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SOMAP3 Project for Support in National Roll-out of
Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Programme
Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
SOMAP 3 Office, Plot 2020 Church Road, P.O.Box 50027 Lusaka, Zambia Phone: +260-211-257374, Fax: +260-211-257375
MID TERM REPORT
ON
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING
THROUGH HANDPUMP REPLACEMENT TO PROPOSE STANDARDISED SPECIFICATIONS OF HAND PUMP WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES CONSIDERING THE WATER QUALITY
JANUARY 2013
SOMAP3 PROJECT FOR SUPPORT IN NATIONAL ROLL-OUT OF
SUSTAINABLE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME
CONTENTS
1. Background of the Project · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 2. Objectives of the Water Quality Analysis and Monitoring · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.1 Objectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.2 Scope of Works of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 2.3 Entire Schedule · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 2.4 Process of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 3. Location of the Study Area and Target Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.1 Number of Sites per District · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.2 Target Sites of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 3.3 Location Map of the Target Area and Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6 4. Methodology and Procedures of the Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.1 Preparatory Meeting with DLAs · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.2 Procurement of Afridev Type Handpump · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 4.3 First Field Work: Preliminary Visit to the Target Sites · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 9 4.4 Inspection of the Equipment and Materials used in the Study ·· · · · · · · · · 9 4.5 Second Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10 4.6 Third Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12 4.7 Fourth Field Work · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12 5. Results and Preliminary Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13 5.1 First Field Work Water Quality Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13 5.2 Second Field Work Water Quality Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 14 5.3 Third Field Work Water Quality Results ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 15 6. Preliminary Analysis and Remarks · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 16 6.1 Data Analysis of Results · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 16 6.2 Comments on the Results (Mid Term) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17 6.3 Recommendations (Mid Term) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17 ANNEXES Annex-1 Borehole depth, static water level and depth of installation of handpump Annex-2 Water quality results from Laboratory (up to second field work) Annex-3 Results of on-site water quality analysis (up to third field work) Annex-4 Condition of the removed India Mark-II handpumps Annex-5 Photographs of the field work
“This Mid Term Report covers the activities carried out from May/2012 up to December/2012. Final Report is expected to be prepared after completion of all the field activities and detailed data analysis, which is estimated to be around May 2013.”
17 January, 2013 SOMAP3 Team
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1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The access rate to improved water supply in rural areas of Zambia is 46% while the access to improved sanitation is 43% as of 2008 (WHO and UNICEF JMP 2010). It is also estimated that up to 30% of existing water points in rural areas are not functioning (NRWSSP 2007). To address the key issues which have hindered provision of improved access to water and sanitation in rural areas, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) launched the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NRWSSP) in 2006. NRWSSP sets three specific objectives in the areas of water, sanitation, and capacity development as stated below to achieve provision of sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to rural population: z To increase and improve the number of functioning water supply facilities in rural areas through
systematic investments in new facilities and rehabilitation of existing facilities on basis of single comprehensive national RWSS programme;
z To increase and improve the number of proper sanitation facilities in rural areas through promotion of household latrine construction, health and hygiene education, and strategic demonstration facilities; and
z To improve the performance of the RWSS sub-sector in planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of RWSS facilities through policy and institutional reforms, capacity building, comprehensive and sustainable management information system and effective advocacy and communication.
The Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Component of NRWSSP was designed to contribute to achievement of the programme objectives mentioned above by ensuring the operational rate of the water supply facilities at 70-80% all the time. The core approach of the component is the SOMAP O&M mechanism and model which were developed and tested in two phases of the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Project for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP1 and SOMAP2) implemented by the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) with a technical cooperation by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). SOMAP 1 (2005-2007) defined five mechanisms required for proper O&M and developed a model to put those mechanisms in place. The SOMAP O&M model incorporates clarifications of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, capacity building, sensitisation of community members and other elements. Pilot projects in Monze and Mumbwa had shown decrease of the downtime of hand pumps as a result of SOMAP 1. Furthermore, the SOMAP O&M model was adopted as the core element of O&M component of NRWSSP and was elaborated as the National Guidelines for Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Hand Pumps in Rural Areas. Based on achievement of SOMAP 1, GRZ requested JICA to refine the SOMAP O&M model with necessary manuals and to disseminate the model to other districts. Output realised in SOMAP 2 includes refined O&M related manuals, establishment of O&M system employing SOMAP model in four districts in Central Province, and dissemination of the model to Northern, Copperbelt and Luapula provinces where other cooperating partners support rural water supply and sanitation. In SOMAP2 targeted areas, the operational rate of the water facilities was over 80%, accomplishing the objective of NRWSSP O&M component.
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GRZ further aims to nationally disseminate the SOMAP O&M model and to achieve the NRWSSP objective of 70% operational rate of water supply facilities in rural areas. GRZ requested JICA to support rollout and implementation of the O&M model to the districts where the model has not been introduced, as well as to support capacity development of human resources who are involved in the implementation of the O&M model. Responding to the request, JICA designed the Project for National Roll-out of Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Programme (SOMAP3) jointly with MLGH for implementation from October 2011 to February 2016. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING 2.1 Objectives It has been observed that, in several areas of Zambia, groundwater drawn from hand pump water supply facilities contains considerable iron contents more than the guideline value (1.0mg/litter) set as the Zambian guideline standard. It is often reported that many communities has abandoned the boreholes with hand pump facilities because of the increased iron contents after starting the operation of the pump. Detail analysis and examination on the issue has not been made in a comprehensive manner although high iron content in boreholes has been one of the major concerns among stakeholders involved in rural water and sanitation sector in the country and it is assumed that low pH (acidic) of groundwater affects steel made parts of hand pumps so that water eventually contains considerable iron content. The water quality analysis and monitoring is conducted in order to assess relation between water quality with high iron content and steel made down hole components of hand pumps and whether utilisation of PVC pipes and stainless steel rods avoid the increment of iron content in the groundwater in boreholes. Findings from this experimental study will be utilised to provide technical options and propose standardised specification of hand pump, according to condition of groundwater qualities. The study is designed particularly to achieve the followings; 1) To identify reasons and/or causes that increase the iron content in the groundwater in boreholes
equipped with hand pump, 2) To recognise the effect of low pH (acidic) groundwater to steel made parts such as riser pipe,
connecting rods and cylinder of hand pump, and 3) To examine performance of Afridev hand pumps in corrosive groundwater environment. 2.2 Scope of Works of the Survey The required field work for this Study is basically performed by a Local Consultant in Joint Venture (JV) with local drilling company, which have experience on borehole cleaning. 1) Procurement of Afridev hand pump 2) Borehole cleaning by air-lift and replacement of existing India Mark II hand pumps by Afridev
hand pump at a total of 20 boreholes 3) Water quality analysis and monitoring at the water points mentioned above before and after
replacement of the hand pumps
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2.3 Entire Schedule The study is divided into two (2) stages as follows: 1st Stage (May – July 2012):
Up to completion of the 2nd Field Work. 2nd Stage (November 2012 – May 2013):
Up to completion of all the analysis and monitoring of the water quality. The estimated schedule of the entire study is shown in the next page. 2.4 Process of the Study The entire process of the study is described in the flow chart in the next page.
1st Field Work
2nd Field Work
1st STAG
E2nd STAG
E
Selection of 20 boreholes with India Mark-2 with high iron contents through consultation with DLAs and candidate communities
Water quality is analysed and immediately after, the India Mark-2 hand pumps on the target boreholes is removed.
