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Once is Not EnoughOnce is Not Enough

A Guide to Water Reuse in A Guide to Water Reuse in

MassachusettsMassachusetts

495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership

Metropolitan Area Planning CouncilMetropolitan Area Planning Council


OutlineOutline

�� Project BackgroundProject Background�� Issue BackgroundIssue Background

�� Types of Uses & Case StudiesTypes of Uses & Case Studies�� Commercial ReuseCommercial Reuse�� Industrial ReuseIndustrial Reuse�� Groundwater RechargeGroundwater Recharge�� Agricultural ReuseAgricultural Reuse�� Environmental and Recreational ReuseEnvironmental and Recreational Reuse

�� Technical Issues and CostTechnical Issues and Cost--Benefit Benefit ConsiderationsConsiderations

�� Regulatory OverviewRegulatory Overview�� RecommendationsRecommendations


Project BackgroundProject Background�� 495/MetroWest Water Resources Strategy:495/MetroWest Water Resources Strategy:

�� TwoTwo--year project to address key water resource year project to address key water resource issues in the 495/MetroWest Corridor, 2004issues in the 495/MetroWest Corridor, 2004--20062006

�� Funded by EPA through an appropriation secured by Funded by EPA through an appropriation secured by U.S. Rep. James McGovernU.S. Rep. James McGovern

�� Conducted by MAPC in collaboration with the Conducted by MAPC in collaboration with the 495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership; with 495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership; with participation of US Geological Surveyparticipation of US Geological Survey

�� Six major project components addressing water Six major project components addressing water supply, wastewater, and stormwater issuessupply, wastewater, and stormwater issues


Massachusetts Water Use Massachusetts Water Use

BackgroundBackground

�� With 44With 44”” of precipitation per year, why of precipitation per year, why does Massachusetts need to worry about does Massachusetts need to worry about water?water?�� Limited aquifer storage statewideLimited aquifer storage statewide

�� Impervious surfaces reduce aquifer recharge; Impervious surfaces reduce aquifer recharge; piping of stormwater carries rainwater awaypiping of stormwater carries rainwater away

�� Seasonal demand prevents full aquifer Seasonal demand prevents full aquifer rechargerecharge

�� Development on poor soils requires sewers Development on poor soils requires sewers and outside water sourcesand outside water sources


Water Supplies in Massachusetts: Water Supplies in Massachusetts:

Stressed BasinsStressed Basins


Water Supply Trends, 2000Water Supply Trends, 2000--20302030

Projected percent Projected percent

increase in water increase in water

demand, demand,

20002000--20302030


Potential ConsequencesPotential Consequences

�� If nothing is done to modify the projected water If nothing is done to modify the projected water demand, negative consequences could include:demand, negative consequences could include:�� Longer, more contentious, more expensive water Longer, more contentious, more expensive water

permitting processespermitting processes

�� Higher water rates, affecting home owners and Higher water rates, affecting home owners and businessesbusinesses

�� Limits on new connections could impede economic Limits on new connections could impede economic growthgrowth

�� Increasing impacts to rivers, streams, Increasing impacts to rivers, streams, and wildlifeand wildlife


Water Use by PurposeWater Use by Purpose

Nationally:Nationally:

�� 32% agricultural, 32% agricultural,

recreational, commercial, recreational, commercial,

and industrial useand industrial use

�� 28% toilet flushing28% toilet flushing

�� 23% bathing23% bathing

�� 14% for laundry and 14% for laundry and

dishwashingdishwashing

�� 3% drinking and cooking3% drinking and cooking

Do all uses require drinkingDo all uses require drinking--quality water?quality water?


Water ReuseWater Reuse�� Water reuse means using treated wastewater, also Water reuse means using treated wastewater, also

known as recycled or reclaimed water, to satisfy certain known as recycled or reclaimed water, to satisfy certain water demands that do not require potable waterwater demands that do not require potable water

�� Benefits of water reuse include:Benefits of water reuse include:�� NonNon--potable water supply in stressed basinspotable water supply in stressed basins�� Wastewater disposal optionWastewater disposal option�� CostCost--effective supply for some higheffective supply for some high--demand industrial usersdemand industrial users�� Reduced impacts of large developmentsReduced impacts of large developments�� Less fresh water diversion from sensitive ecosystemsLess fresh water diversion from sensitive ecosystems�� Less treated wastewater discharges into sensitive water bodiesLess treated wastewater discharges into sensitive water bodies�� Creation or enhancement of wetlandsCreation or enhancement of wetlands


