep- m-K-ß-fmbn Fgp-X-s∏- n- p≈ Cu Ihn-X-

bn¬ Ihn-bpsS AXo-µo-b-`m-h-\-bmWv ]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. 1097 Nnßw

11˛mw XobXn AIm-e-]-k-h-tl-Xp-I-ambn `mcy Nc-a-a-S-™-Xn\p ap≥]v Fgp-

Xn-b-Xm-hWw Cu Ihn-X.ZmºXyw k -e-X-b-S-bp∂ Xs‚ ]mW\pw ]mW-

\mb k¥m\ Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p sXm´p-ap≥]v, ]]-©-Ønse ka-

kvXhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-ß-fm-bn-Øs∂ Ihn-bv°-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bflob am¿§-

Øn¬ Iptd-tbsd apt∂-dnb Ihnbv°v euInI-Po-hnX km^eyw IqSn e_v[-

am-Ip-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ ]q¿Æ-Xm-t_m[w, Aeu-InI-amb B\-µ-Øns‚

Xnc-bn-f°w Ihn-a-\-n¬ krjvSn-®n-cn-°Ww. B khn-ti-j-a-\-ns‚ krjvSn-

bmWv Cu Ihn-X.

""F≥sIm®p ssI∏n-Sn-°p-≈n-e-S-ßp-an˛

ض-°p-SsØ _“m-fi-am°n

97

ho≠p-sa≥ Iøn-sem-Xp-°n-Ø-cp∂p lm

\o≠p \n¬°p∂ \n∂n-µ-Pmew!''

euInIs‚ ImgvN-b√ Ihnbv°v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]]©i‡nbpsS Cµ-Pmew

Ihn°v ]pXnb temI-t_m[w \¬Ip-∂p. AXv F√m-‰nepw Cuiz-c km∂n≤yw

I≠-d-nbp∂Xn\v Ihnsb ]m]vX\m-°p-∂p. ]]-©-Øns‚ ad \oßn F√m

ÿqe˛kq£vamh-ÿ-Ifpw Htc ssNX-\y-Øns‚ hnkv p-c-W-amsW∂ kXy-

Øn-¬ Ihn FØn-tN-cp∂p. ]c-kv]c kvt\lmI¿j-W-Øm¬ _‘n-X-amWv

Hmtcm ]c-amWphpsa∂ hmkvXhw Ihn Kln-°p-∂p. Cu AJ-fi-Z¿i\

A\p- qXn-bn-eqsS ]]©s∏mcp-fn-tebv°v Bgv∂n-d-ßp-∂p. XnI®pw A¥¿ap-

J-amb ho£-W-Øns‚ ]Xn- -e-\-ambn IhnX amdp-∂p.

""]pevIsf ∏pevIn \n∂qgn \ -Wn˛

°evI-fn¬t®¿°p∂ Zo¿L-t\m´w;

sh¨ Xe-∏m-shmØ Ip∂n-s\-∏m¿Øm-gn

X≥Xnc-bvt°m-ep∂ aµ-lmkw

ZnMvap-J-Øn-¶se aqS¬ I≠m¿Z-am˛

aw_pPw tXSpw hnh¿Æ- mhw; . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CuhI k¿∆ at\m-⁄-]-Zm¿∞hpw

Xmh-I-cq-]-Øn≥ Xq\ng¬t]m¬!''

ka-kvX-]-]© Ne-\-ßfpw Ihnbv°v Cuiz-cm-\p-`-h-ambn amdp-

∂p. ]c-a-bm-Ym¿∞y-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ßfpw \ng-ep-I-fp-amWv Ihn ImWp-

∂-Xv. tbmKm-fl-I-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ Ihn kzXz-amWv "]mW\pw ]mW-\n'¬

shfn-hm-Ip-∂-Xv. IhnX Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI

""cmhpw ]I-epamw izmk-\nizm-k-߃

Xmhp-an-∏m-cn¬ Rm≥ sNbvhsX√mw

]mW\pw ]mW-\m-a-tßbv°p ]qP\

amsW∂\p`hw tXm∂m-hq ta''

ka-kvXhpw Cuizcm¿∏n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ hn[w Bflo-bm-\p-`q-Xn-

I-fn¬ hne-bn® Ihn-sb-bmWv Cu IhnX-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.

