online electronics laboratory core technology –consumer electronics, computers, and communications...
TRANSCRIPT
Online Electronics Laboratory• Core Technology
– Consumer Electronics, Computers, and Communications
• Future Projects– Alarm, remote control, robot– Equalizer, mixer, transceiver– Noise reduction headphone– Power hi-fi
Electronics Laboratory• Courses:
– EE352 - Introduction to Electronics Laboratory– EE312 - Basic Electronic Instrumentation
• Laboratory Webpage:– http://www.ee.buffalo.edu/courses/elab
• Instructor:– Prof. Pao-Lo Liu, 215A Bonner Hall– 645-3115 ext. 1207– [email protected]
Electronics Laboratory I
• Location:– Furnas Hall 415-417
• Hands On
• Support– Mr. Roger Krupski– Teaching Assistants– Senior Assistants
Learning Goals• Instrumentation
– Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Power Supply, Data Acquisition
• Device and Model– Diodes, Transistors, ICs
• Circuit and Design– Analog and Digital, Diagrams and Simulation, Con
struction and Diagnosis
• Experiment and Data Analysis– Safety
• Team Work, Communications, Ethics• Writing Report
What are Needed• Active Team Member NOT Observer
– Meet regularly and work together over the web• Laboratory Manual• Laboratory Notebook
– Bound, Page Serialized• Components
– Prototype Board, Resistors, Capacitors, Wires, Diodes, BJT, FET, Op Amp, ICs
• Reading and Preparation!– 10 hrs of Activities per Week
• Web Resources– http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/Electronics2/Electron
icsResources.html
Activities• Lecture• Preparation• Lab Session
– Attend the weekly laboratory session.
• Report– Due in one week; no late report– Will be graded in two weeks.– File re-grading request immediately.
• Exam and Final Project– No missing exam
Grading Guidelines• EE352 – Each Student
– 2 Summary (15 pts each)– 2 Full Reports (20 pts each; identify)– In-Lab Final (30 pts)
• EE 312 – Each Student– 2 Summary (20 pts each)– 1 Full Report (30 pts; identify)– In-Lab Final (30 pts)
Attendance countsReports to be Written in Turns by Team MembersEE352 – Exp. 4 or 6; not both
Writing Reports – http://www.studygs.net/labreports.htm
Experiments• Introduction to Electronics Laboratory• RC Filter and Bridge Circuit• Operational Amplifier• PN Junction Diodes and Switching Characteristics*• DC Power Supply• AC Power Circuit*• Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor• Logic Gates• Digital Circuits• Bipolar Junction Transistor*
* EE352 only
Schedule Posted on the Course Webpage
Equipment• Digital Multimeter
• Oscilloscope
• Function Generator
• Power Supply
• Computer – – Electronics Workbench, PSPICE– Data Acquisition
Digital Multimeter
Digital Multimeter
Voltage (M) and Resistance (+)Current ()CommonAC or DCSensitivity
Agilent Digital Multimeter
Digital Multimeter
• Select the Mode– Current Mode: Different plug– Resistance Mode: Red lead positive
• Select the Sensitivity Scale• AC Measurements
– Limited to few kHz– RMS: peak / 2 for sinusoidal wave– Alternative: oscilloscope
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/meter.htmhttp://www.physics.smu.edu/~scalise/apparatus/mult