Trends in Water ReuseTrends in Water Reuse

�� Water reuse increasing worldWater reuse increasing world--wide:wide:

�� Australia, the Middle East, parts of Latin America and the Australia, the Middle East, parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, Japan, EuropeCaribbean, Japan, Europe

�� Uses internationally:Uses internationally:

�� Irrigation (most common)Irrigation (most common)

�� NonNon--potable commercial & industrial usespotable commercial & industrial uses

�� Indirect recharge of water suppliesIndirect recharge of water supplies

�� In the US:In the US:

�� Florida recycles 584 million gallons per day (mgd): 64% for Florida recycles 584 million gallons per day (mgd): 64% for irrigationirrigation

�� California recycles 358 mgd: 48% irrigation, 12% groundwater California recycles 358 mgd: 48% irrigation, 12% groundwater rechargerecharge


Allowable Uses in Allowable Uses in


�� Golf courses Golf courses –– spray irrigationspray irrigation

�� Landscaping Landscaping –– nurseriesnurseries

�� Toilet flushing in commercial applicationsToilet flushing in commercial applications

�� Artificially recharging aquifersArtificially recharging aquifers


Types of UsesTypes of Uses

�� Commercial ReuseCommercial Reuse

�� Industrial ReuseIndustrial Reuse

�� Groundwater RechargeGroundwater Recharge

�� Agricultural ReuseAgricultural Reuse

�� Environmental and Recreational ReuseEnvironmental and Recreational Reuse


Commercial ReuseCommercial Reuse

�� Types of commercial reuse include:Types of commercial reuse include:

�� Irrigation Irrigation

�� Toilet flushing Toilet flushing

�� Vehicle washingVehicle washing

�� Fountains, reflecting pools, waterfallsFountains, reflecting pools, waterfalls

�� Dust control & concrete productionDust control & concrete production

�� Fire protectionFire protection


Commercial ReuseCommercial Reuse

�� Clear signs for above Clear signs for above ground facilitiesground facilities

�� Plant impacts from Plant impacts from reclaimed water reclaimed water irrigationirrigation

�� Issues with Commercial Reuse:Issues with Commercial Reuse:�� Additional treatment beyond standard Additional treatment beyond standard

wastewater treatmentwastewater treatment�� Possible onPossible on--site storage of recycled watersite storage of recycled water�� Dual distribution systemDual distribution system�� Demand evaluationDemand evaluation


Commercial Reuse, Commercial Reuse,

Massachusetts Case StudyMassachusetts Case Study

Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium -- Foxborough, MAFoxborough, MA

�� Background: New stadium in 2002 in FoxboroughBackground: New stadium in 2002 in Foxborough

�� Water issue: Would have overwhelmed town with Water issue: Would have overwhelmed town with potable water demand and wastewater flowpotable water demand and wastewater flow

�� Solution:Solution:

�� 1 million gallon elevated holding 1 million gallon elevated holding

tank for potable watertank for potable water

�� Wastewater treatment plant with Wastewater treatment plant with

subsurface disposal to recharge subsurface disposal to recharge

aquifersaquifers

�� 60% of treated wastewater used 60% of treated wastewater used for toilet flushing in the facilityfor toilet flushing in the facility



Massachusetts Case StudyMassachusetts Case StudyWrentham Premium Outlet Mall Wrentham Premium Outlet Mall ––

Wrentham, MAWrentham, MA

�� Water issues: Water issues: �� No sewers, onNo sewers, on--site wastewater site wastewater

treatment requiredtreatment required

�� Environmentally sensitive landEnvironmentally sensitive land


�� 100,000 100,000 gpdgpd wastewater treatment plant next to wastewater treatment plant next to

parking areaparking area

�� Wastewater recycling to reduce impacts of effluent Wastewater recycling to reduce impacts of effluent

disposal disposal –– 50% of effluent recycled:50% of effluent recycled:

�� 75% of recycled effluent used for toilet flushing, 75% of recycled effluent used for toilet flushing,