98

tbmKm-fl-I-\n-e-bn-tebv°v Ihn a\v hf¿® t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cn-

°p∂p F∂v Cu Ihn-X-I-fpsS hni-Z-]-T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. ]c-a-bm-Ym¿∞y-

hp-ambn Bg-ta-dn-b _‘w Ihn ÿm]n®p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu Ihn-X-

I-fn¬ Z¿in-°mw. tZim- n-am-\- -cn-X-amb at\m- mhw thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ

hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ Bflm-\p- q-Xn-bn-tebv°v hf¿∂v "IhnZm¿i-\n-I'-\mbn

]cn-W-an-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv \me-∏m-S≥.

A\ym-]-tZ-it«m-I-߃

Ih-\-Iu-ap-Zn-bp-sSbpw Bfl-t]m-jn-Wn-bp-sSbpw e°-ß-fn¬ \me-

∏m-Ss‚ A\ym-]-tZi t«mI-߃ [mc-f-ambn ImWmw. At±-l-Øns‚ Zm¿i-

\nI Nn¥m-]-c-X-tbdn \n¬°p∂ PohnX\nco-£-W-ß-fmWv Ah-bn¬ AS-

ßn-bn-cn°p∂-Xv. ImWp-∂-Xns‚ A∏p-d-ap≈ bmYm¿∞yw tXSp∂ Ihn

a\-ns‚ hym]m-c-amWv A\ym-]-tZi t«mIßfn¬.

"kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-I-an-√mØ ]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ A]-

[m-\-a-√mØ H∂mWv' A\ym-]-tZ-i-Im-hy-sa∂v Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p (1979:331) Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn \oe-I-WvT-Zo-

£n-X-cpsS A\ym-]-tZiiX-I-am-Wv. tIc-f-h¿Ω henb tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

Cu IrXn ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn--bn´p≠v. IqSmsX amth-en-°c cma-h¿Ω hen-b-

tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ A\ym-]-tZ-i-ame F∂ Hcp IrXnbpw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. \me-

∏m-S≥ Cu t«mI-߃ Ggp-Xp∂ ImeØpw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw \nc-h[n Ihn-

Iƒ A\ym-]-tZ-i-t«m-I-߃ Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. sNdp-fn-bn¬ Ip™pÆn \ºo-

i≥, hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, sI.-]n. imkvXn-Iƒ, sI. i¶c-ta-

t\m≥, ]n.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, C.- hn. cma≥ \ºq-Xncn˛XpS-ßnbh¿

Ah-cn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. F¶nepw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp Imhy-]-ÿm-\-ambn A\ym-

]-tZi cN\ amdnbn√.

""D]-ta-bkym\p-‡m-h-\ym-]-tZi:'' D]-tabw ]d-bm-Ø-XmWv A\ym-

]-tZ-i-sa∂v i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn¬ A¿∞w sImSp-°p-∂p. ]Ir-Xm¿∞ kqN-

\-bv°p-th≠n as‰m∂p ]d-bp-I-bmWv A\ym-]-tZ-i-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv. Aaq¿

Ø-Kp-W-߃°v aq¿Øn-a-Zv`mhw \evIp-hm\pw A\ym-]-tZ-i-߃°v Ign-

99

bp-∂p-≠v. ]Ir-Xn-kz- m-hsØ h¿Æn®v AXn-eqsS \oXn-km-c-kz- mhw A`n-

hy-RvPn-∏n-°p-∂h-bm-Wv]e t«mI-ß-fpw. ""[m¿Ωn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw

Iem-]-c-hp-amb Bi-b-߃ \t∂ t\cnb Hcm-h-cW-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p∂ am¿§-amWv A\ym-]-tZ-iw F∂v hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ A\ym-

]-tZ-isØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v''. (1988:355) `mc-Xob \oXn-km-c-I-Y-Iƒ, ]©-

X¥w IY-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ A\ym-]-tZ-i-kz- m-h-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-

km-lnXyØnepw A\ym-]-tZ-i-c-N-\-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bp-≠m-bn- p-≠v. DZmlcWw.

A\n-a¬ ^mw (tPm¿÷v Hm¿sh¬) Z Sb¬ (^m≥kv I^vI).

