on ngu phap toeic
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english grammarTRANSCRIPT
Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung | Page 1
Unit 1: NOUNS, ARTICLES
A. COUNT & NON-COUNT NOUNS
1. Count nouns
Most nouns are count nouns. They have both a singular and a plural form.
- To make singular words plural, add s. (e.g. pens)
- If the words end in o, s, ch, sh, x add es. (e.g. tomatos, buses, watches, crashes, faxes)
Note: pianos, stereos, videos
- If the words ends in –f, –fe , chage the f/fe to ves (e.g. wives)
Note: roofs
- If the words end in –y, change y to ies (e.g. babies)
- Some irregular words:
o have the same form in singular and plural deer, sheep, fish, fruit
o change totally: men, women, children, people, teeth, feet
We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refer to:
We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refers to objects with two parts: glasses, pants, pajamas, gloves, shorts
2. Non-count nouns
Non-count nouns do not have a plural form.
Gas, liquid, metal, material, ingredient Air, water, silver, paper, sugar
Activities, sports Gardening, shopping, football, soccer
Subjects History, mathematics, economics
Languages Russian, Greek
Abstract nouns Intelligence, information, advice, knowledge
Collective noun Luggage, furniture, equipment, traffic
3. Nouns that are both count and non-count nouns Certain nouns can be used as either count or non-count nouns, but different in meaning
Count Non-count
GLASS I want a glass of milk There is some broken glass on the road.
PAPER I’m going to buy a paper. I need some paper to write on.
IRON We have bought a new iron. The gate is made of iron.
HAIR There is a hair in my soup. Comb your hair before you go out.
ROOM Can I see your spare room? There isn’t any room for a piano in my house.
BUSINESS My father owns a small business. Business has been slowly lately.
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GRAMMAR: ARTICLES
USE Example
A / AN +
singular
noun
For a new item of information e.g. Suddenly I saw a man appeared outside the
window.
For large whole numbers, fractions, weights, and
distances
e.g. a hundred / a million, a fifth, a half, a kilo, a
meter
For disease e.g. have a headache / a cold / a flu
THE
To talk about something again e.g. I saw a nice picture on the wall. When I went
back, the picture wasn’t there anymore.
When a noun is made definite by details following it e.g. That man outside was the man that we were
looking for.
When we definitely know what we talk about e.g.
- The cheese is in the fridge.
- We buy most of food from the local supermarket.
With superlatives and ordinals e.g.
- She is the tallest girl in our class.
- You are the first person I’ve talked to in this class.
The only one e.g. People used to believe the moon is a goddess.
Before some adjectives to say about the group in
general
e.g. The British really like to drink tea.
With some place name:
- Oceans and seas - The Black Sea, The Atlanta, The Pacific, The
Mediterranean
- River - The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube
- Mountain ranges - The Alps, The Himalayas
- Countries - The Netherlands, the Philippines, the United
Kingdom, the United States of America, the
People’s Republic of China
No article
Things in general e.g. Trees are easily damaged by pollution.
Music helps me concentrate when I’m
working.
Proper names Kate lives in Manchester.
Meals I’ve had dinner.
Means of transport She goes to school by bus every day.
* Fixed expression:
1. We listen to the radio. BUT We watch television
2. We play the guitar. (a musical instrument) BUT We play tennis. (a sport)
3. We go to the cinema, the concert, the theatre…
4. My mother is at work. BUT My mother is at the office.
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QUANTIFIERS
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Unit 2: TYPES OF VERBS
1. VERB FORMS
a. Auxiliaries (will, would, shall, do, does, did) + (NOT) Bare infinitive
e.g. He does not want to go out alone.
b. BE + V-ing / P.P (V3)
e.g. They are discussing the matter in the conference room.
No one was admitted to the seminar without an invitation.
c. HAVE / HAD / HAS + P.P (V3)
e.g. The conference had started thirty minutes before I reached the hall.