25% for groundwater recharge25% for groundwater recharge



Massachusetts Case StudyMassachusetts Case Study

Bayberry Hills Bayberry Hills –– Yarmouth, MAYarmouth, MA

�� Background: Golf course proposed on top of old Background: Golf course proposed on top of old

landfill landfill

�� Water issue: Yarmouth water supply already Water issue: Yarmouth water supply already

stressed during peak summer use periodsstressed during peak summer use periods


�� Use treated wastewater to Use treated wastewater to

irrigate 7 holes of the golf irrigate 7 holes of the golf course and to recharge course and to recharge

groundwatergroundwater


Industrial ReuseIndustrial Reuse

�� Types of industrial reuse:Types of industrial reuse:

�� Cooling waterCooling water

�� Industrial processing waterIndustrial processing water

�� Main industrial users of recycled water:Main industrial users of recycled water:

�� Utility power plantsUtility power plants

�� Metal working facilitiesMetal working facilities

�� Paper millsPaper mills

�� Textile industryTextile industry

�� TanneriesTanneries


Industrial ReuseIndustrial Reuse

�� Issues with industrial reuse:Issues with industrial reuse:

�� Potential for corrosion, biological growth, Potential for corrosion, biological growth,

scaling due to higher concentrations of scaling due to higher concentrations of

contaminantscontaminants

�� Different industrial processes require different Different industrial processes require different

levels of water qualitylevels of water quality


Industrial Reuse, Industrial Reuse,

Massachusetts Case Study: Massachusetts Case Study:

EMC, HopkintonEMC, Hopkinton

�� Background: EMC planned to add two new large Background: EMC planned to add two new large engineering facilities in Hopkintonengineering facilities in Hopkinton

�� Water issues:Water issues:�� Water shortages in Hopkinton during summer monthsWater shortages in Hopkinton during summer months

�� EMC HopkintonEMC Hopkinton’’s largest water users largest water user

�� Solution:Solution:�� SelfSelf--distributed wastewater distributed wastewater

treatment and recycling planttreatment and recycling plant

�� Plant treats 32,000 Plant treats 32,000 gpdgpd

�� 11,000 11,000 gpdgpd reusedreused

�� Reclaimed Water: 95% toilets, 5% coolingReclaimed Water: 95% toilets, 5% cooling




Intel, HudsonIntel, Hudson

�� Background:Background:�� Intel semiconductor fabrication facilityIntel semiconductor fabrication facility�� High demand on town water supply and sewage High demand on town water supply and sewage

treatment capacitytreatment capacity

�� Water issue: Water issue: �� Plant expansion limited by townPlant expansion limited by town’’s sewer pipe capacity s sewer pipe capacity

and ability to remove phosphorous from wastewaterand ability to remove phosphorous from wastewater

�� Solution:Solution:�� Recycle clean spent rinse water for reuse as UltraRecycle clean spent rinse water for reuse as Ultra--

Pure Water (UPW)Pure Water (UPW)�� Use less treated water for lower water quality Use less treated water for lower water quality

demandsdemands




Intel, HudsonIntel, Hudson

�� Outcomes:Outcomes:�� Intel saves 50+ million gallons per year in the UPW Intel saves 50+ million gallons per year in the UPW

Recycle SystemRecycle System�� Cost savings of $ 200 K/yr as water not purchased Cost savings of $ 200 K/yr as water not purchased

from Hudsonfrom Hudson�� Minimizes seasonal variability from municipal water Minimizes seasonal variability from municipal water

supplysupply�� Intel reduces wastewater and water supply needsIntel reduces wastewater and water supply needs

�� Successful expansion:Successful expansion:

•• Production increased 50%Production increased 50%

•• Decreased wastewater Decreased wastewater dischargedischarge


Groundwater Recharge Groundwater Recharge

ReuseReuse�� Benefits:Benefits:

�� Prevents saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifersPrevents saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers

�� Provides treatment and storage for future water reuseProvides treatment and storage for future water reuse

�� Supplements existing potable or nonSupplements existing potable or non--potable water potable water suppliessupplies

�� Controls or prevents groundwater subsidenceControls or prevents groundwater subsidence

�� Issues with groundwater recharge:Issues with groundwater recharge:�� Land requirementsLand requirements

�� CostCost

�� Possible aquifer contaminationPossible aquifer contamination

�� Groundwater law liabilityGroundwater law liability


Groundwater Recharge Groundwater Recharge


Kingston, MAKingston, MA

�� Background: Development pressure increases Background: Development pressure increases with rail service to Bostonwith rail service to Boston

�� Water issues:Water issues:�� Failing septic systems threaten water quality in Jones Failing septic systems threaten water quality in Jones