\me-∏m-S≥ ]e-t∏m-gmbn FgpXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® 62 A\y-m]-tZ-i-

t«m-I-߃ kam-l-cn®v "temIw' F∂ t]cn¬ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cpsS Ah-

Xm-cnItbmsS ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Cu IrXnbv°v A°m-esØ klr-

Zb∑mcp-sS kzoI-c-Whpw ]iw-kbpw e`n-®p-sh-∂mWv ]pkvX-I-\n-cq-]Ww

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. (1103 Acq-tWm-Zbw ˛I¿°n-S-Iw e. 3)

Nne- Po-hnXXØzß-sfbpw temI-co-Xn-I-sfbpw ]Ir-Xn-Zr-i-ß-fn-

eq-sSbpw ]Ir-Xyh-ÿ-Ifn-eq-sSbpw hyRvPn∏n°p-I-bmWv ]m[m-\-ambpw

A\y-m]-tZ-i-t«m-I-ßfn¬. Ihn-bpsS hy‡n-a-\-nt\m sshIm-cn-I-Xbvt°m

AXn¬ henb ÿm\-sam-∂p-an√. CX-c-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw "temIw' thdn´p

\nev°p-∂-Xns‚ HcSn-ÿm\w CXm-Wv. H‰-sbm‰ t«mI-ß-fn¬ Bi-b-]q¿Øn

hcp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhpw Ihn CXn-eqsS ssIh-cn-®n- p-s≠∂p ImWmw. IÆp-

\o¿Øp-≈nbv°v apºv Ihn t\Snb Cu kn≤n-hn-tijw IÆp-\o¿Øp≈n

bnse kzbw ]q¿Æ-X-bp≈ t«mI-ß-fpsS cN-\bv°v klm-b-I-c-am-bn-´p-

≠m-hmw.

bYm¿∞-tem-I-Ønse∂Xp-t]mse \m\m-hn-j-b-ß-fmWv Ihn

"temI'-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ Hmtcm t«mI-

Øn\pw sNdp-Ip-dn∏v \evIn-bn- p-≈Xv Ihn-Xm-kmckyw Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-

b-I-amWv. ImhycoXnbpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\-n-em-°m≥ GXm\pw t«mI-

߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

100

""Xntø ImWn-√, X√n-s√m-cp-h, \pS-\p-S≥

\ocn-em-gvØn-√-˛-sIm-≈m≥

htøhw amse-\n-bv°m-; -∏-Wn-Iƒ Ign-bth

an∂nSpw s]m∂-Xn∂pw

Ctø-g°pw InSbv°pw ka-]-Z-hn˛bntXm

Ip∂n, \n≥ Nn¥? sIm≈mw,

\ntø-tXm-Ip∏ tIdpw, I\-I-a-Wn-bpta

am\y¿ sa, tøm¿Ω-bpt≠m?'' («mIw˛3)

kz¿Æw Xq°p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ip∂n-°p-cp-hns‚ hnNm-c-amWv Ihn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ DXvIr-jvS-cpsS H∏-sa-Øn-bmepw

\nIr-jvS¿ Aßs\ Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂ Nn¥-bm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈Xv. as‰mcp

t«mIw t\m°p-I.

""F√m-hoSpw Xpc°mw; ]e sIWn-I-fn-epƒ˛

∏qInepw hn´p-t]mcmw;

sX√mcpw I≠p t]mIm-Ø-S-shmSp X\-Xn˛

jvSß-sf¥pw \SØmw;

C√m-Xm°mw P\-Øn≥ Irjn- -ehpw-- AXm,

t\¿sh-fn-®Øp amXw

sN√m-\m-ImsX ap´p-∂nXp s]cnb s]cn˛

®mgn X∂-¥y-\m-fn¬'' ˛ (t«mIw˛19)

]tcm-]-Zhw sNøp-∂-h¿°v ]eXpw sNøm-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ k÷-\-߃°p

ÿm\-ap-≈n-SØp kzX-¥-ambn h∂p \n¬°p-hm≥ Ah¿°m-hp-I-bn-√.

as‰mcp t«mIw t\m°p-I.

