on the is-radar theory and observations of the polar
TRANSCRIPT
52
On the IS-Radar Theory and Observations of
the Polar Ionosphere
Shoichiro FUKAO':' and Susumu KATO':":'
Abstract: The application of the incoherent scatter radar technique to the
observation of the earth's ionosphere is described. The basic theory of the
incoherent scatter is reviewed briefly and the radar parameters for these investigations are rough1y estimated using the radar equation. Ionospheric parameters obtained directly from the incoherent scatter radar measurements are then described. The scheme for derivation of the £-region parametersneutral winds, electrical conductivities, electric fields and currents-is discussed.
The parameters of the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar which is the only radar of this type existing in the polar region are referred to and such ionospheric quantities that being obtained by this radar are also presented.
Ji'g: ,f:,:::11::.-v:,:J-,fx:=§L (JH!L"C IS J:u,J�) v-:9''-r!Z:/i11f�Jfl1.,,t,:ffl:��
t@UfiUv::.--:> 1.,,--c jzt""0· 'if, 1.,,;b\9)0 IS 0)£�Wgll/i� �fCT!L, �b6'.:l"C�@�tJ: IS = :::r -� '.3l:fa-:t 0t-:.6'.:ll'C, &;,�tJ: v -;9'' -0) £*-'� '7 ;1, - !J � v -;9" -)]�;i3'.;
vc!)s"'.51.,, --ciffrlli-:t 0. iJE1.,, "C IS v -:9" -flJJlU--C'@E€m G ti 0 ffl:JkJ!Ew!!J?ZJ:Em:1:r: --:>1.,, "C jzt"" 0. c ;h G O)@:��?JlU:li� }fl 1.,, "C, fill O)ti � 0)4?ZJW:1:�1'ft�i"" 0 C c il�riJt!§ --C'js 0 ii�. CC --C'vt-,WUJ: L "C, E ffi�.,� '7 ;1, - !J, t-:. c xJii=J=tttJ\., ffl:�{��&.
��to J: tf�VTE��:Jt�-:t 0JJ1*0)---:>vc --:>1.,, "Cg!liif 0. Jtt:f&f::_, ;1i.rw:vcfrtfi"° 0 nJt-0) IS v- ;9" ---c,as0 + -v !J =- '}J v-:9'' -vc--:>1.,,--c, .7c0) v- ;9'' _.,� '7 ;1, - :9
t mt£ w, G ti"':)"':) as 011i�t � 0) atr!Jefo :F£:m: vc "':) 1., , --c 1r&-:t 0 .
1. rl G c:b ��
IS v - 3l - '7a:' JtJ I,, t, �lf'.Jlt� 0) %t!f0:fJIL:i '7a:'ifiliJ!IJ-t Q rtt:fi[;f ti, -::_ -::_ 10 �:;JOfUruB":Jts:9£
li:'7a:'�v-ft-.: Ck .. 2::: x. vi EvANs, 1974). Lt�-::. 0) v- !J'' - tJ;, i& t §tnjJts: rt!t.l.fmtJJ.U�fi:O)
-0c'2tJ Q-::. 2::: vi., * § O)�f L < !;2,2:1) Q 2:::-::. 0 --z::, 2tJ0 5. IEE+fO) IS v- !J" -:/Jili:�c'vi,
* g:m::*:'¥=I$ff�111�I$�-=::;t&�. Department of Electrical Engineering 1!, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606.
** g:m::k1¥=I$'1rl�!Yf,j'��mtf:Jg]:q)f§'E:/j&�. Ionosphere Research Laboratory, Kyoto University, Gokanosho, Uji 611.
No. 65. 1979] 53
-!l�*mts:m•�0)1irnrn:tMTts:bh0 -:n, ;: O)ttur� i:f:l!l:k�O) j?" 1 -r � 'Y !J A 0) !) -=c
- r -e '/ '/ '/ !f -A.. .itm--t 0 c ", 5 , i '? t:. < m L" ,Wf�%Jfn; �lU� � h "':>"':> ct 0 cwo-
ODMAN and GUILLEN, 1974; CZECHOWSKY et al., 1976; �f§ • Jff�. 1976). ffi�·-et, 7
'7 A 7J 0) "f- --r 5 =- 7J (CttATANIKA; t-tlH��itoc 64.9°N, m£0C 103.3° W) --c- 1971 :ifil· G
*�1¥Jts:fmi!!UiJ;lffl:k§ � ;ht-: (LEADABRAND et al., 1972).
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�%�--c-�ts;\,,. {tgjj IS v-5''-vi, 7'/T7�'-AvcrB'?kctG�0,'2'0)�ra,�1t�
Jim L -CfmiJ!Uc· � 0 iJ;, tmmuiJ!�vi v - 5·· -JmJllO) J:�vc�f'.AE � ,ti, 0. 1W�vi�Fai%Mi§
vc, ��vi�Fai%Mi§vcJ:: I) {if;h-C\,,0, fi1u�viitc L -c��-t-0 t O)c'vits: <, l[\,,vCffi
\, '� 5 ""� t 0) c· ct0. ffi�-·�:ri}f�O)�ffiO) I§ fflil;, $:kts:�fil�Fa,�-"E1'VC I§ i ('
01..,<�rffl-t-0:;t-P 7�{=1:5 ffim�O)§e1:.. §e��1JO)m�1mcct0c--thvi, Is v-
5·· -n;JIU-=-t°"" ��!Uvi, � L .1: 5 f*vcJt""-c itc L -cg; 0 t 0) c·vi ts:iJ, ;s 5.
tJrc·vi, IS v-5·'-0)lJR:FJI!.��jztLt-:.�, ffi� vctuvt0 IS v-5"-0)it��=.
2. 1s v - '.9,, - 0) mui
jfufjc:k�vi, l=P'fi • 11t•:k�� Fi:ii:nf VHF tu J:: U UHF m11t�vc M L-C, hl c A, c"
3!Mc· ct 0 n;, *�O) Jffitfr� C ct 0 "'vi�11t�) vc� G �-n; cthvi, -tO) � G �-0) ?-""!l
r 1v $0) f '7 'Y !/' (Bragg) ��W::5} vc J:: '? -CbfiJ, v:::. �!L � ;h,0 (ts: c ;t vi, BooKER
and GoRDoN, 1950). �1J�!Lvi11t�O)*�-llt0):k��O)�G�-vclf91z;i-t°0. ;:,ti,actk
iJ. t �" ,ffi=:riJi� 7 1 1v 5 --c:-� G �- IJ) 7-"" !l r 1v�-tr '/ 7° 1v'"t 0 0) vc {l;l-C 1,, 0. -it'/ 7° 1v
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(tracer)" c L -C:k�O)jlti7, '"tts:bt:> Jl.�:>i<2i6 0;: c iJ;--c:-� 0. ;: O)JltiJvi, �!L�O)
,,� TJ - A"" !J r Iv 0) f ,y 7° 7 -ffijf � VC!¥i;h, 0.
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vcm,ti,0. �•�--c:-vi 7°
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0. tx!L�vi® /.( O)m-=r-O)�Jfocvc.rc:: t-t-:. r 'Y 7°
7 -WJ��'.3!:vt 0. m-=r-O)JltiJn�JE�vc
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54
-C IS l rJf-vih o ib 0) 'c' 25 o). LiJ, L, �1§�ffe:i'.J;,� -}-0) 7'/.:; 1 ffe: J: 1? ffe: \t, l 'Ntrvi 1
::t-:,; O):f*J}R'i'stvt, r:: r; - 7."" !7 r Jvf;J:Jj[�tJJfjtft'i'tt"':) J: 5 KJs:. o. ;: O):r�,g-v;t�Wt.s:.
� * --r:-vi IS --r:-t.s:. < t.s:. 1? , 11t � 'i' fx: !L -t o 7° 7 ;( "' 0) i4 i�H=-Z r, -c , /-:: r; - 7. "" !7 r 1v 0)
rt iJ; 1; �%:tkiJ;� t.s:. o. L tc. iJ; "'.) -c, 25 G iJ, c00;: n G 0) Jfn, 'i' iJ.ii!'!"J v=-Wi,J� -c :to\,, -c,
tfJUJ!IJ �ho/-:: r; - 7."" !7 r 1v l H� G L,g-b� o;: c vc l "'.) -c, ti k O)!jmW:Ji'i'tlJE-t 6;:
l iJ;--z:-� 6 (EVANS, 1969). ± l L-C F 'Y 7° 7 -}LiJ; 1) iJ. G 1 * './WiOCiJ;, fx:!L/-!; r; - 7'
""!7 r 1v0)%;tkiJ,G1ltrxt1 ::t- :,;WltocJtc, 1 ::t- :,;*Jlnx;iJ:>J<00Gho. m:-J-Wocvt:±:.l L
-Cfx:!L �JJ vc l "'.) -c 5E i o.
3. IS v - ::$1'' - 0) * � �
111m!l 7° 7 ;(-;" 0) �El"Jv§:> G �-vC l Q �!Ui, �� �bo6-C WJ��--r:-25 Q. -t :h 'c'vi;: 0)
IS .:r:. :::z - 'i'st{B-t o tc.00 v=.vt, -w c' O)�OCO)»UtO) v -3<'' -iJ; �,�--r:-25 ;s 5 iJ,. tJ T
'c' V - 3<'' -jff_j'ti:'i' )=f:j\, 'L, �*/-:; 7 � - 3< 0) ::t--3<'' -'i' � -C df- J: J,
jzs{B�JJ'i' Pt (W), v-3<" -7:,; T :J-O)flJ�'i' g l-t o l, file� (range) R (m) vc
:rovt o�{B�JJO)�/!tvt
( 1 )
(2)
c'1z�ho. tc.t!..L ae vi-{18J0)11t-J"O) v-3<''-WrlTiitl (-10- 28 (m 2)) --r:-250. fx:!LiJ;
tiJJEl"Jvcrr:bh6 c��:hvi, fx:!LWiJ·Gfile� R' (m) vc:tovtofx:tLmJJvi,
( 3)
{ifc t.s:.o. ['i=fJ-7 './T:r'i' ��{§vCffl\,, (R=R'), ,t0)13�YJl7f1D]ru;filt'i' a (m2) c'°to
c��{§�}J Pr (W) vi;i: (1)-(3) c a O),ff--r::-'1z�ho. "Ji 1?
Peg a Ne V <Je (W) Pr ( 41rR2) 2 (4)
ct.s:.o. �� 300km 0) F2 �Jf:lgZiJ,GO)fx:!L'i'�� --C, R=3Xl05 (m), V=1012 (m3),
Ne= 1012 (m- 3) c L, �/:H-t o'.3l:{B1lt:1:J c L -C Pr = 10- 16 (W) ��O) ib O)'i';WJE-t 6.
;i: (4) 'i'riMJtc.i"" Pt, g :to J: � a O){[t[c L --Cvi, ��O) AJ�§t.s:. *Jidf-,g-b�iJ;�� Gh6
No. 65. 1979]
� 1 "f- -v !7 =- iJ IS v � 17· � .,{ '7 ,;. � !7 (LEADABRAND et al., 1972) Table 1. Parameters of the Chatanika IS radar (LEADABRAND et al., 1972).
Parameter
Transmitter Frequency Peak power Duty cycle (max) Pulse length
Adjustment range
1280-1300 MHz 0-5 MW 3% 10-500 µs
Normal operation
1290 MHz 3-4MW 2.7% 50 and 320 µs
55
(alternate interpulse periods) Polarization
Antenna Diameter Aperture Beam width Gain
Receiver System noise temperature Video bandwidth IF bandwidth Polarization
4-200 kHz :S::10 MHz
Right-hand-circular
27m 180 m2
0.6°
47.1 dB
110°
32 kHz 50 kHz Left-hand-circular
iJ;, -v::>O)fJt�l¥JtJ:fW c L --r, Pt = 106 (W), g = 103 to J: a a = 104 (m2) 0) ::t-- 3?"-0)
t 0) il;� G .tL0. .: .tLir• G J::$ffl:�l!lil· G 0) = :i -'-2::'�m--t 0 ts:2ib v:::.vi, ts: c x. vi�{t�
c L "C vi, .!- jf 17 -:; r ff},zO)�r'@J /:B 1.Jh;�,�c' a5 I), 7 '/TT c L --C vi, .,{ 7 ;f '7 c L k�
-g-vcvi, @ff£ 100 m �OCO):}( t=11£ 7 '/ T -J-iJ; �,�vCtJ: 0.: c iJ;biJ• 0. 1�:dJ:.l,,,_ vc -r -t !J
=-n IS v-!J"-vcv::>1,,--c.1,,_QC, Pt-4Xl06 (W), g-104 , a-2x102 (m2) --r-as0.
tJ:t-o, � (2) --r-�:h�.tLQ��!LWrffifffvi, 10- 4 (m2) �oc0)1J\�tJ:-ibO)c-as0. r'@JOC
300 km O)ffl'.�mlh· G 0) IS .:c. :1 - '-2::'�m--t 0 .: c vi, ts: c x. vi, 1s ii"�vc mh ,k.,{ -r '/
:1 .::f '-2::'Ji:[E( 0) v -!J" ---r-�tB--t 0 0) vc� L 1,, c /3 x. 0.
IS v- f-vi± c L --r, JIJ:lH�Jiltt�O)�\, ,vc J:--:, "C-tO) � 7-. TA '-2::'� L < �vc--t 0 il;,
-{JU c L --C, -r -i-, !J =- 7J IS v -!J'' - 0) .,{ '7 ,;. - !J '-2::' � 1 vc 5F-t" (LEADABRAND et al.,
1972). t.O) IS v-!J''-viJt�f¥J�1,,;m��'-2::' J:§1,,--r1,,0ts:2lb, 1J\�0)�5'(.�Jlw�0)7
'/ T :r '-2::'0C 5 .: c j); c' � Q )2' c , ::t-- i=z '7 0) !7 :::; 3l 1� .:c. :1 - il• G �.tL Q .: c j); c' � Q ,8iJ;
j( � tJ:��c- a5 Q.
56
4. IS 0) t� �
:7tVC, 1itJiL/{ 7 - 7-.,-..:: !I r 1v0) �11:iJ;, T·/:_ 1 � D c �¥Bl0)¥Bl� A c 0) jc,J\-c� L,
< �tJ: 0 2:. c �jzt-"(f_: ?J;, J*Wv=.v-i filu� 0) Jt cx=4rcD I J vc {1Ztf-t 0 2:. c ?J; � � tL 0 (t::_
c 9Ui, FErnR, 1961). tJTc·Vi, W:!L/{ r; - 7-.,-..:: !I r 1v0) 2:. 0) J: 5 tJ: 4M:!&�11-=ffM'.JO)jJ
�� 1 cY��O);jJ*7J;�1l c'@' 0 7' 5 7,;-- ;, vc "':)\, ,--r =, -=Ji--r � 1 5. t f, fZJ 1 vi o+
001L
c: ooos:...
I 3 VJ I
:�� 1�3 0 002
l
-
� - �-- �
0 200 400
(a) ,;: r 1*: n\.
025
(a) Electron component
(b) 1 * '/$;0-
(b) Ion component
800
l@ 1 /� '7 ;< � !< a O)OC1t r:. xt--t � .,� tJ � 7---.,...:: ;1 r 1v O)OC1t (Te= Ti ; O+ 1 :f." "'/)
Fig. 1. The power spectrum for different values of the parameter a. The positive ions are assumed to be o+. The ion and electron temperatures are assumed equal.
No. 65. 1979] 57
1 :t-:/iJ· G tJ: o �f1fl!J 7°
7 ;(-;,' vc.:Mi"" o a {�ff·f1:� Wil. ,f::. toy-ca!> o. t::. t.3. L, ,,{ ? -
;t..�!7 riv S(w) viF!J 7 riJ;�1.,,�it. J2Sfil"ffeliBl� (w=O) vc.ooV-Cx;f�ctJ:oO)c·
w�O O)ffjH}O)d/. �� V-C a!> o. �fflI/[mvi o+ 1 :t-/ O)f:f:��J!J.JJc.x;fi"" 0 F,:,, 7°
7 -fitJ
JWJiBl� Q �J1=n,--c1Etfl{t�h--c1.,0 (J,
XrO)�cbfj§'Jt!). fj§'J� (b) vc. w=O O);irr��tlt
7(Lk. cbO)��i"". i""td?'btt!L,,{ ?-7.� !1 1' 1vvi, ;z..� !1 1' 1v�\/liJ;,J\� <, ffeliBl�
J.tiJ; 9 0)*�"''-'1x:5}, �vc.;z..� !7 r 1t.,Woch;*� <, !.th; 9 h;J2S{affeJiEt�;irr�vc.�!Gh0
nlt:B-O)=n!t:B-tJ·GtJ:0::. ch;hiJ·o. 1W�vimr0)�4-h;, :r&�vi1 * :/0)�4-tJ;*�"''
0) c·, -t h.-f h m r nltn\.� J: a 1 :t-:/ nltn\. c llf vih o. m��� VHF i tc.vi UHF m
miBtc·�mUi""o�itvi a�l c'a?>o. � 1 h·G cbhiJ•oh;, a<0.1 O)�itvi,,{ r;;-;z..�
!7 r ;L, vi a vc. Vii c A, t:'�oo f* c' a!> 9, it::. tt!L mn 0) *tIBn\.vi 1 :t- / nlt:B-vc. :*9=1i"° 0.
Lt::. h; "? --C, U Tc'vi 1 :t-/ nltn\.O) d/. vc.tt § L, a vi --li P c d/. tJ: i"".
tt!L,,{ r;; -;z..� !1 r 1v��5Ei"" otwW:i:�. -tO)�CO){±Jnc. J: "? --c*�Ui"" 0 c, =ffl
ffivc.tJ:0. ---=>vi7.� !7 r 1v0) Mik� 3z:@ci""o:i:c', J:.�O) a, mrc 1 :t-:/O)rml.oclt
Tr(=Te/Ti), 1:t-:/*Jlnlt q h;::.;hvc.J.,.0. @0)---=>vi, ��I/[1B0)I[;fJl{t�rO)d/.VC.'2i'i
ho.m. c', J2S1Bffe1iBl� J., 1 ;;t- :/*ilnlt Ti, 1 ;;t- :/�ft mi, mrWOC Ne c'a!)o. iW��
-5Evc.i'if/:"? --C;f&���{t �'itt::.�it. ,,{? - ;z..� !7 1' ivvi, WociJ; NeJ.(mi/T i)112ocNeQ-1
vc.Jti7U L, �f@I$&h; Q vc.lti7U L --c {$mi"" 0 t-:vt--r·, .:mxtl¥JtJ:%virr£1t L tJ: 1. ,. L tc.h; "?
--C, *ilUm� S(w)Q, -,m� w/Q c'�-itvi, ;z..� !7 1' ivvi a, Tr, q O)dj.O)oo�vc.tJ:0.
06
Tr;O 5
04
02
0 05 1.0 15 20 25
� 2 iffil.J!t.ft Tr 0)�1tr::.x;fi'" Q ,,� ? - 7---" !7 r Iv 0)�1t (a=O; Q+ 1 ;;t :,,)
Fig. 2. The power spectrum for different ratios Tr of the electron temperature to the ion temperature (a=O). The pos itive ions are as s umed to be o+ .
58
!Bl 3 2 ffltiJ'-iO) 1 *:,,, o+ 2:: H+ iJ;i¥=tE--t 0�irO)JtW/!t q 0) OC1tr::.xf--t0,,�17�7-.�:7 t,;vO)oc1t (a=O; Tr= l)
Fig. 3. The power spectrum for a plasma containing both aand Ji + ions for different values of the ratio q of their number densities (a=O; Tr= 1).
05 10 15 20 25
@4 =:.ffiifJ\0),1:;;t:,,, O+ 2:: NO + & 02+ iJ;i¥=tE--t0�frO)q O)m:
1tK.xt--t Q /� 17 � A� ;7 r JvO)OC1t (a=O; Ti =I). Fig. 4. Same as Fig . 3 except for a plasma containing both O ""
and NO+ & 02+ .
� 2 vt�liL-"�? - 7-. � !7 r 1Hcx;J--t 0 Tr (f):\;6�� �Lt-: t (f)-C· a, 0. ;: G7) �ir• G Tr
iJ;jc '2' < ts:. 0 2:::, ;z.,� !l r 1viJ;1 * :/ 7' '7 ;(---z Ji1;J¥Ez�1,t;!Dc e:' - !l �1#v:::>ZZ1U$:�vcts:. 0;:
�3vt O+ 1:;i-:/c H + 1:t-:/iJ:Yfila-to�i:nc, Q+ 1:f":/(f)Jtru& No + /Ne(=q)
��11:"2'-ttk.�tW�rEii1.,t� t(f)c·c3)0. 'it-:, � 4 vt o + 1 * / t No + & 02 + 1 * /
No . 65. 1979] 59
c.: 0)-=fi:0) 1 * :/ vi , 7tr:l:iJ;.:t:h..f:h 30 c 32 --e�p,m,vc.ili: < , 1f-EIJiJ; m�t.t: O) c-5fr
:1: 3 1 0)1lz�l¥]tJ: 1 ::t" :,; c L --C !& 9 ilk. '.5 ) iJ;�tE-t 6 �ire' 215 6 . filu� � J:t"" 6 c , o+
c �:l:iJ;�Ylffivc.�t.t: 6 H+ 1 * :,,;iJ;�tE-t o �irvi q=0.5 O)#ili:c-, ,.{ ? - 7' � !1 r 1v
iJ;��l¥)tJJf;��-tiJ;, Q+ c .l:t�l¥Jili: 1, ,�:l:�fif":> NO+ & 02+ 1 :;t- :,; iJ; �tE-t 6 � if vi , q 0)�1tvc.xt-t 6 ,.{ ? - 7' � !1 r 1v 0)�1t.vtjJf�-c:-t.t: 1, , . .: 0) .: c vi�vc_,.{ ? - 7'
� !7 r /v�:Jt5i:-t 6 .: c iJ;ffi�c-215 0 .: c �Ji!:9*-t o .
=:fi:O) -,( :;t- :,;iJ; G$:o 7° 7 ;;( '7 /J; G O) IS , ��. f1rr�,oo-� � l U1 ::t- :,; f y 7 r O)
�-�vc. "'.) I, , --c t , -t-c:· vc.� L < giia r. G :h --c 1, , 6 Ctc. c x_ vi, EvANs, 1969) . �ili:c· vt, �fJ: o 1 :;t- :/ 0) f Y 7 r Jfil��7f• -t o �di- (VICKREY et al., 1976) � D iJi�O) IS � ffi_ 1 :;t- :/��[I L "C giia 1.: o �di- iJ; ft � ;h "( I, ' o (FUKUY AMA, 1978, f.l{B") .
s. �u 5E tm w _;_
IS v - 37"- -c:-�tliRU5i: L '.5 6 4?DW:l:vi, �fa§JWJ�� c v - 3?'' - s,, 7' 'T A O);j;1, ,iJ; G , � v - 3?'' - m!i�c-:}' L f":>�t.t: o iJ;, � �tr;tJ.� 2 O)�:I:� 25vf o .: c iJ; c· @' o . 1*Wl¥J
vc. vt , t5c!Lvc.��0) 215 o 4?DW:l:vi, i"°""--CfmiRU � :htc. ,.{ ? - 7' � !1 r 1v�Mtfr-t 0 .: c vc. l 9 :Jt5EiJ;PJ!�c- 215 6 . LiJ; L , ��vC.vi:lt5E-t"" @'4efaW:l:iJ;� < f.t: 6 c , �4?DW:l:O):Jt
5E;m�iJ:Wf 'b o . c < vc. , ml�.l:t Tr c iJinx:.l:t q iJ;, t5c!L,.{ ? - 7' � !7 r 1v vc. N.v'i-t;tj;
*vtri1W- L --c 1, ,-c, 7t•il:m�t.t:�ifil: 215 o . ..'t O)�if vc. vtMtfrvc.� L -c;e� t.t:1lz5Eil:fi!
iJ;:h, o . tc. c x_ vi, F ffi�c· vi. , �i�9 vi�f-1i (Te = Ti) ;a:i1z5i: � ;h, {f-j�9 vi He+ 1 ::t
:/ O)fftfil:�m � n o . '! tc. , Ft i1iti-c:· vt , Ti O) r1&J � �1t�t��l*1�1¥J c i1z5i: L-CMtfr ;a:fib;h,6 .: c ;a:� 1, , (WAND and PERKINS, 1977) .
� 2 IS v � �-- � ·-c@I��UJE�no4mW.:1:
Table 2. Q uantities obtained dir ectly from IS r adar meas ur ements.
Region I Directly measured quantities* I Note
F2 Ne , Te , Ti, [O+] , [He+ ] , [H +] , Vi Either Te = Ti (night-time ) or
[He +]=0 (daytime) is assumed.
Fl Ne , Te , Ti , [O+] , [NO+ & 02+] , Vi Ti is assumed to be exponentially changed with height.
E Ne , Ti ( = Te ) , vin , Vi
D Ne , Tifvin , Vi
··· Vi is the ion drift velocity : ion number densities are indicated by [ ].
60
Observed
F REG I ON
V;
E REG ION
V,
Ne
)),n
�
Der i ved
i o n momentu m equat ion
l,
J.d z ) = O"' ( E.L + Vn x B ) t
�15 IS l/ - !f - r::. l ") -C@[�iWlAE 2' ;h :Mm:Fill.iftt.J, G 1 * / O)W-WJ�jj�;i!'.; to l '(f:;t - A O)t*�IJ � ffl\, , -c r:pj1:�J!Ht Vn, ffi'.�Hi�oc (J ta l u' T��VC..ifr@LfJ:�:l:� E1_, �m�oc h �7j<6=)0:7jt*,
Fig.�5 . A c alc ulation sc hem e for the der ivation of the E- reg ion elec trody nam ic param eters, app ly in g the q uanti ties ob tained dir ec tly from IS radar m easurem en ts into the ion m om en tum eq uation and the ionosp heric O hm ' s law. The derived q ua nti ties are the ne utral w ind s V n, elec tric al c onduc tivities a, and elec tric
field s E 1- and ionospher ic c urrent s J 1- p erpend ic ular to the m ag netic field.
3lf:if., IS v - If - --cfilfJfiJ!iJrE � ttJ.:!10:lfil:ittir• G , t=p'li j(��� �/JiE�� ri=i"J Jf�f.] v:::.>]< 26
6 �J;_iJ; tJ: � n--c 1, , 6 . tc .. l x.Jf.., E flUt 0) ��1J$ vcoo-t 6 !10:E.ill.:liH:t , jm ';i1;� 5 v:::.�
--.tJJ$ -c·;:J< c6 G ho . i f, -1 ::t / r � 7 1-- J£lt vi � ��JJt-c·1JlU5E t 0. F fu1t�-u:n�
:J:Jj vcillmUJ: F � 7 r n\G5}· vij_ vt, E x B F 0 7 1-- vc� !EJ--.toiJ, G , ::. ;hiJ::. G f�:t� ;c:I[idJ[
tJ: m:i� E1- �3l5E-C· � 6 . :>R c6 G ht� E1- l , E filU�c· tJlU5E � ht� vi � -1 ::t :/ 0) !\i.fitr�
)Jf�;i;\1Cffl \, ,"( , r=p 'ii )!li\� !l r Iv Vn iJ�tf1i( � ;ho. -Jj , 1�'A1��/Jt a vi Ne C l,iin
JJ> G Hi ne J: "'.) --C :>.]( c6 G ;h Q . ::. ') L --c �iJ::.;hf� E1_ , Vn to J: cf a 0) �{[ti� :,J- - A 0)$
yl,lj vC ffl \, ,"(, �� VCillillf VC/fiE;hoffi":/fiE J1- �)K c60 ::. c iJ;""(- � 0 (BREKKE et al. , 1974 ;
HARPER, 1 977) .
i t� , -1 * / r 0 7 r ;tocO) �n\G5} t. , �-=r-mocto J: u'�-=filili.� O) tt5Ef[a� ffl "',--c , viE
Ac i t� vtlfiE l±\)-t 0 ,;:-=r-*WOC:to J: u.::i:.. * ;J.,, ::f - lli�tt�:t< � 0 ::. t. t AJi3�c· 25 0 (EvANs,
1975a, b) .
No. 65. 1979J
� 3 -=;- ,. !J =- -JJ IS I/ � !J" � �:. J: ") --C !UJE � ;h, :O //wJ:1::1: (RrNo et a l. , 1977)
Ta ble 3. Q ua nt it ie s meas ure d by t he Chata nika IS ra da r (RINO et al., 1 977).
Number Parameter Altitude region (km)
1 Electron density 60 to 500 2 Conductivities Height-integrated
""80 to 150 3 Total energy flux of Height-integrated
precipitating electrons ""80 to 150 4 Number flux of Height-integrated
precipitating electrons ,.._,go to 150
5 Electron temperature 170 to 500
6 Ion temperature 170 to 500
7 Electric field > 170
8 Current density Height-integrated 90 to 140
9 Neutral wind Height-integrated 90 to 140
10 Joule heating Height-integrated 90 to 140
61
-::. --evi{i .;z 0) �1'.JU K:.vi �!kh--f, + ,, !J =- :irCtmi1lU � n--C t, , 0 t/wWit (1975 i:f:.mtE) '1:- n
mu rieb su: ;;tt vc. � 3 vc. :ri v-r 0 vc. t t' 60 Q . -::. n G 0) *' wxt '1:-:rft� -t 0 , 1 9 Jl f:* 8"J tJ:: :15 t* vc.
v::> 1, , "C vi , t-::.. l::.. !z. vi Nos. 1 - 3 vc v::> 1, , "C vi Ev ANS (1969) vc , 4- 10 vc. v:> 1, , "C vi BARON
and CHANG (1 974) ;! fdi BREKKE et al. (1 974) VC.� l, < mfr� ;h, "( \, ' Q . lfli1{ij l, ') 0
f11WitO) ,lffi�vilR: L --c t§f1VG�O) t O) "Cvi ts: < , � 1., 1, ,m11rt*�1i3'%>!11W � ;z.. 'T 1:,. O) �
} dC. l 0 "C a5(:g;'1:' viiJ; 9 'J 0 b O Y-C' .30 Q .
-QK, &�M* O) �ffi�'1:'�W-t 0 ��. �O) n�*��� G hkM* l::.. ��-t 0 -::.
c.. iJ;JZ,�c' a!:> 0 . IS v - !J" - 0)�--@i-, i:z 1r 'Y r � Aitlr£ 0) fe!iJ!U l::.. Jt� � ti, 9 -::. c.. iJ;�
\, , . + -v !J =- 7J IS v - f- c-n�U � ;ht-::..ffl;-y� l cf 1 ::t- :/Ma� vc v::> \, , "C t , �ill: Atmo
sphere Explorer-C (AE-C) tlr£ C.. O)f§][Jt�iJ; tJ: � ;hf-:_ (BENSON et al., 1977) . � 6 vi
.:t 0) -1'.JU c' a!:> 0 . � r:p, ( Te) p vitlr£:ritli;0) 7 :,,, _f � .:r. 7 · 7°
i=z - 7''c-f� G nt-::.. ffl;rml.!Jt,
( Ti) RPA vi JP] t:. < retarding potential analyzer c'� G ;h, t-::.. 1 ::t- :,,,U[�, (Te) s � l cf ( Ti) s
vi IS v - !J'' - c,� G nkmr� _l cf 1 ::t- Yml.�c' a!:> 0 . AE-c tlr£ c' viit� ts:�Fl3i �1t
ii;, + -v !J =- 7] Is v - !J'' - c' vi, tJfr. L 1, ,�rl3i�1b1;wi�u � n --c 1, , 0 vc. t iJ;iJ;n G --f, fi!u
�vi � b 6b --c l 1, ,-�'1:-�-t -::. t ii; OO G iJ; c' a, 0 .
62
- ITelp - IT,l-
_ 2400 � !Tels
::::! f 2200
Llf
§ IT,l5
� 2000
� 1800 z 0
- 1 600 z 0
� 1400
1 200
1000 j �
·--·-- · + soot , { , -; 61 ·
ORBIT 689 ' ORBIT 1000 ORBIT 8362 ORBIT 9 192 60· <10. .....,\)
l 60· 1 5a· 1 55 · • 1 80·
• s· \3&· \3•· 1 54 1 52· 1 50' 1 48' 1 46' 144° 142' 140 1 3 I 500
[ ;: 400 :r 300r-8 200 I I I I :r 1 752 1 753 1 753
WEST GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE
[ I , I
30 30 1012 101 3 2 1 52 2 153 2 1 53 1549 1 550
1 5 30 Ul\11VERSAL TIME
� 6 AE-C ffifil"Cfm?'.RU � :hkffl'.·=fi/�N (Te) P U l. cY 1 ;;t- :/llfld!t (TihPA c IS v � 3<" � vc l. G tffi\.& ( Te) s U J: tf (Ti) s c O)Jt�. ic��vi AE-C O)lft/L;g�c/{='1 --:i t-: �&, ti°�vi -r -i, 3( .::. ::h � i:p ,1) c L k AE-C O)tJ\t!Jt, �/!t��-t . I S v � 3<'' �
0) 1::· � 1,, jj rtJ rnY{Mff4ff"1l81D vi , AE-C O)tWr1ntc·*"-7 8 '""1 1 8 km �t-: --:i --Ct , G .
Fig. 6. Comparison of e le ct ron and ion te mpe rat ure s me asured by t he AE-C sate llite and t he Chat anika IS radar. (Te) p and ( Ti) RPA are t he ion and e le ct ron te mpe rat ure s based re spe ct ive ly on t he cy lindrical e le ct rost at ic probe and t he p lanar ret ard ing pote nt ial analyze r, while ( Te) s and (Ti) s are t hose of t he IS radar. The AE-C alt it ude is pre se nted in t he bottom g raphs for e ach orbit and t he l at it ude and long it ude informat ion is pre se nted on t he rig hthand side wit h an az imut h circle ( ce nte red on C hat anika). The d ire ct ion of t he IS be am, te rminat ing at t he AE-C alt it ude, is indicated in t his circle for e ach orbit. The pe rpe ndicular line s to t he orbit al t rack ind icate t he horizont al sep arat ion bet wee n t he be am and AE-C (8 -118 km) . A fte r BENSON et al. (1977) .
7 . i C.
:!ntE, :fii,gxJCviPf-"':J -r -v !J .::. n IS v - !J'' - iJ�ff1±'1" Q Cl) � c· ci0 Q . Lir, t �j1=1j • �
i1=1j W,]i)J Cl) vJ5l L \, , :;t - P 7 :!n iPa::' � \, 'iJ� vt Q vc vt, :n"·ffUJg vi£"., f L t +:H· l vi� x.. tJ: \, ' · L
il� L, :;t - P 7 , l < vc, :;t - P 7 .:r. v !l r P :.5' :c. 'Y r Cl) 3('' 1 -r � 'Y !l 7-. Cl) fW � vc, � Cl)
IS v - !J'' - Cl) * L "J "J ci0 Q :&!Uvi � bc;b --C ::k � \, '· :l&:ifr c·vi, J:U�B'J!J, 7' -r - Jl,, Cl) m*
'a:� \, ,�r1=1, 5-tJWrJg1::·wrniu-r- Q � � t tJ: � n --c \, , Q .
"£ t::., m :a :=1 - P 'Y ,, �Jl!ir ( 7 7 :/ 7' , 1z:9S�. � oo . / JL, t; :,:. - , 7' 1:1 :i: - 7. :/:t-o J:: u
7 1 / 7 / r) l'C J:: '0 --c 7,. 7J :/ 7' 1 j- 1::' 7 l'C "EIS CAT" l n¥ vi ;h Q IS l/ - ?,?'' - ::,, 7,. T
.t- Cl)J!�iJ;� ® G ;h--C \, ,Q (GiRAuo, 1974 ; � 7 #J:l?i'l) . � Cl) v - !J·· - --c vt , UHF 1* (958
No. 65. 1979J
� 7 EISCAT v � !Jl0
� v 7-,. T A Fig . 7. The EISCAT radar sy s tem. A fter GIRAUD (1974) .
63
c' vi* {B vi Tromso ( / Jv 17 x. - ) IJ) 50 m¢ ,,,� '7 ;f- '7 vc J: "? -C fr 1, , , Tromso IJ) ftl2 Kiruna
(7-. ? x. - 'T '/) c Sodankyla ( 7 1 '/ '7 '/ F') c- �{B'1" 0 ib !J) c- as 0 . {�IJ) 2 �{§,� c
vi , fan-beam vc J: "? -c �{§iJ;fihh 0 t-:. 2lb, �tJ: 0 � � IJ)imil!U'la:' !P] M: vcfi 5 ;:. c iJ; c' �
0 . -1], VHF mvi -=E- / 7-. !7 'T 1 ';I !7 1]:!;, c' Tromso c-�� IB"iJ;rrbh 0 . 7 '/ '7 -:r c
L -c vi , 00 P rnfffi 100 m x 100 m IJ)�JDB 7 v -1 iJ;, 1:::0
- !I ,,,� Jv 7-. tH :1J vi 5 MW iJ;TJE �
h -C 1, , 0 . ;:. h G 2 "".)IJ) 1/ - ::7'' - :/' 7-. T A c' , $ia9�/J, G r'§JOC 1000 km l:-JJ:IJ) ij:r£'7a:'
n ,,, � - -e � 0 c :ttJHt � n -c 1, , 0 (Du CASTEL and TEsTuo, 1974) .
;ffl,tf lJ) c ;:. 6 ffiffi:J:tg:f;wZvc IS v - ::7'' - 'la:'filbl':--t 0 Hlmivi� 1, ' · L/J, L , '���/})���
:1:'la:' !P]M:vc, ��J!tc'tl:Hic' � 0 c 1, , 5 �tt Lfs:.§�:1J'la:'� x. 0 c � , -t /})�'1"-"' ��iU'la:'
t 5 -l!t�*- -c � 0 �,�n; as 0 t 1�,hn 0 .
BARON, M . J . and CHANG, N . ( 1 974) : ICECAP 73A , Chatanika radar results. Tech. Rep., 4,
64
Contract DNAOOl- 74-C-0 16 7, SRI Project 3 1 1 8, Menlo Park, Ca l ifornia , Stanford Research Institute .
BENSON, R. f ., BAUER, P. , BRACE, L. H., CARLSON, H. C ., HAGEN, J ., HANSON, W . B ., HOEGY, W . R ., TORR, M . R ., WAND, R. H . and W1CKWAR, V. B. (19 77) : Electron and ion temperatures-A comparison of ground-based incoherent scatter and AE-C sa tel li te measurements . J . Geophys . Res ., 82, 36 -42 .
BOOKER, H . G . and GORDON, W . E. (1 950) : A theory of rad10 scattering in the troposphere . Proc. IRE, 38, 401 -412 .
BREKKE, A. , DOUPNIK, J. R . and BANKS, P. M . (19 74) : Incoherent scatter measurements of E reg ion conductivities and currents 111 the aurora l zone. J . Geophys. Res. , 79, 3 773-3 790 .
CzECHOWSKY, P. , KLOSTERMEYER, J. , ROTTGER, J ., Ri.iSTER, R ., SCHMIDT, G . and WOODMAN, R. F. ( 19 76) : The SOUSY-VHF-Radar for trop-, strato- and mesospheric sounding . Proc . 1 7th Conf . on Radar Meteorol ., Boston, Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 349 -353 .
Du CASTEL, F. and TrsTUD, J . ( 19 74) : Some aspects of the design concept of a European incoherent scatter facility in the a uroral zone (El SCAT project). Radio Sci ., 9, 1 1 3 -1 1 9 .
Ev ANS, J. V . (1 969) : Theory and practice of ionosphere study by Thomson scatter radar. Proc. IEEE, 5 7, 496 -530 .
EVANS, J . V . ( 19 74) : Some post-war developments 111 ground-based ra diowave sounding of the ionosphere. J. Atmos . Terr . Phys ., 36, 2 1 83-2234 .
EVANS, J . V. ( 1 9 75a) : A study of F2 reg ion daytime vert ical ionization fluxes at Mi l lstone H il l during 1 969 . P lanet. Space Sci ., 23, 1 461 -1 482.
EVANS, J . V. ( 1 9 75b) : A study of F2 region night-time vertica l 10nization fluxes at Mil lstone Hil l . P lanet. Space Sc1., 23, 1 6 1 1 -1 6 19 .
FEJER, J. A. (1961 ) : Scattering of radio waves by an ionized gas in thermal equi l ibrium i n the presence of a uniform magnetic field . Can. J . Phys. , 3 9, 71 6 -740.
�ff /§-�� · �t1:.ff:t� (19 76) : MU v - :'.<' - HIT§. IS v - 31'' - ',/ / ;-f- s; ':7 1, , ll7:3til 5 1 1:J=Jir:::t�l3 �'fJ,¥TiJfy''ciH�Bfi3t1<c (B) in; 1kr, 1 99 -214.
GIRAUD, A . ( 19 74) : Le Courner du CNRS . 13, 40-44 . HARPER, R. M . ( 1 9 77) : A comparison of electric currents, mag netic variations and electric
fields at Arecibo. J. Geophys . Res ., 82, 3233-3242. LEADABRAND, R . L. , BARON, M . J ., PETRICEKS, J . and BATES, H. F. ( 1 9 72) : Chatanika , Alaska,
aurora l-zone i ncoherent-scatter faci l ity . Radio Sc1., 7, 74 7- 756 . RINO, C . L ., BREKKE, A . and BARON, M. J . ( 19 77) : High-resolution auroral zone E reg ion
neutra l wind and current measurements by incoherent scatter radar . J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2295 -2304 .
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( 19 78 4 6 JJ 1 0 S �W)