1) Procurement of 20 sets of Afridev type handpump with connecting rods made of steel (average installation depth of intake=30m).2) Procurement of 20 sets of connecting rods made of stainless steel (30m/set).
Afridev hand pump with Stainless Steel connecting rods was installed and water quality analysed.
(After replacement of the hand pump, the water facility will be used by the communities.)
The boreholes is developed by air-lift for about 4 hours.
After approx. 4 months, monitoring of water quality were performed at 18 sites. At same time, replacement of the connecting rods of Afridev (Stainless
Steel made to steel made (GI) were carried out.
After approx. 4 months: water quality analysis at 18 sites and replacement of connecting rods from GI to Stainless Steel will be carried out.
(Estimated around April/2013)
Completion of Field Work and discussion on the results and findings
FLOW CHART FOR WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MONITORING THROUGH REPLACEMENT OF HANDPUMP
Reporting including recommendations
Preliminary site visit,Water quality analysis
3rd Field Work
4th Field Work
Preparatory Meeting with DLAs
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3. LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA AND TARGET SITES 3.1 Number of Sites per District The study is conducted at 20 existing boreholes fitted with India Mark II hand pump. The target water points are distributed in 11 districts in Luapula, Central, Copperbelt and Northwestern Provinces as listed below;
Province District No. of Target Water Points
1) Luapula (10 sites) Chiengi 1 Nchelenge 1 Kawambwa 2 Mwense 1 Mansa 2 Samfya 2 Milenge 1 2) Central (4 sites) Kapiri Mposhi 2 Serenje 2 3) Copperbelt (3 sites) Lufwanyama 3 4) Northwestern (3 sites) Kabompo 3
Total 20 The SOMAP 3 project team selected the target water points for the study based on review of the available data and information on existing boreholes in the districts and consultation with the District Local Authorities (DLA) as well as the communities where the target water points are located. The following conditions have been considered for selection of the target water points; 1) Water points representing variety of hydro-geological and geological characteristics in the target
area 2) Water points accessible with heavy vehicle and equipment, and located within the distance of not
more than 100km from the district centres 3) Consent of the user communities of the water points on implementation of the study 3.2 Target Sites of the Study Based on the above conditions and pre-selection of the suggested sites, finally the following 20 sites were selected as a target for the purpose of the Study.
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District Site Name District Site Name Mansa Dominic Village Kabompo Chikenge Village
Chisongo(A) Village Likwava Village Mwense Musangu Fill. Station Kabulamema Orphanage Kawambwa Mapipo Village Lufwanyama Lombanya Village
Chinfuntu Village Mulemu Basic School Nchelenge Kashita Village Filando Area Chiengi Kasembe Village Kapiri Mposhi Sungamoyo Village Samfya Sashi Basic School Fwabi Village
Kalasa Mukoso RHC Serenje Chintakwa Village Milenge Misenga Health Post Kabamba Village 3.3 Location Map of the Target Area and Sites The location of the target water point is shown in next figure.
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4. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY The study for water quality analysis and monitoring through handpump replacement to propose standardised specifications of handpump water supply facilities considering groundwater quality, is conducted according to the following procedures. The entire Field Work is actually carried out by a Consultant (Local Consultant). 1st Stage of the Study (May – August 2012) 4.1 Preparatory Meeting with DLAs The Consultant visited the Provincial DHID in the provincial headquarters and DLAs in the target districts in which the study is being conducted. Meetings with the Provincial DHID Principal Engineer and DLAs were conducted between 11th and 15th June 2012. The purpose of the visit was to explain the purpose of the study and scope of works of the Consultant team before starting the field works at the target sites. � Target group: Provincial Principal Engineer for DHID, District Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Unit (District RWSSU)/ Focal Point Person of each District Local Authority and other D-WASHE members
� Items which were explained are: ¾ Purpose of the study ¾ Scope of the study to be conducted, including procedures, entire schedule, and responsibilities
of the Consultant ¾ Target communities and water points to be surveyed in the district ¾ Participation of the district staff in the field works ¾ Communication with and reporting to the districts during the field works ¾ Handling of the existing hand pumps which were going to be removed from the boreholes
At the end of the meeting, the Consultant shall obtain an authorisation from each DLA on implementation of the study including replacement of the hand pump. The hand pumps that was removed from the target water points are kept at the District Council office. The Consultant is responsible for transportation of the removed hand pumps from the communities to the District Council office. 4.2 Procurement of Afridev Type Hand Pumps The Consultant procured the necessary hand pumps and materials, as specified below, to be used in the study. 1) Twenty (20) complete sets of Afridev type hand pumps - Average installation depth of the pump intake: 30m - Connecting rod: made of Stainless Steel - Standard tools sets for the daily maintenance, such as spanners - Standard spare parts sets
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2) Twenty (20) sets of connecting rods only - Material: made of Galvinized Steel - Total Length: 30m/borehole x 20 boreholes 4.3 First Field Work: Preliminary Visit to the Target Sites The SOMAP3 Project Team selected 20 sites which were reported to be with high iron content in the target districts, together with a staff from the respective DLAs and collect the following information through direct observations of the water facility and interview with V-WASHEs.
1) Ward, village name and name of water point 2) Organisation which funded the construction of the borehole 3) Year of construction of the borehole 4) Type of the hand pump installed on the borehole 5) Records of breakdown of the hand pump and repair works 6) Technical information of the borehole: coordinates of the water point, total depth, static water
level, availability of water in dry season 7) Conditions of the hand pump and any defects observed on the facility 8) Water quality (to be measured on site): pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron,
Alkalinity, Manganese, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection) 9) Photographs of the target water point (pictures which covers the entire facility)
The Consultant checked the conditions of the water facility in the presence of V-WASHE members including caretakers. All the India Mark II hand pumps were in a good working condition but some were abandoned due to high iron content. 4.4 Inspection of the Equipment and Materials used in the Study After the First Field Work before mobilisation for the Second Field Work the SOMAP Project Team inspected all the equipment and materials procured or gathered by the Consultant for use in the study. The following equipment was inspected by SOMAP 3 Project Team member on 2nd July 2012 at WRC and China Gansu premises:
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List of Equipment / Tools for the Study Equipment Specification Quantity
1) Transportation 1. Cargo Truck: Trucks 2. Supervision: 4x4 Double Cab/ Vehicles
1
2
2) Compressor 1. Capacity of compressor: a. Air delivery: 20m3/min b. Working pressure: 7 Bars c. Engine output: 20KW d. Name of manufacturer and year
Denyo, Japan, 2000 2. Truck mounted or skid: Skid
1
3) Accessories for air-lift 1. 1 inch Diameter Poly pipe Air line 100m long.
1
4) Water quality analysis kit to be used at the site
1. HI 98129 meter – water proof pH/EC/TDS/temperature meters. 2. Lovibond MaxiDirect Photometer Parameters : a. Alkalinity, Total 5-500mg/l, b. Chloride, 0-5.0 c. Manganese, 0-0.03, 250 pack d. Iron 0.02-3.0 (can measure up to 78 parameters) 3. WAGTECH Iron Comparator Range 0 to >10mg/l
2
2
2
5) GPS Etrex Summit HC Garmin (Handheld) 2 6) Afridev hand pump Afridev Hand pumps
Stainless steel rods (Procured from Malawi)
20sets 20 x 30 m
7) Water Level Deeper 200m 2 8) Field Data Entry Stations HP Laptops 2 9) Sony digital camera 10 MP 2 4.5 Second Field Work After the above mentioned inspection, the Consultant mobilised to conduct field works at the target sites. The Consultant mobilised together with the staff from the respective DLAs and requested the V-WASHE members including caretakers to be present at the site during the field work. According to the TOR and Technical proposal submitted by the Consultant the following procedures were conducted:
1) Existing India Mark II hand pump was operated and an assessment on the condition of the hand pump including any defects, malfunctioning or damaged parts was conducted.