""Hma¬ uµ-cy-ta-¥p-∂n-h-f-\-h-[n-\m˛

f`y-kn®Xtbsd-˛

ma¿∞y-tØmSp kmc-kz-X-kp-[-Iƒkao˛

]ÿ-bmbv Øm≥ s]mgnbvt°,

Cu a¿Øy∂p≈ a¿Øym-kp-e` kpJ-a-sX˛

101

ßm?˛°p-bn¬°p™p "Iqlq"'˛

\maw-sX-s√m∂p IqIp∂Xp Ihn-I-sfSp

sØX hmgvØn-∏-cØn!'' (t«mIw˛28)

FX ITn-\-ambn ]cn-i-an-®mepw AIr-Xnakuµ-cy-Øns‚ ÿnXn hfsc

tijvT-am-sW∂v Ihn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

km¿∆-Im-en-I-]-k-‡n-bp≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv Ihn Hmtcm t«mI-

Ønepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Btem-Nn-°p-tXmdpw Na-Xv°m-csØ h¿≤n-

∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ t«mI-ß-fmWv Ch Hmtcm-∂pw. Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\\w

sNbvsX-Sp-°p∂ XØz-Nn-¥-tb-°mƒ ]mfin-Xy-]-I-S-\-Øn\pw i_vZm-e-

¶mc ]h-W-amb D‡n-ssh-Nn-Xy-Øn\pw ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv

\me-∏m-S≥ A\ym-]-tZit«mI-߃ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. B Ime-L- -Øn¬ F-gp-

X-s∏- n-cp∂ t«mI-ß-fpsS cq]-L-S\ Ah-bv°p-s≠-¶nepw Bi-b-]m-[m\yw

Ahsb Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]h-W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂v AI-‰n-\n¿Øp-∂p-≠v. Ihn-

bpsS khn-ti-j-amb temI-\n-co-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw hyXn-cn-‡-amb Nn¥-bp-

sSbpw kz`mhw Cu t«mI-ß-fn¬ Z¿in-°mw. temIm-h-ÿ-Isf AI∂p

\n∂p ho£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \n¿hy-‡nI kz`m-h-amWv Cu t«mI-ß-fn¬

Zriy-am-hp-∂-Xv. t«mI-c-N-\-bn-ep≈ Ihn-bpsS IrX-l-kvXX Cu IrXn

A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p. _mly-amb hkvXp-]-XoXnsb Df-hm-°p∂ hmMva-

b-\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn ImWp-∂-Xns‚ adp-]p-d-amb

b-Ym¿∞ kXysØ D]-Z¿in-°p-hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yamWv Cu t«mI-ß-

fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. Cu ]h-W-X-bpsS hf¿®-bmWv k¿∆hpw

Cuiz-c-a-b-ambn Z¿in-°p∂ A\-¥cIme-I-hn-X-I-fn-teXv.

Iq´p-I-hnX˛tIma≥

ka-kym-]q-cWw, \nan-j-I-hnXmcN-\, Iq´p-I-hnX XpS-ßn-bh Ign-

™-\q-‰-≠ns‚ ]q¿∆m-≤-Ønse kmlnXy hnt\m-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. s]s´s∂

gpXp∂ Cu hI IrXn-I-fn¬ s]mXpth Kuc-h-amb `mh-X-e-sam∂pw D-

≠m-hn-√. hrØ-- wKw IqSmsX ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ ]Zyw Na-bv°m-\p≈ Ihn-I-

fpsS kma¿∞yw CØcw I-hn-X-I-fn-eqsS ]co-£n-®-dn-bm-sa∂p amXw. CØ-

102

c-Øn-semcp Imhy-hn-t\m-Z-Øn¬ bmZr-—n-I-ambn \me-∏m-S\pw ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

AXns‚ ^e-amWv "tIma≥' F∂ Iq´p-Ir-Xn.

\me-∏m-S≥ Hcn-°¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp sN∂-t∏mƒ D≈q-cns‚

AXyp-’m-l-Øn¬ ]¥-f-Øp-tI-c-f-h¿ΩbpsS hk-Xn-bn¬h®v \t¥y-e-

Øp ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m\pw IqsS-t®¿∂v Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-bmWv "tIma≥'. Hssc-

Xn-lysØ \membn ]IpØv 2 aWn-°q¿ sIm≠v 25 t«mIw hoXw Fgp-Xn-

Øo¿∂p. AXv 1091 I¿°n-SIw Ih-\IuapapZn-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.""]≠v Xr»n-h-t]-cq-cn¬ sIm®n-Ø-ºp-cms‚ sIm´m-c-ap-‰Øp \n¬