imeter/
Digital Multimeter
• Voltage– In parallel with a resistor in the circuit
• Current– In series with a current path in the circuit
• Resistance– Two terminals of a resistor out of circuit
Experiment at Home
10 V !!
Oscilloscope
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPscope/54600B.htmlhttp://www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/03W_8605_2.pdf
http://www.educatorscorner.com/index.cgi?CONTENT_ID=2551
Basic instruments emulator, digital oscilloscope basics
Virtual Scope
Scope Online - DSO3062A
Oscilloscope
Waveform, Frequency
Transient, Time
Oscilloscope• Auto Mode• Dual Trace (Voltage vs. Time)
– Waveform display and timing comparison• Time Base Adjustment
– 5-10 cycles of sine wave– Clearly measurable rise or fall time
• Sensitivity, Position• DC or AC coupling
– AC coupling: high pass filter; droop• Trigger Source
– A, B, line, external; low or high pass filter to get stable display• Averaging• Measurements Using Cursors: V, t, rise time• Data Acquisition
– Save BMP, export data– LabView or Intuilink
Manual posted on course website
Labview
Operate, Run Print LabView screen shot Data file
Intuilink
• Scope screen shot• Digitization and data file
– two columns – time, voltage– three columns – time, trace 1 voltage and trace 2 voltage
Digitization
Screen Shot
Spreadsheet• Data Processing
– Subtraction, addition, averaging
• Data Plotting– Insert Chart– Chart Type: XY (Scatter) with line– Data Range– Series: Multiple traces– Scale– Axis
• X: Time
• Y: Voltage
• Data Analysis– Fourier analysis
Experiment at Home - Power Supply
Safety: Do not short the power supply!
Power Supply
Dual Adjustable VoltageCommon Reference - Ground NodeCurrent LimitingEarth Ground5-V Source
Experiment at Home – Sound Card Function Generator
Function Generator
Input waveforms to characterize circuit response
Virtual Function Generator
Function Generator• Waveforms
– Sine, square, triangular, sawtooth• Frequency• Amplitude
– Peak-to-peak or RMS– DC Offset– Output impedance
• Reading off by a factor of 2
• Other functions– Modulation– Sweeping
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPfuncgen/WaveFormGen/WaveFormGen.htmlFull manual posted on course website
Prototype Circuit Board
Power Bus
Ground Bus
Bridge the Gap
Internal Contacts
Prototype Circuit Board
• Post Assembly– Align notches– Make sure the post is not shorted to the metal
• Wire to the Post– Only insert the exposed metal wire– Do not let the insulator extend into the post
Prototype Board Assembly
• Tools– PSPICE– Electronics Workbench, Multisim
• Virtual Instrument
– LTSpice
• Getting Started– Short instruction in manual– Demo on course website– http://faculty.citadel.edu/mckinney/pspice.pdf
• Practice, Practice, and Practice!
Simulation
Procedures of Simulation• Compose the Circuit.
– GUI Schematic Capture– Text Circuit Description File
• Correct Errors.• Run Simulation.• Review Results.
– Bias Voltage, Waveform, Frequency Response
• Optimize the Circuit.
Resistor Identification• Fixed Resistors - Color coded
– Carbon film, metal wire– black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray,
whitewhite– 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9– Two significant digits; one multiplier– Example: brown black brown; 100 – More color ring: Tolerance
• Gold 5%• Silver 10%
– Color code calculator: http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/calcjs.html
• Adjustable Resistors - Potentiometer
Fixed Resistors and Resistor Array
Potentiometer or Pot
• CurrentI = V / R
• PowerP = I V = I2 R
– Resistor rated at 0.25 W can burn while operating above its power handling limit.
Power Dissipation
• Capacitors - Labeled or number coded– Number Coded:
• 104; 10 x 104 = 105 pF
– Labeled:• 22; 22 pF• 10 F
– Electrolytic capacitors are labeled and polar.– Accuracy code
• K; 10%
http://www.electronics2000.co.uk/calc/calccap.htm
Capacitor Identification
Electrolytic, ceramic, mica, tantalum, polystyrene film
Electrolytic capacitor in wrong polarity has a leakage current.- Wrong bias, circuit fails to function
When biased above its rated voltage, an electrolytic capacitor could explode.- Shock
Safety: For electrolytic capacitors, do not reverse bias or over voltage. It may explode!