River and Kingston BayRiver and Kingston Bay

�� Town wells overdrawn in summerTown wells overdrawn in summer

�� Need wastewater treatment plan and sewersNeed wastewater treatment plan and sewers

�� Solution: Solution: �� Treated effluent for irrigation at proposed golf courseTreated effluent for irrigation at proposed golf course

�� Subsurface leaching fields to recharge aquifersSubsurface leaching fields to recharge aquifers


Kingston System for Water Kingston System for Water

ReuseReuse

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

Valve

Control

Diversion

Valve

Storage Pond

Golf Course

Irrigation

Irrigation

Pump

Driving Range

Subsurface Disposal

Diversion

Box


Agricultural Water ReuseAgricultural Water Reuse

�� Irrigation for agriculture accounts for 75% of all Irrigation for agriculture accounts for 75% of all

water use worldwidewater use worldwide

�� Studies show reclaimed water safe for irrigation Studies show reclaimed water safe for irrigation

�� Crop yields increased by nutrients in reclaimed Crop yields increased by nutrients in reclaimed

waterwater

�� Issues with agricultural reuse:Issues with agricultural reuse:

�� Crop damage from increased salinity, chlorine & trace Crop damage from increased salinity, chlorine & trace elements elements

�� Runoff issuesRunoff issues

�� Groundwater monitoring may be requiredGroundwater monitoring may be required


Example of Agricultural Example of Agricultural

ReuseReuse

�� CaliforniaCalifornia’’s San Joaquin Valleys San Joaquin Valley

�� Reclaimed water used on more saltReclaimed water used on more salt--tolerant tolerant

cropscrops

�� Final discharge water to solar evaporatorsFinal discharge water to solar evaporators


Environmental and Environmental and

Recreational ReuseRecreational Reuse

�� Types of Environmental and Recreational ReuseTypes of Environmental and Recreational Reuse

�� Wetlands restorationWetlands restoration

�� Constructed wetlandsConstructed wetlands

�� Stream augmentationStream augmentation

�� Water featuresWater features

�� Water impoundments for boating, wading, and Water impoundments for boating, wading, and

swimmingswimming

�� Issues with constructed wetlands reuse:Issues with constructed wetlands reuse:

�� Significant land use requirementsSignificant land use requirements

�� Limited application in urban settingsLimited application in urban settings


Water Reuse Technical Issues Water Reuse Technical Issues

and Cost Considerationsand Cost Considerations

�� Issues to consider in planning:Issues to consider in planning:

�� Identify demand for reclaimed waterIdentify demand for reclaimed water

�� Determine existing sources of reclaimed waterDetermine existing sources of reclaimed water

�� Investigate level of treatment necessary for intended Investigate level of treatment necessary for intended

useuse

�� Estimate storage capacity to meet seasonal demandEstimate storage capacity to meet seasonal demand

�� Determine needed supplemental Determine needed supplemental facilities facilities

�� Evaluate environmental impactsEvaluate environmental impacts

�� Incorporate operation & Incorporate operation &

maintenance skillsmaintenance skills


Suggested Uses by Suggested Uses by

Treatment LevelTreatment Level


The Benefits vs. The Benefits vs.

ChallengesChallenges

BenefitsBenefits

�� Provides a safe and Provides a safe and

affordable alternative affordable alternative

water sourcewater source

�� Reduces demand on Reduces demand on

potable water potable water

suppliessupplies

ChallengesChallenges

�� Added capital costsAdded capital costs�� Additional treatmentAdditional treatment

�� Reuse water storageReuse water storage

�� Distribution systemDistribution system

�� Added O&M costsAdded O&M costs

�� Public perceptionPublic perception


Water Reuse CostsWater Reuse Costs

�� Water reuse cost issues:Water reuse cost issues:

�� Capital improvements at wastewater treatment plantCapital improvements at wastewater treatment plant

�� Installation of reclaimed water transmission linesInstallation of reclaimed water transmission lines

�� O&M costs for power, water quality monitoring, and O&M costs for power, water quality monitoring, and

administrationadministration

�� CrossCross--connections prevention programconnections prevention program

�� Revenue loss for potable water supplierRevenue loss for potable water supplier


CostCost--Effectiveness & Effectiveness &

CostCost--Benefit AnalysisBenefit Analysis

�� Evaluation process:Evaluation process:

�� CostCost--Effectiveness Analysis: Effectiveness Analysis:

•• Compare alternative ways to address the same Compare alternative ways to address the same

issueissue

�� CostCost--Benefit Analysis: Benefit Analysis:

•• Determine economic impacts of each alternative Determine economic impacts of each alternative on various groups, including each type of useron various groups, including each type of user

•• Evaluate price of water & cost of action for each Evaluate price of water & cost of action for each

alternativealternative


Regulatory OverviewRegulatory Overview

�� Federal Regulations:Federal Regulations:�� No current regulations (2005) on reuse of No current regulations (2005) on reuse of

treated wastewatertreated wastewater

�� Other States:Other States:�� By the end of 2002:By the end of 2002:

•• 25 states had adopted water reuse regulations 25 states had adopted water reuse regulations

•• 16 states had guidelines to aid in developing reuse 16 states had guidelines to aid in developing reuse programsprograms

•• 9 had no regulations or guidelines 9 had no regulations or guidelines –– sometimes sometimes permitted casepermitted case--byby--casecase


Massachusetts Regulatory Massachusetts Regulatory

ApproachApproach

�� DEP guidelines developed in 1999DEP guidelines developed in 1999

�� Hybrid of other state programs Hybrid of other state programs

�� Task Force promotes reuse at:Task Force promotes reuse at:

�� Specific recreation sitesSpecific recreation sites

�� New large developmentsNew large developments

�� DEP evaluating use of reclaimed water for:DEP evaluating use of reclaimed water for:

�� Public park & playground irrigationPublic park & playground irrigation

�� NonNon--residential, highway & cemetery landscapingresidential, highway & cemetery landscaping

�� Cooling water for industrial usesCooling water for industrial uses


Constraints & BarriersConstraints & Barriers

�� MA plumbing code MA plumbing code

�� Lack of coordinated local water/wastewater Lack of coordinated local water/wastewater planning planning

�� Regulatory inconsistency at municipal levelRegulatory inconsistency at municipal level

�� Local zoning not required to comply with Local zoning not required to comply with community development plans community development plans

�� NoNo--growth advocates may oppose any growth advocates may oppose any additional water supplyadditional water supply

�� Lack of public education for town officials & Lack of public education for town officials & residentsresidents


Suggested New UsesSuggested New Uses

�� IrrigationIrrigation

�� ParksParks

�� Ball FieldsBall Fields

�� CemeteriesCemeteries

�� DevelopmentsDevelopments

�� CropsCrops

�� Residential Residential

irrigationirrigation


Suggested New UsesSuggested New Uses

�� Toilet reuseToilet reuse

�� CondosCondos

�� ApartmentsApartments

�� Fire protectionFire protection

�� PowerplantsPowerplants

�� Industrial usesIndustrial uses

�� Automated car Automated car

washwash


RecommendationsRecommendations

�� State should work with communities to promote State should work with communities to promote reclaimed water projectsreclaimed water projects

�� Minimum water reuse thresholds for Minimum water reuse thresholds for developments on state property or using state developments on state property or using state fundsfunds

�� Public education campaignPublic education campaign

�� Technical assistance for communitiesTechnical assistance for communities

�� Formation of regional water use districtsFormation of regional water use districts

�� Reuse standards & costReuse standards & cost--benefit analysis in benefit analysis in MEPA reviewMEPA review


A Guide to Water Reuse in A Guide to Water Reuse in


Copies are available from MAPC and the Copies are available from MAPC and the 495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership

Available online at: Available online at:

www.mapc.org/waterreusewww.mapc.org/waterreuse and and

www.arcwww.arc--ofof--innovation.orginnovation.org


�� Martin Pillsbury, Manager of Regional PlanningMartin Pillsbury, Manager of Regional Planning

�� [email protected]@mapc.org

�� 617617--451451--2770, ext. 20122770, ext. 2012

�� Sam Cleaves, Senior Regional PlannerSam Cleaves, Senior Regional Planner

�� [email protected]@mapc.org

�� 617617--451451--2770, ext. 20132770, ext. 2013

Metropolitan Area Planning CouncilMetropolitan Area Planning Council

60 Temple Place, Boston, MA 0211160 Temple Place, Boston, MA 02111


AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Thanks to CDM, Earth Tech, Intel, EMC and Thanks to CDM, Earth Tech, Intel, EMC and

Massachusetts DEP for information and/or Massachusetts DEP for information and/or

graphics used in this presentation graphics used in this presentation

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