°p∂ Hcp \mc-I-s®-Snsb tIma-s\∂ Hcp hS-°≥ \mb¿ Xºp-cm-\p-

Xs∂ FXncmbn ImØp-\n∂ IY-bm-WXv'' (Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am¿ 1991:57) kw`m-

jWw t]mepw ]Zy-Øn-em-°n-bn-cp∂ sh¨aWn˛sImSp-ß-√q¿ Ihn-I-fpsS

Ihn-Xz-kn≤n \me-∏m-S-\pw kzmb-Øam-°nbncp∂p F∂v Cu iaw sXfn-

bn-°p-∂p. tImas‚ H∂mw-`mKw \t¥y-eØp ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m\pw c≠mw-

`mKw ]¥-fØp tIc-f-h¿Ω Xºp-cm\pw aq∂mw-`mKw \me-∏m-S\pw

\memw`mKw D≈q-cp-amWv cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \me-∏m-Ss‚ GXm\pw t«mI-

߃

""]cm-I-aØmseXncn´p tIdnSp

∂cm-Xn-Iƒs°ms°-bp-ap-¶-S-°pthm≥

[cm-X-e-Øn¬ ]pIƒs]´ \mbco

sømcm-S-em¿∂q hc-]qcq-tjm-NnXw''

""s]mdp-Øp-Iq-SmØ ]cm-I-a-sØmsSm

sØmcp-Ø-t\bpw bp[n-hn-´n-Sm-X-h≥

adpØp \n¬°pw ]c¿Xs‚ h¶-gp˛

Ødp-Øp-Xn¿Øp-h-c-]qctjmNnXw

efn-X-tIm-a-f-]-Zm-h-en-I-fn-eqsS A\m-bm-k-ambn t«mI-߃ cNn-

°p-hm-\p≈ ]mS-h-amWv Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

a‰p≈h

Ch Iq´msX GXm\pw Biwkmt«mIßfpw awKft«mIßfpw Ncat«m

Ißfpw IqSn Cu ImeL´Øn¬ \me∏mS≥ cNn®n´p≠v.

103

P∑-Zn-\m-iwk˛ 7 t«mI-߃

\me-∏m-Ss‚ hy‡n-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ kp]-[m\ ]¶p-h-ln®

]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p _“-hn-Zym-kw-Lw. kwL-Øns‚ BNm-cy-bmb B\n-

_-k‚ns‚ 70- mw P∑-Zn-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v 7 t«mI-߃ \me-∏m-S≥ cNn-®n-

´p-≠v. 1920- ¬ k\m-X-\-[¿Ωw amkn-I-bpsS kvs]jy¬ kπn-sa‚n¬ B\n-

_-k‚n-t\-°p-dn®v ]e Ihn--Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Ihn-XIƒ kam-l-cn-®n-´p≠v.

\me-∏m-Ss‚ 7 t«mI-߃ A°q- -Øn-ep-≠v. Hcp-Zm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

""Bcpw Xmßn-√, X∂m-e-cp-Xp-b-cp-h-Xn-s∂∂p

\nev°p-tºm-fo-ap˛

∏mcpw ]qPn® ]pWy-mh-\nsb apIƒ\ne˛

bvt°‰n sh°p-∂-Xn-∂mbv

Gdpw ZpxJ-ß-tf¬°pw `h-Xn-bpsS ]Zw˛

`mhpIw t\¿∂p-sImt≠

Iqdpƒs°m-≈p∂ X’-¥Xn-Iƒ \ndp-I-bn¬˛

t®¿Ø-W-bv°p-∂n-XtΩ!''

`mc-X-Øn\v B\n-_-k‚n-t\m-Sp≈ _lp-am-\m-Xn-tcIw Ihn Cu

t«mI-Øn-eqsS shfn-hm-°p-∂p. B¿j-kw-kvImc`‡nbpw Cu t«mIØn¬

]ISamIp-∂p-≠v. cmjvSob kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw Bflob \thm-∞m-\-

Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ B\n-_-k‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \me-∏m-S≥ A\p-

kva-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

""kzmX-¥y-t∏m-cn¬ ap≥\n-∂p, eIn-Xn\p˛

NnXm-Nm-cm-kw-kvIm-c-ta-‰n,

t∏¿ X¶pw hmKzn-em-k-sØmSp ]e-]e XØz˛

߃ \otf-∏-cØn,

ss]X-߃°nßp th≠p-∂-dn-hn\p hgn-sh®p,˛

Øa _“-hn-Zy˛

°m¿ X≥ t\Xr-Xzamfpw P\\n, Xh-a-lØz

ßtf-tXXp hmgvØq?''