2) The following water quality analysis was performed after pumping water for more than 15 minutes:
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a) Parameters measured on site before removing an existing India Mark II hand pump:
pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection)
b) Parameters measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected before removing an existing India Mark II hand pump):
pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead, Zinc
3) The existing India Mark II hand pump was removed from the borehole. The water level and
depth of the borehole were measured. 4) Borehole cleaning was performed for approximately 4 hours until the water was clear using
air-lift tools. 5) The borehole was disinfected with “Chlorine”. The “Chlorine” mixture was made by mixing
of two 250 ml bottles of “Chlorine” (Sodium Hydrochloride solution 0.5% USP) thoroughly in 20 litres of clean water in a container and poured in the borehole.
6) The Afridev hand pump was installed on an adequate depth. The depth of installation and Static water level are shown in Annex-1. The connecting rods of the Afridev hand pump installed in this stage were Stainless Steel made.
7) After the installation of the Afridev hand pump a test operation was conducted on the hand pump for about one hour, and measuring the flow rate under constant stroke.
8) The following on site water quality analysis was performed after installation of Afridev hand pump with stainless steel rods.
a) Parameters measured on site after cleaning the borehole:
pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection)
9) Training of the caretakers in V-WASHE or Local Area Pump menders in operation and
maintenance of Afridev hand pump was conducted during the installation of the hand pump. At the end of the installation the consultant obtained a signature of a representative of the V-WASHE on a document which the V-WASHE acknowledges that the water supply facility has been properly restored.
10) To all the V-WASHE were handed over two spanners and manual for daily maintenance and operation of the hand pump.
11) All the 20 sets of removed India Mark II hand pumps were taken to their respective DLAs. All the 20 water facilities were successfully cleaned and installed with Afridev hand pump without damage caused on the borehole and its appurtenant facilities. The second field work was conducted from 3rd July to 29th July 2012. Special Attention during the Installation of Afridev Pump The Consultant was requested to pay attention in the following points during the installation of Afridev hand pumps at the target sites: 1) Prior to commencement of the installation, conditions of the borehole interior, such as borehole
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depth and static water level, needed to be checked and recorded. 2) Check if the foundation/basement is durable enough to support the hand pump and the riser pipes
when those are filled with water. The pump shall be fixed with anchors to prevent vibrations and rotations.
3) The hand pump shall be fixed vertically to avoid bending and damaging the riser pipes and other mechanical parts of the hand pump. The installation procedures shall follow strictly the instructions from the manufacturer.
4) The Consultant shall calculate and recommend the adequate position (depth) of the pump intake based on the result of above mentioned inspection of the borehole. Basically, the intake position of the pump will be the same of the originally installed hand pump.
5) Special attention is required for the installation of PVC riser pipes of Afridev hand pump, mainly during its connection work. The Consultant shall verify the surface of the socket which needs to be clean, place the glue, and after the connection of the pipes, wait for the time recommended by the manufacturer of the material before installing inside the borehole.
2nd Stage of the Study (Nov. 2012 – May 2013) (on going) 4.6 Third Field Work The Third Field visit was conducted between 4th December 2012 and 23rd December 2012. As according to the study processes developed at the inception of the study, work carried out during the third field visit involved: i. On-site water quality analysis of the following parameters after pumping water for more than 15 minutes: a) Parameters to be measured on site during the
Third Field Work: pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection)
b) Parameters to be measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected in the Third Field Work):
pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Zinc, Lead
ii. Replacement of AFRIDEV connecting rods (Stainless steel made to GI steel) iii. Conducted test operation of the hand pump for about 30 minutes. 4.7 Fourth Field Work The Fourth Field Work is expected to be implemented around April/2013, and the contents of the work are as follows:
1) Check the working conditions of the Afridev hand pump installed in the Study. 2) Operate the hand pump for about 15 minutes and make the water quality analysis.
a) Parameters to be measured on site during the Fourth Field Work:
pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, odour, taste, colour (visual inspection)
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b) Parameters to be measured at an official laboratory (for water samples collected in the Fourth Field Work):
pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Zinc, Lead
3) Change the Galvanized Steel rods to Stainless Steel. 5. RESULTS AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 5.1 First Field Work Water Quality Results During the First Field Work only on-site water quality analysis was performed for the following parameters: Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Color, Taste, Odor, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity and Chloride.
x Temperature: Generally the measured groundwater temperature varied within the range of 22 to 30.1ͼC. The lowest was recorded in Kapiri Mposhi district at Fwabi site and the highest was recorded at in Kawambwa district at Chinfuntu site.
x pH: A test of the acidity of water is pH, which is a measure of the hydrogen-ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 indicates neutral water; greater than 7, the water is basic; less than 7, it is acidic. Water that is basic in combination with some chemical component and environmental condition can form scale; acidic water is generally corrosive. Recommended water for domestic use should have a pH between 5.5 and 9. All measured pH readings were less than 7 and varied from 5.56 to 6.89 suggesting fairly acidic conditions though within the drinking limit.
x Colour: The colour of groundwater is usually due to the colour of mineral content in water or dissolved substances. On most sites no colour could be observed or it was whitish except for Kalasa Chikoso RHC, Chinfuntu, Fwabi, Likwava and kabamba RHC were brown water was observed suggesting the presence of high iron levels.
x Taste: Just like Colour the taste of groundwater also suggests mineral content in water or dissolved substances / elements. The taste of water on most sites was rusty suggesting corrosion on the bottom part assembly components of the borehole.
x Odor: The odor of groundwater suggests mineral content and dissolved metals. Certain odor may be indicative of organic or non-organic contaminants that originate from municipal or industrial waste discharges or from natural sources. A metal odor is attributed to corrosion on the metal assembly, while odor of an egg suggests decomposed inorganic matter. Most sites had a metal odor except for Mapipo village where the water sample had no odor.
x Iron: Occurs naturally as a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining, industrial waste, and corroding metal. On all sites except Mapipo village measured Iron values were greater than 1mg/l which is the acceptable drinking limit for Zambia Bureau. Most readings were greater than 10mg/l with a few varying between 1.89 to 7.5mg/l. This shows that all sites selected had problems of high iron levels.
x Chloride: May be associated with the presence of sodium in drinking water when present in high concentrations. Often from saltwater intrusion, mineral dissolution, industrial and domestic waste. The acceptable limit of Chloride according to Zambia Bureau standards is 250mg/l. All measured sites had Chloride values within the acceptable standard to as low as 0.5mg/l.
x Manganese: Occurs naturally as a mineral / trace element from sediment and rocks or from
14
mining and industrial waste. The acceptable limit of Manganese according to Zambia Bureau standards is 0.1mg/l – 0.5mg/l. The measured sites had manganese values within limits except for Kabulamema Falcon orphanage, Chisonga A and Kasembe villages were levels of 0.6 to 0.7mg/l were recorded.
x Alkalinity (CaCO3): The pH of groundwater controls which type of carbonate or silicate occurs in solution. In acidic solutions, H2CO3 is the dominant carbonate anion, followed by HCO3
-, then CO32- as solutions become more basic. A similar progression would be seen in
silicates from H2SiO3 to HSiO3- to SiO2- as solutions pass from acidic to basic. The carbonate
and silicate ions serve as strong bases.Alkalinity is defined as the net concentration of strong base in excess of strong acid with a pure CO2 - water system as a point of reference. It is controlled by pH and the concentrations of strong bases such as carbonate and silicate ions. Strong acids are not common in natural ground water. Their occurrence represents contamination from human activity. The solution of silicate and carbonate minerals does provide strong bases in solution in natural situations. Consequently, as ground water flows through an aquifer, it dissolves more carbonate and silicate minerals thereby increasing the alkalinity and the pH. Alkalinity is often related to hardness because the main source of alkalinity is usually from carbonate rocks (limestone) which is mostly CaCO3. According to Zambia Bureau standards the maximum acceptable limit of Alkalinity in drinking water is 500mg/l. All recorded readings were within the acceptable range. Low Alkalinity suggests low pH hence acidic water.