2. INTRANSITIVE or TRANSITIVE VERBS?
ABIDE BY
AGREE WITH
BENEFIT FROM
CONSENT TO
DEAL WITH
INSIST ON
ACCOUNT FOR
APOLOGIZE TO
COMPETE WITH
CONTRIBUTE TO
DEPEND ON
GRADUATE FROM
INTERFERE WITH
PROCEED WITH
REFER TO
RELY ON
SUBSCRIBE TO
SYMPATHIZE WITH
THINK OF
OBJECT TO
PARTICIPATE IN
REFRAIN FROM
RESPOND TO
SUCCEED IN
TALK ABOUT
WAIT FOR
NOTE
WRONG CORRECT WRONG CORRECT
APPROVE FOR
ACCOMPANY WITH
ATTEND AT
ALERT TO
CONTACT TO
ANSWER TO
APPROVE
ACCOMPANY
ATTEND
ALERT
CONTACT
ANSWER
ENTER INTO
APPROACH TO
EXPLAIN ABOUT
INSPECT INTO
PROVIDE WITH
LEAVE FROM
ENTER
APPROACH
EXPLAIN
INSPECT
PROVIDE
LEAVE
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DISCUSS ABOUT
DISCUSS
MENTION ABOUT
REACH AT
RESEMBLE WITH
VISIT TO
MENTION
REACH
RESEMBLE
VISIT
e.g. We proceed ( proceed with) our work after a two-week break.
Mr. Shell insists ( insists on) the freshest produce for his restaurant.
Mr. Jenson himself answered to ( answered) the phone when I called the police.
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Unit 3: PASSIVE VOICE
1. STRUCTURES
e.g. A car hit the man. The man was hit by a car.
PRESENT SIMPLE People speak English here. English is spoken here.
AM / IS / ARE + P.P
PRESENT CONTINUOUS They are painting the house. The house is bening painted.
AM / IS / ARE + being + P.P
PRESENT PERFECT I have cleaned the room. The room has been cleaned.
HAS / HAVE + been + P.P
PAST SIMPLE They robbed the bank. The bank was robbed.
WAS / WERE + P.P
PAST CONTINUOUS We were doing homework at 6pm last night. Homework was being done at 6pm last night.
WAS / WERE + being + P.P
PAST PERFECT I had checked everything before I got home. Everything had been checked before I got home.
HAD + been + P.P
Note: Verbs with 2 objects
give, lend, offer, promise, sell, send, take sth TO sb buy, keep, make, prepare, save sth FOR sb
In active or passive sentences, we can say in 2 ways
e.g. Peter gave Karen a present. = Peter gave a present to Karen.
Karen was given a present. = A present was given to Karen.
2. ACTIVE SENTENCES WITH A PASSIVE MEANING
DESERVE / REQUIRE / WANT / NEED + V-ing
e.g. The old closet needs painting. = The closet needs to be painted.
Ms. Lee deserves promoting. = Ms. Lee deserves to be promoted.
3. PASSIVE VOICE OF CAUSATIVE VERBS
Active have sb do sth Passive have sth done
e.g. I have them paint my kitchen I have my kitchen painted.
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Unit 4: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
I. SUBJECT are separated
(c) Cross out the (shortened) relative clause
Example: The girl who stands next to two big plants is my sister.
The girl standing next to two big plants is my sister.
II. VERBs coming BEFORE the SUBJECTs
III. SUBJECTS THAT ALWAYS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS
1. 1. Indefinite Pronouns Subjects
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2. 2. Words for Amounts
3. Plural-looking nouns (subjects, diseases)
IV. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
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V. COMPOUND SUBJECTs
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Unit 5: TENSES – CONDITIONAL
I. TENSE
1. PRESENT SIMPLE
Form: S + is / am / are S + V(s/es)
S + is / am / are NOT S + do / does NOT + V
Is / Am / Are + S Do / Does + S + V ?
Uses:
1. Express a habit or often repeated action. Eg. She goes to work from 9 to 5 every day.
2. Express general truth. Eg. Water boils at 1000C.
3. Talk about future scheduled events. Eg. The course begins next Monday at 2 p.m.
Common time expressions:
- Adverbs of frequency: usually, always, never, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often
- Every (day / week …)
- Once (a week), twice (a day), three times (a year)
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form: S + is / am / are + V-ing S + is / am / are NOT + V-ing Is / Am / Are + S + V-ing?
Uses:
3. Express an action in progress. Eg. She is typing the letter for him.
4. Express an action that is occurring at present, but is temporary
Eg. John is living in Paris, but he will move soon.
5. Talk about an action around noun. Eg. I am dating with a beautiful girl these days.
6. Talk about the near future Eg. I am leaving for Hanoi tomorrow.
Common time expressions:
- At the moment = at present
- Currently, now, right now
- Look! Eg. Look! A hot girl is crossing the road.
- Watch out! = Look out! Eg. Look out! A car is coming behind you.