Component Identification
• Transistors - 2N3904– Pin configuration: EBC
• Op Amp - 741– Pin configuration:– 2-in, 3+in, 4-V, 7+V, 6 out, 1,5 offset– Notch - pin 1
• ICs – • Data Sheet
Putting it All Together
• Prototype Circuit Board– Power supply and ground bus– Semiconductor devices– R, C– Short wires
• Ground Reference• Power Line Filter
– Switching transient
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/breadb.htm
Recommendations
• Read the laboratory manual.
• Run Multisim or PSPICE.
• Put the circuit together before the laboratory.
• Plan what to do in the laboratory.
• Don’t make up or copy reports.
Introduction• Oscilloscope –
– Trigger; small signal– AC or DC coupling– Timing comparison– Data acquisition
• Power supply – current limiting• Function generator• Voltage divider• E-Bench/Multisim or PSPICE
http://coecsl.ece.uiuc.edu/me360/me360Lab1.pdf
Oscilloscope
• Synchronization of small signal– Trigger: channel, filtered– External, strong, synchronized signal
• Small AC signal on DC– AC coupling
• Low Frequency– DC coupling
• Ground Loop Noise– Single primary ground, reference node
• Measurements– Amplitude, frequency (period)
• Timing Comparison– Dual trace– Cable length at high frequency
USB Oscilloscope• Analog to digital converter
– 1 M samples/sec• USB interface• Software
– Front panel– FFT– Screen catch– Data file
• Limitations– Trigger not perfect– Limited bandwidth
USB Oscilloscope• Adjustments
– Channel– Trigger– Time– Sensitivity– Single trace acquisition– Cursors for measurements
• File– Save BMP– Export data
Oscilloscope
Auto
Bench Power Supply
• Voltage Source– Constant voltage– Adjustable
• Protection– Current limit; <100 mA
• Select source A• Set to 1V; minimum curren
t• Attach a 10- resistor• Turn current limit knob unti
l 100 mA– No longer constant voltage
• Multiple Voltages– Common or ground referen
ce
Set voltage
Set current limit
Select dial A or B
Cellular Phone Power Supply
• Preparation– Unplug, cut cable, identify the positive
wire– Do not short wires– Plug in, measure dc voltage; < 10 V– Check ac ripple with USB
oscilloscope; use capacitor if needed• Limitations
– Voltage is not adjustable– Current has no limit, no short circuit
protection• Add a fuse• Verify circuit connections before
plugging in the power
Agilent Power Supply
Function Generator• Waveform Selection
– Sine (frequency scan)– Square (time or transient response)
• Amplitude– Peak-to-peak– 50 load assumed (reading x2 actual)
• Frequency• Offset
– Digital pulses
Sound Card• Codec• Synthesizer
– Software programmable
• Limitations– Frequency range
• DC or 20 Hz• 20 kHz
– Amplitude• 1-2 V
– Transient spikes– Frequency fluctuations– Noise– No offset adjustment
Sound Card Function Generator
Function Generator
Waveform
f, V
Change dial
Decimal PointDC Offset
Keypad Enter
Unit
Voltage Divider
21
21
2
|| RRZ
RR
RVV
o
ino
Derive mV signal for inputProtect USB oscilloscope
• Do not use “Earth Ground”• Pick one reference node as the primary groun
d node– Power supply common node
• Connect oscilloscope to common• Connect function generator to common• Connect the ground of circuit to common
• Do not form a ground loophttp://www.channld.com/hum.html
Ground Reference
• Set up function generator• Display waveforms on oscilloscope and record da
ta in file• DC and AC coupling
– Low frequency waveform– Small AC signal on large DC
• Compare timing using dual traces• Voltage divider
– Practice triggering with weak signal and external trigger
• Practice PSPICE or Electronic Workbench / Multisim
http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/flashgames.htm
Activities
• Can you operate the laboratory equipment?• Do you know how to read resistance and
capacitance?• Have you done PSPICE simulation of the
voltage divider circuit?– Why is a 47- resistor used?
• Have you grabbed a waveform from the oscilloscope? How about the data file?
• Have you read the lab manual?• Do you have a partner and parts for the next
experiment?
Review