5.2 Second Field Work Water Quality Results During the Second Field Work, on-site water quality analysis was performed on two stages: before borehole cleaning and after borehole cleaning) for the following parameters: Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Colour, Taste, Odour, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity and Chloride. Before Borehole cleaning samples were taken for laboratory analysis for the following parameters; pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead and Zinc. 5.2.1 On-site Water Quality Results Parameter Before Borehole Cleaning After Borehole Cleaning
Temperature Varied from 17ͼC to 29ͼC The temperature varies from 23.9ͼC to 39.9ͼC
Electrical Conductivity
EC varied from 34 to 375µS/cm EC to varied from 7 to 394 µS/cm
pH pH varied from 5.56 to 6.82
pH varied from 5.56 to 6.8
Alkalinity Alkalinity varied from 25 to 208 mg/l
Alkalinity varied from 15 to 198mg/l
Colour On most water points the colour of groundwater was brown
The colour became clear on most sites
Odour Metal odour on most sites No odour on most sites Iron Iron content was higher than
2mg/l Iron became less than 1mg/l
Manganese Varied from <0.1 to 1.1mg/l Varied from <0.1 to 2.2mg/l
15
Chloride Varied from <0.5 to 4.5mg/l Varied from <0.5 to 19.4mg/l 5.2.2. Laboratory Water Quality Results Two samples per site where collected for laboratory analysis in each stage of the Work. The result from the laboratory is presented in Annex-2. The following parameters were analysed in the laboratory: iron, pH, alkalinity, lead and Zinc.
x Iron: Unexpectedly the values of iron according to laboratory analysis were lower than 1mg/l on most communities. UNZA laboratory used a Spectro-photometer to perform the analysis for Total iron on the water samples. The Consultant utilised a combination of WAGTECH Comparator and Lovibond Photometer to perform the onsite water quality tests for Total Iron. The laboratory results however differ from the on-site results.
x Zinc: Found naturally in water, most frequently in areas where it is mined. Enters environment from industrial waste, metal plating, and plumbing, and is a major component of sludge. According to the Bureau standards for drinking water the acceptable limit of Zinc is 5mg/l. Results from the laboratory show that water on all sites is within drinking limits as all were less than 1mg/l.
x Lead: Enters environment from industry, mining, plumbing, gasoline, coal, and as a water additive. However the results from the laboratory show that negligible amount of Lead are present in groundwater as all results were within (less than 0.01mg/l) the maximum acceptable limit for Zambia Bureau of drinking standards of 0.05mg/l. Results on all sites were less than.
x pH: The pH readings from the laboratory analysis resembled the readings obtained on-site. The values varied from 5.22 to 6.10 suggesting acidic conditions on groundwater.
x Alkalinity (CaCO3): On most sites laboratory results show that on most sites alkalinity is significantly low (less than 80) suggesting acidic environment of groundwater.
5.3 Third Field Work Water Quality Results 5.3.1 On-site Water Quality Results The Third Field Work was conducted between 4th December 2012 and 23rd December 2012. As according to the study processes developed at the inception of the study, work carried out during the third field work involved:
i. On-site water quality analysis of the following parameters: pH, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, Iron, Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Odour, Taste, Colour (visual inspection).
ii. Laboratory water quality analysis of the following parameters: pH, Iron, Alkalinity, Lead, Zinc.
iii. Replacement of AFRIDEV connecting rods (Stainless steel made to GI steel made) All the on-site water quality analysis data (up to third field work) are shown in Annex-3. The average value of iron and pH in each stage of field work is shown in the following graph. It is clear that there is a considerable drop in the iron concentration after the borehole cleaning and change of material of handpump (corrosive to non-corrosive).
16
IM-2(Jul/2012) Afridev(Jul/2012) Afridev(Dec/2012)Fe(mg/l) 5.62 0.99 0.34pH 6.27 6.08 6.54
5.62
0.99
0.34
6.27
6.08
6.54
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Variation of iron and pH in groundwater (average value)
Graph Variation of iron and pH in groundwater of the Study Sites (average value) 5.3.2 Laboratory Water Quality Results The results of the samples by the laboratory, are actually under analysis. 6. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS AND REMARKS 6.1 Data Analysis of Results
x Temperature: Not much variation was observed on Temperature readings before and after borehole cleaning.
x pH: All measured pH readings were less than 7 and varied from 5.3 to 6.72 before and after borehole cleaning. Generally pH decreased with an average order of 1 after borehole cleaning, which is a decrease by 10 on the concentration of H+ ions. This shows that generally the environment on the target sites is acidic and corroded metals (i.e. iron) causes the pH to slightly rise.
x Electrical Conductivity (EC): EC Not much variation before and after borehole cleaning was observed showing that groundwater on the selected target sites is not saline.
x Colour: On most sites the colour changed from brown to no colour / clear. If the colour of water had remained brown, it would have suggested that the colour contribution is coming from the formation unlike corroded metals. Filando village is an exception as the water remained brown in colour even after borehole cleaning. Filando village water point is cased with steel casing, so even after borehole cleaning the water remained brown. Water on Chikenge village and Lombanya water point could not clear, this could be attributed to poor construction problem.
x Taste: The taste of water changed from Rusty to no taste after borehole cleaning suggesting that the rusty taste was being influenced by the corroded metals.
x Odor: At the end of borehole cleaning the water sample had no odor. Same interpretation as taste can be given to explain the change in the parameter.
x Iron: On all sites except Mapipo village measured Iron values were greater than 1mg/l before borehole cleaning and the levels went to less than 1mg/l after borehole cleaning. Filando, Lombanya in Lufwanyama and Chikenge in Kabompo whose water iron content remained high even after pump replacement exercise. This could be attributed to the steel casing at Filando, low borehole yield and probably poor borehole construction at Chikenge and for Lombanya, the yield was good but water could not clear by completion of airlifting period.
17
x Chloride: All measured sites had Chloride values within the acceptable standard. Generally the values of chloride decreased after borehole cleaning but in contrary increased after borehole cleaning on sites which had high iron content even after cleaning.
x Manganese: Manganese values also slightly decreased after borehole cleaning for most sites except for Kalasa community, Musangu station and Sungamoyo village whose values increased beyond the acceptable limit of Zambia Bureau. Manganese values on Filando, Lumbabya and Kabulamemma Ophanage sites remained above the acceptable limit even after borehole cleaning.
x Alkalinity (CaCO3): Like pH on most sites alkalinity slightly decreased after borehole cleaning. All recorded readings were within the acceptable range.
6.2 Comments on the Results (Mid Term)
1) It is observed that pH and Iron content on most of the boreholes decreased after cleaning the borehole and installation of Afridev hand pump with stainless steel rod.
2) Not much variation were observed on Manganese, Alkalinity, Chloride, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity after cleaning the borehole.
3) For all boreholes that high iron content after borehole cleaning had high readings of manganese beyond the ZABS standards for drinking. It is often observed from other studies that the presence of high levels of manganese in groundwater or wells often gives the rise to the growth of iron bacteria.
4) From the direct observations and interviews with community members, it was evident that most of the selected sites had been abandoned due to high Iron content in the water. It was also noted that at the time of water point construction and hand over, all water points had good quality of water and that the quality started becoming un-desirable a few months to one year after hand over.
5) At one site (Kabulamema Orphanage, Kabombo District), the concentration of iron remained at high level (5mg/l) even after borehole cleaning and replacement of handpump. Probably the iron comes from the geological formation. Therefore, we can say that not always the handpump material is the direct cause of the high iron contents in the groundwater.
6.3 Recommendations (Mid Term)
1) Lack of borehole information. It is necessary to request to each drilling company and/or consultant that are involved in groundwater development and borehole drilling, to keep detailed record of the drilled borehole. The minimum required data are, geological formation, borehole depth, static water level, dynamic water level, water quality analysis, depth of handpump, type of handpump, year of construction. Also, it is necessary to make an appropriate pumping test.
2) The Consultant recommends to submit the samples for Laboratory analysis within a week of sampling to improve the accuracy of laboratory analysis.
3) The Consultant advises the DLAs/DWASHE committees to mobilise the communities to form and keep the VWASHE committees active. It is suggested that during the Second Stage of Work another intense training for general maintenance of Afridev hand pumps be conducted. In this regard the District Focal Point Persons(FPP) need to notify all Area Pump Menders and VWASHE members to be ready and encouraged to avail during the training.
18
4) The Consultant strongly recommends that the FPP be encouraged to keep the Consultant updated on the state of the newly installed Afridev pumps so that prompt action can be taken in case of breakdown during the period between the 1st Stage and 2nd stage of the study.
* * * * *
ANNEXES
Sch
edul
e of
the
wat
er q
ualit
y an
alys
is a
nd m
onito
ring
thro
ugh
hand
pum
p re
plac
emen
t
Act
ivity
1st
ST
AG
E:
1) P
rocu
rem
ent o
f Afri
dev
Han
dpum
p
2) P
rocu
rem
ent o
f 20
sets
of G
alvi
nize
d
Ste
el (G
I) ro
ds fo
r Afri
dev
3) 1
st F
ield
Wor
k: P
relim
inar
y vi
sit
to
targ
et s
ites
20 s
ites
4) P
repa
ratio
n of
equ
ipm
ent,
pers
onne
l,
othe
r log
istic
s, e
tc.
4
5) In
spec
tion
of a
ll eq
uipm
ent a
nd
mat
eria
ls to
be
used
in th
e Su
rvey
6) 2
nd F
ield
Wor
k: W
ater
qua
lity
anal
ysis
,bo
reho
le c
lean
ing,
and
repl
acem
ent o
fha
ndpu
mp
(Indi
a M
ark-
II to
Afri
dev
with
PVC
rise
r pip
e an
d st
ainl
ess
stee
l rod
)
20 s
ites
2nd
ST
AG
E:
1) 3
rd F
ield
Wor
k: w
ater
qua
lity
anal
ysis
and
repl
acem
ent o
f the
con
nect
ing
rods
18 s
ites
(*1)
2) 4
th F
ield
Wor
k: w
ater
qua
lity
anal
ysis
,ch
eck
of h
and
pum
p co
nditi
ons
and
repl
ace
the
conn
ectin
g ro
ds (G
I to
Stai
nles
s S
teel
)
18 s
ites
(*1)
(*1)
The
num
ber o
f tar
get b
oreh
oles
wer
e re
duce
d fro
m 2
0 to
18
site
s, b
ecau
se in
2 b
oreh
oles
the
yiel
d is
ver
y lo
w a
nd it
was
diff
icul
t to
cont
inue
the
mon
itorin
g.
Augu
stM
ayS
epte
mbe
rO
ctob
erN
ovem
ber
In
this
Fie
ld W
ork,
all
the
stai
nles
s st
eel r
ods
wer
ere
plac
ed w
ith G
I rod
s.
Janu
ary
Febr
uary
2012
2013
Mar
chAp
ril
1st S
TAG
E2n
d S
TAG
E
Dec
embe
rM
ayJu
neJu
ly
Ann
ex-1
Bo
reho
le d
epth
, sta
tic w
ater
leve
l and
dep
th o
f ins
talla
tion
of h
andp
ump
(dur
ing
the
seco
nd fi
eld
wor
k)
Latit
ude
(dd.
dddd
d)Lo
ngitu
de
(dd.
dddd
d)
Date
of
Inst
alla
tion
(dd-
mmm-
yy)
Dept
h of
Bo
reho
le
(mbg
l)
Stat
ic
Wat
er L
evel
(m
bgl)
Dept
h of
In
stal
latio
n (m
bgl)
No. o
f Ra
isin
g Pi
pes
Type
of
Rais
ing
Pipe
s
Type
of
Conn
ectin
g Ro
ds
Kalas
a Muk
oso
RHC
Samf
ya11
.8181
1 ͼ02
9.594
59ͼ
5-Ju
l-12
3.315
5SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lSa
shi B
asic
Scho
olSa
mfya
10.79
233ͼ
029.5
8647ͼ
6-Ju
l-12
27.53
6.621
7SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lCh
isong
oM
ansa
11.27
367 ͼ
029.1
1286ͼ
7-Ju
l-12
478.9
536
12SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lDo
mini
c Villa
geM
ansa
11.92
520ͼ
028.7
4024ͼ
8-Ju
l-12
402.5
155
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Mise
nga R
HCM
ileng
e11
.8990
9ͼ02
9.017
89ͼ
9-Ju
l-12
56.4
4.35
186
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Mus
angu
Sta
tion
Mwe
nse
10.24
188ͼ
028.6
4985ͼ
10-Ju
l-12
4512
3311
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Map
ipo
Kawa
mbwa
09.92
045ͼ
029.2
6050ͼ
11-Ju
l-12
65.6
921
7SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lCh
infu
ntu
Kawa
mbwa
10.06
482ͼ
029.1
3363ͼ
12-Ju
l-12
9013
.827
9SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lKa
shita
Nche
lenge
09.66
003ͼ
028.7
5488ͼ
13-Ju
l-12
43.5
918
6SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lKa
semb
eCh
ienge
08.55
827ͼ
029.0
5352ͼ
14-Ju
l-12
62.2
1224
8SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lKa
bamb
a RHC
Sere
nje
13.17
896ͼ
030.3
5607ͼ
17-Ju
l-12
625
279
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Sund
ay N
temb
weSe
renj
e13
.4001
6ͼ02
3.818
85ͼ
18-Ju
l-12
46.8
7.818
6SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lM
ulem
u ba
sic sc
hool
Lufw
anya
ma12
.8942
0 ͼ02
8.075
38ͼ
19-Ju
l-12
38.73
3.727
9SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lFi
lando
Lufw
anya
ma12
.8491
5ͼ02
7.723
38ͼ
20-Ju
l-12
44.1
13.2
217
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Lomb
anya
Lufw
anya
ma12
.8747
1 ͼ02
7.594
12ͼ
21-Ju
l-12
37.5
5.55
248
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Kabu
lamem
a Orp
hana
geKa
bomp
o13
.8477
1ͼ02
4.017
55ͼ
23-Ju
l-12
66.5
20.4
3010
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Chike
nge
Kabo
mpo
13.40
016ͼ
023.8
1885ͼ
24-Ju
l-12
7.816
.615
5SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
lLi
kwav
aKa
bomp
o13
.5698
0ͼ02
4.114
49ͼ
25-Ju
l-12
16.4
11.4
155
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Sung
amoy
oKa
piri-
Mpo
shi
14.01
281ͼ
028.7
1474ͼ
27-Ju
l-12
39.4
7.25
3311
SL St
eel
SL St
eel
Fwab
iKa
piri-
Mpo
shi
14.27
153ͼ
028.2
3753ͼ
28-Ju
l-12
54.8
4.439
13SL
Stee
lSL
Stee
l
Nam
e of W
ater
poin
tNa
me o
f Di
stri
ct
Bore
hole
Det
ails
Deta
ils o
f Afr
idev
Inst
alla
tion
Annex-2 Laboratory Water Quality Analysis Results (up to 2nd field work)
Target site / Village Name
District Name Date of Sampling
(dd/mm/yy)
Date of Report
(dd/mm/yy)
Iron (mg/l)
pH Alkalinity (CaCO) (mg//l)
Lead (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Chikenge Kabompo 24/07/12 02/08/12 0.66 5.62 20 <0.01 0.024
Likwava Kabompo 25/07/12 02/08/12 0.68 5.28 56 <0.01 0.03
Kabulamema
Ophanage Kabompo 23/07/12 02/08/12 0.49 5.5 60 <0.01 0.038
Chintakwa Serenje 17/07/12 23/07/2012 0.33 6.07 30 <0.01 0.011
Kabamba Serenje 18/07/12 23/07/2012 2.29 5.83 52 <0.01 0.052
Sungamoyo Kapiri Mposhi 27/07/12 02/08/12 5.07 5.37 60 <0.01 0.033
Fwabi Kapiri Mposhi 28/07/12 02/08/12 8.44 5.75 58 <0.01 0.021
Lombanya Lufwanyama 21/07/12 02/08/12 0.40 5.61 34 <0.01 0.011
Mulemu Basic School
Lufwanyama 19/07/12 02/08/12 0.13 6.04 24 <0.01 0.012
Filando Area Lufwanyama 20/07/12 02/08/12 5.99 5.22 56 <0.01 0.002
Kasembe Chiengi 14/07/12 23/07/2012 0.14 5.54 34.00 <0.01 0.063
Kashita Village Nchelenge 13/07/12 23/07/2012 9.40 5.90 24.00 <0.01 0.053
Chimfuntu Kawambwa 12/07/12 23/07/2012 0.94 5.86 58.00 <0.01 0.022
Mapipo Kawambwa 11/07/12 23/07/2012 <0.01 5.78 168.00 <0.01 0.015
Musangu Station Mwense 10/07/12 23/07/2012 0.10 5.65 42.00 <0.01 0.08
Dominic Village Mansa 08/07/12 23/07/2012 2.76 5.83 58.00 <0.01 0.022
Chisongo (A) Mansa 07/07/12 23/07/2012 12.00 5.59 12.00 <0.01 0.212
Sashi Basic School
Samfya 06/07/12 23/07/2012 5.28 6.10 22.00 <0.01 0.19
Kalasa M. RHC Samfya 05/07/12 23/07/2012 4.69 5.83 32.00 <0.01 0.832
Misenga Health Post
Milenge 09/07/12 23/07/2012 <0.01 5.74 72.00 <0.01 0.111
ANNEX-3 On-site water quality analysis data (up to third field work)
- 2300 15TCU 5.5-8.0 1.0 0.1 250- - - - - 0.4 -
Kalasa Mukoso 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/05 20.2 83 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.20 >10 <0.1 129 <0.5RHC 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/05 24.8 40 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.56 0.31 1.3 105 1.7
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/06 23.9 31 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.19 0.50 0.1 19 1.3Sashi Basic 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/06 18.0 79 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.45 >10 0.5 145 0.8School 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/06 25.1 46 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.79 0.10 0.2 91 0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/06 32.6 46 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.30 0.00 <0.1 28 1.3Chisongo A 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/07 19.2 42 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.02 >10 0.8 78 <0.5
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/07 24.3 60 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.70 0.04 <0.1 33 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/07 27.5 38 Brown No taste No odor 3rd 6.14 0.00 <0.1 25 <0.5
Dominic Chibale 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/08 22.2 120 No color Rusty metal 1st 6.26 7.50 <0.1 189 1.42-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/08 26.9 105 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.14 0.93 <0.1 60 <0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/07 29.1 133 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.01 0.00 <0.1 77 2.3Milenge Misenga Health 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/09 29.0 181 Brown Rusty No odor 1st 6.40 7.50 <0.1 208 1.4
Post 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/09 39.9 115 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.14 0.17 <0.1 173 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/08 27.7 129 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.50 0.00 0.7 80 2.1
Mwense Musangu Station 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/10 25.5 126 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.16 7.50 <0.1 142 4.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/10 25.5 133 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 5.70 0.52 0.7 129 0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/09 25.6 125 No color Mp taste No odor 3rd 6.15 0.00 <0.1 46 5.6Mapipo 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/11 21.8 324 No color No taste No odor 1st 6.82 0.10 <0.1 170 4.7
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/11 25.0 330 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.80 0.00 <0.1 196 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/10 23.6 324 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.68 0.00 <0.1 198 1.7
Chinfuntu 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/12 23.2 183 No color Rusty Sulfury 1st 6.31 >10 <0.1 62 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/12 24.7 172 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.08 0.00 <0.1 67 <0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/10 28.4 169 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.80 0.00 <0.1 72 0.8Nchelenge Kashita 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/13 25.5 47 No color Rusty metal 1st 5.56 >10 0.2 72 <0.5
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/13 26.7 7 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.30 0.00 <0.1 15 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/11 26.3 23 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.05 0.00 <0.1 21 3.9
Chiengi Kasembe 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/14 22.0 375 Brown Salty Metal 1st 5.70 7.00 0.4 35 >252-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/14 25.3 394 No color No taste No odor 2nd 5.90 0.00 0.4 43 >25
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/12 28.4 395 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.44 0.00 0.9 54 <0.5Kabamba RHC 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2005 2012/07/17 19.8 109 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.72 7.50 0.3 64 <0.5
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/17 26.4 106 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.65 0.10 <0.1 73 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/05 29.8 303 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.05 0.00 <0.1 62 <0.5
Sunday Ntembwe 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2005 2012/07/18 18.1 50 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.40 2.00 <0.1 26 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/18 23.9 24 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.00 0.00 <0.1 18 <0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/05 25.9 44 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.92 0.00 0.6 19 1.9Mulemu Basic 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2010 2012/07/19 17.2 34 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.32 10.00 2.1 25 <0.5School 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/19 27.5 29 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.05 0.00 <0.1 21 <0.5
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/16 26.2 91 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.92 0.00 <0.1 17 1.2Filando Area 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/20 20.3 90 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.08 >10 <0.1 67 <0.5
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/20 25.7 71 Brown No taste No odor 2nd 5.90 >10 1.3 58 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/17 23.7 112 Brown Salty Metal 3rd 6.10 >10 1.0 64 2.1
Lombanya 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/21 19.2 57 Brown Rusty Metal 1st 6.07 5.00 1.5 38 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/21 25.2 183 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 6.32 5.00 0.7 117 8.3
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/17 22.0 63 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.00 0.00 1.3 14 <0.5Kabulamema 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2008 2012/07/23 24.6 207 No color Rusty Sufury 1st 6.47 5.00 1.1 103 3.0Orphanage 2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/23 25.1 277 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.09 2.00 0.8 141 4.2
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/19 24.6 207 No color Rusty Sulfury 3rd 6.47 5.00 1.1 103 3.0Chikenge 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2009 2012/07/24 22.2 55 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.67 >10 0.2 26 0.5(Chief Kalunga) 2-After BH Cleaning IM-2(SS) 2012/07/24 28.6 149 Whitish No taste No odor 2nd 6.01 7.50 <0.1 36 19.4
3rd FW 3-Monitoring IM-2(SS) 2012/12/19 27.3 118 Whitish Rusty Metal 3rd 6.55 >10 <0.1 69 7.7Likwava 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2003 2012/07/25 21.3 107 No color Rusty Metal 1st 6.40 3.00 <0.5 58 0.8
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/25 24.3 118 No color No taste No odor 2nd 6.58 3.00 <0.1 54 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/19 3rd
Sungamoyo 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/27 23.0 131 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.15 >10 <0.1 71 <0.52-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/27 24.2 85 Milky No taste No odor 2nd 5.95 1.09 2.2 65 <0.1
3rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/22 23.8 104 No color No taste No odor 3rd 7.47 0.00 <0.1 51 2.7Fwabi 1-Before BH Cleaning IM-2(GI) 2011 2012/07/28 23.9 137 Brown Rusty metal 1st 6.30 >10 <0.1 87 <0.5
2-After BH Cleaning Afridev(SS rod) 2012/07/28 26.2 188 No color No Taste No odor 2nd 6.42 0.00 <0.1 110 <0.53rd FW 3-Monitoring Afridev(SS rod) 2012/12/22 27.0 151 No color No taste No odor 3rd 6.37 0.00 <0.1 63 <0.5
mg/l
Type ofHandpump Remarks
Not possible to continue with thesurvey. Borehole with very low yield.
Changed IM-2(GI) to IM-2 (SS).Boreholewith high intrusion of sand. Very low yield.
The quality of borehole is good. The iron ofthe borehole comes from the formation.
The casing and screen of the borehole ismade of GI pipe isntead of PVC. Probablythe iron comes from the casing pipe.
mg/l
Alkalinity ChlorideEC Color Taste Odor IronBH DrillingYear
0C µS/cm
Target site /Village NameDistrict Name Sampled
Date Temp pHTiming of Water QualityAnalysis
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FieldWork(FW)
Manganese
mg/l mg/l
Samfya
Mansa
Kawambwa
WHO(health-based guideline value)Zambia Bureau of Standards
Serenje
Lufwanyama
Kabompo
Kapiri-Mposhi
ON-SITE ANALYSIS USING PORTABLE EQUIPMENT
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
2nd FW
Ann
ex-4
Con
ditio
n of
the
Rem
oved
Ind
ia M
ark-
II H
and
pum
ps
Cover bolt
Axle, washer, nut, check nut
Handle
Inspection Cover
Chain bolt & nut
Chain
Chain coupling
Guide bush
Connecting rod check nut
Head Assembly
Water tank Assembly
Spout
Bolt, nut, washer & chain nut
Stand assembly
Pump base (concrete)
Riser Pipe
Connecting rods
Rod centraliser
Plunger rod
Reducer cap (a)
Reducer cap (b)
Cylinder body
Piston seals
Valve seating
Foot Valve
No. of Raisng Pipes
Sockaway pit
Appron
Drainage line
Kala
sa
Muk
oso
RHC
Sam
fya
5-Ju
l-12
J Chi
besa
(D
FPP)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok5
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
w
ere
rust
y.
Sash
i Bas
ic
Scho
olSa
mfy
a6-
Jul-1
2J C
hibe
sa
(DFP
P)ok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
not
okno
t ok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
7ok
okok
Rise
r pi
pes
wer
e ru
sty.
Con
nect
ing
rods
wer
e co
rrod
ed. S
oaka
way
pit
w
as b
lock
ed.
Chis
ongo
Man
sa7-
Jul-1
2Sw
ala
Mum
ba
(RW
SS A
sst)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok12
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s w
ere
rust
y. C
onne
ctin
g ro
ds w
ere
corr
oded
.
Dom
inic
Vi
llag
eM
ansa
8-Ju
l-12
Swal
a M
umba
(R
WSS
Ass
t)ok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
5ok
okok
No
ston
es w
ere
in th
e so
ak a
way
pit
.
Mis
enga
RH
CM
ileng
e9-
Jul-1
2Ku
shik
ila
Just
ine
(RW
SS O
fcr)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok6
okok
okN
o st
ones
wer
e in
the
soak
aw
ay p
it.
Mus
angu
St
atio
nM
wen
se10
-Jul-
12Ka
lam
a M
bulw
e (D
WAS
HE)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok11
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
w
ere
rust
y. N
o st
ones
wer
e in
the
soak
aw
ay p
it.
Map
ipo
Kaw
ambw
a11
-Jul-
12
Banw
ell
Kapw
enge
(W
ork
Fore
man
)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
ok-
okok
okno
t ok
okok
ok7
okok
not
ok
Four
Ris
er p
ipes
and
the
cyli
nder
bo
dy w
ere
rust
ed. N
o st
ones
wer
e in
th
e so
ak a
way
pit
. Dra
inan
ge h
ad a
cr
ack.
Chin
funt
uKa
wam
bwa
12-Ju
l-12
Banw
ell
Kapw
enge
(W
ork
Fore
man
)
okok
Not
ok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
not
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
9ok
okok
Han
dle
has
brok
en b
eari
ng. T
hree
co
nnec
ting
rods
wer
e ru
sted
. No
ston
es w
ere
in th
e so
ak a
way
pit
.
Kash
itaNc
hele
nge
13-Ju
l-12
T Ch
ilim
a (W
orks
Cl
erk)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
Not
ok
okok
okok
not
okno
t ok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
6ok
okok
Two
Rise
r pip
es a
nd a
ll co
nnec
ting
ro
ds a
nd w
ater
tank
ass
embl
y w
ere
rust
ed. S
oakw
aya
pit h
ad n
o st
ones
an
d w
as le
akin
g at
one
sid
e.
Kase
mbe
Chie
nge
14-Ju
l-12
Urba
n Bw
alya
(In
tern
al
Audi
tor)
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
Not
ok
okok
okok
not
okno
t ok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
7ok
okok
Rise
r pi
pes
and
conn
ecti
ng ro
ds
wer
e he
avily
cor
rode
d an
d ru
sty.
The
cy
lind
er b
ody
and
wat
er ta
nk
asse
mbl
y w
ere
heav
ily
rust
ed.
Com
men
ts /
Def
ects
Obs
erve
d
Dat
e of
Ha
ndov
er t
o D
istr
ict C
ounc
il (d
d-m
mm
-yy)
Cond
itio
n of
Indi
a M
ark
II To
p Pa
rts (
OK
or N
ot O
K)Co
ndit
ion
of In
dia
Mar
k II
Bott
om P
arts
(OK
or
Not
OK)
Nam
e of
W
ater
poin
tN
ame
of
Dis
trict
Pum
p ha
nded
O
ver
To
(Pos
itio
n)
Cond
itio
n of
Bo
reho
le
App
ertm
ents
Cover bolt
Axle, washer, nut, check nut
Handle
Inspection Cover
Chain bolt & nut
Chain
Chain coupling
Guide bush
Connecting rod check nut
Head Assembly
Water tank Assembly
Spout
Bolt, nut, washer & chain nut
Stand assembly
Pump base (concrete)
Riser Pipe
Connecting rods
Rod centraliser
Plunger rod
Reducer cap (a)
Reducer cap (b)
Cylinder body
Piston seals
Valve seating
Foot Valve
No. of Raisng Pipes
Sockaway pit
Appron
Drainage lineKa
bam
ba
RHC
Sere
nje
17-J
ul-1
2M
wil
a Va
lent
ine
(FPP
)ok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
okok
not
okno
t ok
-ok
okok
not
okok
okok
9no
t ok
okok
One
Ris
er p
ipe
was
cor
rode
d an
d al
l w
ere
rust
y. C
onne
ctin
g ro
ds a
nd
cyli
nder
bod
y w
ere
rust
y. S
oaka
way
pi
t is
not w
ell m
aint
aine
d.
Sund
ay
Nte
mbw
eSe
renj
e18
-Jul
-12
Mw
ila
Vale
ntin
e (D
FPP)
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok6
not
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
w
ere
rust
y. S
oaka
way
pit
is n
ot
cons
truc
ted
Mul
emu
basi
c sc
hool
Lufw
anya
ma
19-J
ul-1
2Is
abel
Ba
nda
(W&
S O
fcr)
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok9
not
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
w
ere
rust
y. S
oaka
way
pit
is n
ot
cons
truc
ted
Fila
ndo
Lufw
anya
ma
20-J
ul-1
2Is
abel
Ba
nda
(W&
S O
fcr)
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okno
t ok
okok
ok7
not
okok
not
ok
Rise
r pi
pes,
Con
nect
ing
rods
and
Cy
lind
er b
ody
wer
e ru
sted
. Dra
inag
e is
cra
cked
and
soa
kaw
ay p
it is
not
co
nstr
ucte
d
Lom
bany
aLu
fwan
yam
a21
-Jul
-12
Isab
el
Band
a (W
&S
Ofc
r)ok
okok
okok
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
not
okno
t ok
-ok
okok
okok
okok
8no
t ok
okok
Rise
r pi
pes
and
Conn
ecti
ng ro
ds
wer
e ru
sty.
Soa
kaw
ay p
it is
not
co
nstr
ucte
d
Kabu
lam
ema
Orp
hana
geKa
bom
po23
-Jul
-12
Osc
ar
Saph
iliny
a (A
sst
Dire
ctor
of
Wor
ks)
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok10
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
w
ere
mad
e of
sta
inle
ss s
teel
. So
akaw
ay p
it is
not
con
stru
cted
Kabu
lam
ema
Orp
hana
geKa
bom
po24
-Jul
-12
Tito
Roc
ky
Mil
wey
i (D
FFP)
okok
okok
okok
ok-
okok
Not o
kok
okok
okno
t ok
not
ok-
okok
okok
okok
ok5
not
okok
okW
ater
Tan
k as
sem
bly,
Ris
er p
ipes
an
d Co
nnec
ting
rods
wer
e ru
sty.
So
akaw
ay p
it is
not
con
stru
cted
Likw
ava
Kabo
mpo
25-J
ul-1
2Ti
to R
ocky
M
ilw
eyi
(DFF
P)ok
okok
okok
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
okok
-ok
okok
Not
ok
okok
ok5
not
okok
okRi
ser
pipe
s, C
ylin
der b
ody
and
Conn
ecti
ng r
ods
wer
e ru
sty.
So
akaw
ay p
it is
not
con
stru
cted
Sung
amoy
oKa
piri
-Mpo
shi
27-J
ul-1
2Lo
vem
ore
Tem
bo
(DFF
P)ok
okok
okok
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
okok
-ok
okok
Not
ok
okok
ok11
not
okok
okSo
akaw
ay p
it is
not
con
stru
cted
Fwab
iKa
piri
-Mpo
shi
28-J
ul-1
2Lo
vem
ore
Tem
bo
(DFF
P)ok
okok
okok
okok
-ok
okok
okok
okno
t ok
okok
-ok
okok
Not
ok
okok
ok13
not
okok
okTh
ree
Rise
r pi
pes
wer
e ru
sty.
So
akaw
ay p
it is
not
con
stru
cted
Com
men
ts /
Def
ects
Obs
erve
d
Dat
e of
H
ando
ver
to
Dist
rict
Cou
ncil
(dd-
mm
m-y
y)
Cond
itio
n of
Indi
a M
ark
II To
p Pa
rts
(OK
or N
ot O
K)Co
ndit
ion
of In
dia
Mar
k II
Bott
om P
arts
(OK
or
Not
OK)
Nam
e of
W
ater
poin
tN
ame
of
Dis
tric
t
Pum
p ha
nded
O
ver
To
(Pos
ition
)
Cond
itio
n of
Bo
reho
le
Appe
rtm
ents
Sligthly corroded (Air lift for approx. 4 hours)
Prepartion of chlorine in a backet for desinfection Put chlorine into the boreholeof the borehole
Dismantling the existing India Mark-II handpump Condition of removed riser pipe. Pinhole caused by corrosion (India Mark-II)
Removed connecting rod from India Mark-II Borehole cleaning by Air-lift
Annex-5 Photographs of the Field Work
SECOND FIELD WORK (Borehole Cleaning and Replacement of Handpump)
Equipment for borehole cleaning Water Quality Analysis: Field kit for IronCompressor and other tools Water with Iron more than 10mg/l
Stainless Steel connecting rods There is no indication of corrosion
Steel made connecting rod were installed After re-assemblying all the Afridev handpump
(2012/December) the facilitiy were tested and handover to villagers.
Water quality analysis after installation of Afridev pump Test operation and removal of chlorine before(Iron contents is almost <0.2mg/l) handover to the community
THIRD FIELD WORK (Monitoring and replacement of Connecting Rod to GI made)
Open the pump head cover to remove the Removed Stainless Steel connecting rods.
Installation of Afridev hand pump Installation of Afridev hand pumpPVC made riser pipe PVC riser pipe and Stainless Steel Rod
Sligthly corroded (Air lift for approx. 4 hours)
Prepartion of chlorine in a backet for desinfection Put chlorine into the boreholeof the borehole
Dismantling the existing India Mark-II handpump Condition of removed riser pipe. Pinhole caused by corrosion (India Mark-II)
Removed connecting rod from India Mark-II Borehole cleaning by Air-lift
Annex-5 Photographs of the Field Work
SECOND FIELD WORK (Borehole Cleaning and Replacement of Handpump)
Equipment for borehole cleaning Water Quality Analysis: Field kit for IronCompressor and other tools Water with Iron more than 10mg/l
Stainless Steel connecting rods There is no indication of corrosion
Steel made connecting rod were installed After re-assemblying all the Afridev handpump
(2012/December) the facilitiy were tested and handover to villagers.
Water quality analysis after installation of Afridev pump Test operation and removal of chlorine before(Iron contents is almost <0.2mg/l) handover to the community
THIRD FIELD WORK (Monitoring and replacement of Connecting Rod to GI made)
Open the pump head cover to remove the Removed Stainless Steel connecting rods.
Installation of Afridev hand pump Installation of Afridev hand pumpPVC made riser pipe PVC riser pipe and Stainless Steel Rod