Serialnumber

Contents Page number

1 Introduction 1-2

2 Content 3-11

ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC: SCIENCE LABORATORY

Submitted to Manju teacher

Submitted by

3 Conclusion 11-12

4 References 13

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

The laboratory is central to science instruction. It is in the laboratory that the students learn to handle apparatus, think independently and to draw conclusions on the basis of experiments and observation. Laboratory experiences are essential for student in many science courses. Students with disabilities will need to have access to the physical facility, equipment, materials, safety devices and other service. Access issues for the students. It is in

this place that various kinds of practical work are carry out by the students. Without proper and well equipped science laboratory, it is not possible to carry out the science teaching process effectively in any school or educational institutions. Students learn to handle various apparatus and to think independently in the laboratory, because of which it is considered to be one of an important place. When students carry out various kinds of experiments, then they draw conclusions from their studies, which raise their level of confidence and develop scientific attitude among them. These are considered to be main objectives of science teaching, for which it is considered by experts that without a well equipped and organized scientific laboratory, these cannot be any proper teaching of science teacher to make active parts in various experimental processes, as most of the achievements of modern science are due to the application of experimental method

CONTENTSLaboratory work Laboratory work is an essential component of science education. Scientific theories and practical work in science are the two sides of a coin. These to aspects of science education should supplement and complement each other. Without experiments, the students cannot experience the reality of

science. Practical work provides an activity which can be profitable and emotionally satisfying. The development of powers of observation, measurement drawing inferences are all dependent on laboratory work. Laboratory work helps to realize the process oriented objectives of science teaching. The following are the educationally significant objectives of laboratory work.

I. Making abstract scientific understanding concrete.

II. Development of scientific concepts and principles.

III. Development of scientific skills, attitude, interests and appreciation. Training in scientific method. Awakening the maintenance of curiosity in the environment.

Administration of laboratory work In order to make the practical work most effective the science teacher should always

keep in mind the different aspects of laboratory work1.Organizing and conducting practical work.

i. There should be co-ordination of theoretical and practical work.

ii. Experiments should neither be too difficult nor too easy.

iii. The purpose of the experiment should be made clear to pupils.

iv. The purpose of the experiment should be made clear to pupils.

v. A faithful record of the experiments should be maintained by the pupils.

vi. Experiments should be well graded according to age, intelligence etc.

2.Students should be made to form appropriate groups.

3.Preparation is required for individual and group working.

4.Laboratory rules and discipline should be laid down.

5.Instructions to pupil are to be specific and clear.

In order to give proper guidance to pupils for doing practical’s the following the following should be made use of

i. Laboratory manualsii. Instruction cards.

iii. Laboratory directions.6. Pupils records and observation book are to

be properly maintained.

Features of good science laboratory A good science laboratory should satisfy most of the following characteristics.

a) It must be spacious –linear bench space, circulation space, storage space, wall space, permanent equipment space, demonstration space etc.

b) It must be quite conducive for hard work.c) Its plans must provide elements of flexibility for

effective teacher demonstration as well as for individual and small group work.

d) It must permit enough teacher supervision of the pupils work.

e)It must have water, gas and electric points where ever they needed.

f) It must have ample storage facilities for equipment’s.

g)It must have an emergency exit if it is not situated on the ground floor.

Selection and purchase of apparatus and chemicals

While making a list of requirements, the teacher should considering the following factors.

Types of apparatus required. Quantity of each item. Choice of suppliers.

Finance. The number of subject taught. The number of students and their level. The capacity of the laboratory. The knowledge and ability of the teacher.

Registers maintained in the laboratory1)Permanent stock register: In this register

articles of metal, wood or of permanent nature, which are not to be broken or consumed, are to be entered. Eg:-Test tube RACKS, Wooden stands, microscope, magnet

2)Stock register of breakables: - Articles of glass ware like flask, beaker, funnel, buret etc. which are liable to be broken are included in this register.

3)Stock register of consumables: - Chemicals and other fluids which are liable to be consumed are entered in this register.

4)Order register: - The order register includes a record of orders send for the purchase of apparatus and chemicals. The entries should include serial number and date of order, name of the firm, the ordered, cost of each item.

5)Requirement register: - In the requirement register the teacher should note down the requirements which he remembers at times and which he feels necessary, during the experiments. All pages of stock registers should be numbered. Entries should be made in alphabetical order.

Laboratory rules and discipline Laboratory safety is a positive undertaking which the science teacher is expected to take up at the time of engaging in any activity in the

laboratory, in the presence of his students. This would ensure acquisition of safety conscious attitudes among pupils, creation of which is a very important duty of the science teacher. The sign of good discipline is creating an atmosphere of healthy work. The following are some suggestions or rules for the maintenance of discipline in the laboratory.1.No pupils should be allowed to enter the

laboratory in the absence of the teacher.

2. Every student should have a place assigned to him for his experiment.

3. Pupils should perform only those experiments assigned by the teacher.

4. No equipment chemical should be used until proper instructions are received from the teacher. 5. Reagent bottles should be returned to the shelf immediately after use and these should not be misplaced.

6. Specimens, solid wastes, broken glass, burnt up match sticks and other laboratory wastes should be deposited in waste boxes.7. Any breakage of apparatus or accident or injury must be reported to the teacher.8. All unnecessary skills should be avoided and playing with the apparatus should be prohibited.9. The apparatus should be disconnected, washed if necessary and replaced in their proper places.10. Consider the safety of fellow students. A scientific atmosphere should be kept up in the laboratory

CONCLUSION The new approach to science gives prominence to the process of acquiring knowledge. Since science is an activity oriented subject a separate. Specially arranged place is

needed in higher classes for conducting the activities. A school laboratory is essential to transact science in the activity based method. There are few things to be remembered while organizing a science laboratory. They are make a list to be taken care of when equipping a science laboratory. Make a list of apparatus and chemicals needed. It is good to have enough apparatus and chemicals needed. It is good to have enough apparatus proportionate to the number of students. Glass apparatus need to kept safety in separate almirahs. Arrange chemicals in their alphabetical order. Bottles must be labeled clearly. After use apparatus must be leaned and kept back in their respective places. The wall of the laboratory can be decorated with pictures of scientists and diagrams of apparatus. Useless substances, broken glass, chemicals, solid wastes etc. must be deposited in separate basket. A bucket full of

water must be kept not only when experiments are being done but always.

REFERANCES1. Mariamma Mathew; Teaching science for biological and physical science (2014); NAS publishers:141

2.Sivarajan k ,faziluddin A; science education (2003); Calicut university, central co- operative store: 176-180