104

\me-∏m-Ss‚ Z¿i-\-ßsf i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n® hy‡n-Xz-amWv

B\n-_-k‚n-t‚X.v Ah-tcm-Sp≈ B`n-apJyw Cu t«mI-ßfn¬ Z¿in-°mw.

awK-f-t«m-I-߃

GXm\pw awK-f-t«m-I-ßfpw Ihn Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cNn-®n-

´p≠v. cmPm-hn\v Xncp-\mƒ Biw-k-Iƒ t\cp∂ ]Zy-ßfpw amkn-I-Iƒ°v

awKfw Biw-kn-°p∂ ]Zy-ßfpw hnhm-l-aw-K-fm-iw-kIfpw C°q- -Øn-ep-

≠v. Ime-L-´-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-a\pk-cn®v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsS Bh-iy-

]-Im-ctam A√m-sXtbm Fgp-Xnb t«mI-ß-fm-Wnh F∂-X-√msX ]tXyI

]m[m-\y-sam∂pw Chbv°v Iev]n-t°-≠-Xn-√. Cu L´-Øn¬ ssIcfn

amkn-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp awK-f-t«mIw t\m°p-I.

""a¶-Ø-søm-fn-sa-bvan-\p-s∏-gp-anfw ]X-∏-S¿∏n¬Ø\n

ض-Øq-en-I-sIm≠p Xmc-Wn-a-Ww-Iq´pw \nd-°q-´n-\m¬

I¨I°pw hn[w amXXm- -a-d-bn¬ Xm≥ \n∂p ambm-abo˛

k¶-ev]sØ hc-bv°p-am-Zn-aI-em-sIu--Xq-l-e-sØ-sØmgmw''

(Bfl-t]m-jnWn 1095 CShw)

s]mXpth X´pw XS-hp-an-√msX Hgp-°p≈ ssien-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-

-h-bmWv \me-∏m-Ss‚ awKf t«mI-߃. Cu L -Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb awK-f-

t«mI-ßfpsS hniZhnh-c-߃ \me-∏m-Ss‚ IrXn-I-fpsS Imem-\p-Ia ]´n-

I-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v.

Nc-a-t«m-I-߃

hnin-jvS-hy-‡n-I-fpsS tZl-hn-tbm-KØn¬ A\p-tim-Nn®v Nc-a-

t«m-I-߃ Fgp-XpI F∂-Xv B Ime-L- -Ønse Hcp km[m-cW coXn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ \me-∏m--S≥ Hcn-°¬ amXsa Nc-a-t«m-I-߃ Fgp-Xn-b-

Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≈p. sImSp-ß-√q¿ Ip™n-°p- ≥ Xºp-cms‚ ac-W-Øn¬

A\p-tim-Nn-®v At±lw aq∂v t«mI-߃ Fgp-Xn-bn- p≠v. k\mX\-[¿Ωw

amknIbpsS 1913 am¿®v e°-Øn-emWv Cu -t«m-I-߃ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p-

≈-Xv. kz`mhw a\-n-em-°m≥ Hcp-Zm-l-c-Ww.

""hmcm-fo-Sp∂ hmWo-`-K-hXn hnf-bm-Sp-s∂m-cm-hn-ip-Xm-fl≥!

tl! cmP¬t°m-Sn-enw-tK-izc!KpW-\n-I-cm-Km-camw Xºp-cmt\!

105

""lm! cmPyw t]mbnsX''∂nøn-h¿ Ic-bp-h-X-ßp∂p tIƒ°m-Ø-as´˛

ßmcm¬t]mbv tN¿∂n-Xn-µ≥ \nP-]p-cn-]p-I-gm-\-ß-sbs°m≠pt]mtbm?''

s]mXpth Nc-a-t«m-I-߃ Ggp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ hnap-J-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ip™n-

°p-´≥ Xºp-cm-t\mSv D≈ BZ-cm-Xn-tcIw sIm≠m-IWw Cu Nc-a-

t«mI߃ At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXv.