on-road particle matter emissions from a my 2010 … manufacturer . mack trucks inc. engine model ....

Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions 18th DEER Conference

Oct. 15-19, 2012. Dearborn, MI

On-Road Particle Matter Emissions from a MY2010 Compliant HD Diesel Vehicle Driving Across the US

Marc C. Besch, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Daniel K. Carder and Mridul Gautam

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University

Project Sponsors: Adewale Oshinuga, Randell Pasek

South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA

Alberto Ayala, Tao Huai, Shaohua, Hu California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA



Content

• Motivation and Background • Experimental Methodology • Laboratory and Measurement Setup • Results and Discussion Gravimetric TPM Particulate Emissions under flat highway conditions Particulate Emissions under mountainous highway

conditions

• Conclusions



Background and Motivation • In-use Emissions Compliance Measurements and On-Road Testing Evaluation of PM emissions from a 2010 compliant heavy-duty Diesel tractor

equipped with advanced aftertreatment technology, under real-world conditions — Comparison to US EPA 2010 emissions standards (engine dynamometer based) — Quantification of PM mass emitted during Not-to-Exceed (NTE) events => PM: 150% of the

FTP emissions standard (g/bhp-hr) for the given model year — Particle concentration with regard to proposed Particulate Number (PN) limit for Euro VI

legislation Reported increase of nano-sized particles for catalyzed DPF’s under high

temperature conditions (~> 380°C) 1), 2)

— Possible sulfuric acid based particles formed as a result of sulfur oxidation (originating from lube oil) over the catalyst surfaces at high temperatures

• Evaluation of In-line, Real-time Particle Sensor On-board Diagnostics (OBD) Applications

— US EPA HD-OBD in effect by 2013 (all engine families) — EU Regulations for OBD effective by 2014

Establishing mass reference for aerosol in real-time 1) Kittelson, D. B.; Watts, W. F.; Johnson, J. P.; Thorne, C.; Higham, C.; Payne, M.; Goodier, S.; Warrens, C.; Preston, H.; Zink, U.; Pickles, D.; Goersamnn, C.; Twigg, M. V.;

Walker, A. P.; Boddy, R.; “Effect of fuel and lube oil sulfur on the performance of a diesel exhaust gas regenerating trap,” Environ. Sci. Technol. (2008), 42, 9276−9282. 2) Thiruvengadam, A., Besch, M.C., Carder, D.K., Oshinuga, A., and Gautam, M., “Influence of Real-World Engine Load Conditions on Nanoparticle Emissions from a DPF

and SCR Equipped Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine,” Environ. Sci. Technol., (2011).



Methodology - Test Plan

• Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA => Total distance: ~2450miles (3943km) • Route: I-70W, I-15S, I-215S • Journey Total Time: 6 days • Highest Elevation: 11’990 ft (Loveland Pass, CO) • Net Elevation Change: -57 ft (final destination lower than Morgantown, WV) • Environmental Conditions: - Temperature range 37 to 97°F (3 to 36°C) - Relative humidity range 12 to 78% - Barometric pressure range 65.5 to 100.5kPa



Methodology - Test Vehicle

Chassis Manufacturer / Model Mack Trucks Inc. / CXU613 VIN 1M1AW07Y1CM017126 Class 8 Vehicle Model Year (MY) 2011 Aftertreatment System DOC / DPF / urea-SCR Fuel Standard ULSD (<15ppm) Emission Family BVPTH12.8S01 Curb Weight [lbs] 15’000 Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) [lbs] 66’740

Engine Manufacturer Mack Trucks Inc. Engine Model MP8-445C Engine Model Year 2011 Displacement [L] 12.8 Configuration / # of Cylinders In-line / 6 cylinder Rated Power [hp] 445 @ 1500rpm NOx [g/bhp-hr] 0.2* PM [g/bhp-hr] 0.01*

• Engine complies with 2010 EPA HD emission standards (NOx: 0.2 g/bhp-hr, PM: 0.01 g/bhp-hr)

• Vehicle equipped with DOC, DPF and urea based SCR system

Test Vehicle Specifications:

Test Engine Specifications:

* Certification values



Terra Haute, IN

Rocky Mountains, CO

Utah



Laboratory and Measurement Setup

Gravimetric TPM

Particle Concentration and Size Distribution

Raw Particle Concentration

NTE TPM Mass



Setup - Real-Time Particle Sensor (PPS) Dilution

Air in

Sample Inlet Turbulent mixing of

particles and ions

~2kV 5µA

Ionized Air out

High Voltage

Charged particles and excess ions

Only charged particles leave the

ion trapElectric field

removes all ions

Corona Needle

(Tungsten)

[Picture provided by Pegasor Oy]

In-line PM Sensor (Pegasor PPS-M)

Sample Outlet

Sample Inlet

Dilution Air (Dry, ~25°C compressed HEPA

Filtered Air Supply) Sensor

Electronics

=> with weather protection

cover

PPS wrapped with tape heater (200°C)

• PM detection based on diffusion-charging and escaping current principle

• Constant dilution air pressure leading to constant sample inlet flow (const. dilution ratio)

• Flow through device • Sensor shows proportional

response to particle surface area concentration



Setup - PM Measurement Instrumentation EEPS (Model 3090, TSI Inc.)

• Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer® (EEPS) Spectrometer

• Diluted exhaust measurement from CVS sampling plane

• Average dilution ratio (DR): ≈ 4 • Dilution air temperature and

humidity varying depending on location

Gravimetric TPM • According to 40 CFR, 1065 • 47 mm TX40 filter media • Total flow across filter:

2.3scfm • Secondary dilution flow:

1.1scfm



0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Temperature [C]

Freq

uenc

y

Results - Exhaust Temperatures (Post DPF)

0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Temperature [C]

Freq

uenc

y

• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures during Midwest portion of test route (Ohio to Kansas)

• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures during Mountain portion of test route (Colorado to Nevada)

~80% above 300°C

~70% above 300°C

• Pre DPF (post DOC) exhaust temperatures distribution from entire test route (Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA)

0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Temperature [C]

Freq

uenc

y



0.0000

0.0050

0.0100

0.0150

0.0200

ds-P

M [g

/mi]

bs-P

M [g

/bhp

-hr]

0.0000

0.0100

0.0200

0.0300

0.0400

0.0500

0.0600

0.0700

0.0800

ds-P

M [g

/mi]

bs-P

M [g

/bhp

-hr]

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Distance (mi.)

Altitude

Above

Sea Lev

el (ft.)

Las Vegas, NV(2212 mi., 2030 ft. ASL)

Salina, KS(1032 mi., 1280 ft. ASL)

Denver, CO(1458 mi., 5280 ft. ASL)

0.26 % Average Gradefor 260 miles

5.5 % Average Gradefor 13 miles

-1.3 % Average Gradefor 64 miles

Junction of I-70 & I-15

Morgantown, WV to Terre Haute, IN

Terre Haute, IN to Salina, KS

Salina, KS to Denver, CO

Denver, CO to Grand Junction, CO

Grand Junction, CO to Las Vegas, NV

Las Vegas, NV to Riverside, CA

Alti

tude

Abo

ve S

ea L

evel

[ft]

Results - Total Particle Matter (TPM) 5.5% Average Grade

for 13 miles

-1.3% Average Grade for 64 miles

0.25% Average Grade for 260 miles

Denver, CO (5249ft above sea level)

Las Vegas, NV (2030 ft above sea level)

Salina, KS (1230ft above sea level)

Junction of I-70 and I-15



0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000

100

200

300

400

500

Eng

ine-

out T

emp.

[C]

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000

100

200

300

400

500

DP

F-ou

t Tem

p. [C

]

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 160000

1

2

3

4

5x 10

7

Tota

l Par

ticle

Con

c. [#

/cm3 ]

Time [sec]

Number concentrations not corrected for CVS

dilution

Results - DPF Regeneration Event

Number concentrations not corrected for CVS dilution

dN/d

logD

P [#

/cm

3 ]

Particle distribution shifting to larger particle size

Data from test portion C0035-002-66:



Results - Flat Highway, Midwest (I-70, MO, KS)

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

10

20

30

40

50

PP

S S

igna

l [m

V]

Time [min]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Veh

icle

Spe

ed [m

ph]

dNdL

ogDp

[#/c

m3 ]


dilution

0 20 40 60 80 100 12035

36

37

38

39

DP

F S

oot L

oad

[%]

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Exh

. Tem

p. p

re D

PF

[C]

Time [min]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Eng

ine

Spe

ed [r

pm]



Results - Mountain Highway (I-70, CO)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

50

100

150

200

250

PP

S S

igna

l [m

V]

Time [min]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Veh

icle

Spe

ed [m

ph]

dNdL

ogDp

[#/c

m3 ]


dilution

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4025

26

27

28

DP

F S

oot L

oad

[%]

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Exh

. Tem

p. p

re D

PF

[C]

Time [min]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Eng

ine

Spe

ed [r

pm]



Conclusions • Measuring particle emissions from a 2010 compliant HD Diesel tractor while

traveling on-road for 2300 miles between Morgantown, WV to Riverside, CA.

• Average gravimetric TPM over entire route was 0.0056 g/mile and 0.0015 g/bhp-hr => well below EPA 2010 PM standard (0.01g/bhp-hr)

• Increased TPM observed for portions that included DPF regeneration events (~0.0735g/mile or ~0.019g/bhp-hr).

• Increase particle concentration (up to three orders of magnitude) in raw exhaust during DPF regeneration events as measured by the PPS (up to 250mV vs. 0.2mV during regular operation).

• Nanoparticle concentration on the order of 2 x 108 [#/cm3] (CMD ~5-15nm) as measured in diluted exhaust (not dilution corrected) under high exhaust/aftertreatment temperature (>~340°C) conditions.

• DPF inlet temperatures exceeding 350°C for ~45% and are between 350-400°C for ~36% of entire test route => indicating a favorable temperature range for possible nanoparticle formation over catalyzed DPF via possible sulfur oxidation



Thank You for Your Attention

Marc C. Besch - [email protected]

Daniel K. Carder - [email protected]

Arvind Thiruvengadam - [email protected]

Professor Mridul Gautam - [email protected]

Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions CAFEE

on-road particle matter emissions from a my 2010 … manufacturer . mack trucks inc. engine model ....

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