3. PRESENT PERFECT
Form: S + has / have + V3 S + has / have not + V3 Has / Have S + V3
Uses:
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1. Talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to now.
Eg. He has lived here for 3 years.
2. Talk about an event that was completed in the past, but the specific time of the event is not known.
Eg. I have seen that movie before.
3. Talk about an event that was completed in the past just a short time ago.
Eg. I have just had dinner.
Common time expressions:
- for (with a period of time)
- since (with an exact point of time)
- ever
- never
- yet
- already
- so far = up to now
- over / for / in the last / past few years
- recently / lately
- just
- It is the first / second time…
- Superlatives e.g. You are the most beautiful girl I have seen.
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form: S + has / have + been + V-ing S + has / have + been NOT + V-ing Has / Have S been V-ing?
Uses: The same as Present Perfect
Present Perfect: emphasizes the result answer the question How many (times)
Present Perfect Continuous: emphasizes the activity, duration -> answer the question How long
E.g. I have seen it twice. I have read 20 pages of the book.
I have been reading it all day. I have been working here for 5 years.
5. PAST SIMPLE
Form: S + was / were S + V(-ed / V2)
S + was / were NOT S + did NOT + V
Was / Were + S Did + S + V ?
Uses: Talk about a complete past action Eg I visited my aunt yesterday.
Common time expressions:
- last (week, year, night…)
- yesterday
- ago
- the other day
- those days
- at / in / on + past time
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6. PAST CONTINUOUS
Form: S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were not + V-ing Was / Were + S + V-ing?
Uses:
1. Talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past.
Eg. I was studying while my mother was cooking dinner.
2. Talk about a past action which was in progress when another past action happened.
Eg. I was taking a bath when the door bell rang.
7. PAST PERFECT
Form: S + had + V3 S + had + V3 Had + S + V3?
Uses: Talk about a past action which happened before another past action or before a point of time in
the past.
e.g. The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.
She had been driving around the city before 5 p.m last night.
8. FUTURE FORM
9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
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Form: S + will + be + V-ing S + will be not + V-ing Will + S + be + V-ing?
Uses: Talk about an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.
Eg. I will be teaching English 4 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
10. FUTURE PERFECT
Form: S + will + have + V3 S + will have not + V3 Will + S + have+ V3?
Uses: Talk about an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future.
Eg. We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow
11. FUTURE TIME in Present tenses
II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
First conditional A possible thing in future IF + S + (should) + V, S + will + V
e.g. If I have free time, I will drop by your house tomorrow.
Second conditional An unlikely thing at
present
IF + S + simple past, S + would / could/ should/might + V
e.g. If I were you, I would accept her offer.
Third conditional An unlikely thing in the
past
IF + S + past perfect, S + would/could/ should/might + have
+ V3
e.g. If I had met you last night, I would have given you his
phone number.
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Mixed conditional An imagined event in the
past with the present
result
e.g. If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be
slippery now.
If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a
difficult situation now.
Omission of IF
III. SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS
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Unit 6: TENSES – CONDITIONAL
A. GERUND is used:
1. As the subject or the object of a sentence Ex: - Skiing can be dangerous. - I enjoy cooking. 2. After prepositions Ex: - He’s bad at talking to girls.
3. After the verbs GO when talking about activities Ex: - I often go swimming every day.
- She often goes fishing on Sundays.
4. After certain verbs or phrases:
ADMIT
AVOID
BE USED TO
CAN’T HELP
CAN’T STAND
CONSIDER
DELAY
DENY
ENJOY
FEEL LIKE
FINISH
HAVE DIFFICULTY
IMAGINE
IMAGINE
IT’S NO GOOD
IT’S NO USE
IT’S WORTH
KEEP
MENTION
MISS
POSTPONE
PRACTICE
SUGGEST
SPEND TIME
5. After some special expressions
a. SPEND / WASTE time/money + V-ing John spends most of his time studying TOEIC.
I wasted a lot of time watching TV.
b. SIT / STAND / LIE + place + V-ing John sat at his desk writing a letter.
I stood there wondering what to do next.
She is lying in bed reading a novel.
c. FIND / CATCH + sb + V-ing When I walked into my office, I found Peter using my telephone.
Getting home, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.
B. BARE INFINITIVE is used:
1. After modal verbs
Ex: - He should get married to her immediately.
2. After the verbs LET MAKE WOULD RATHER
Ex: - I let my son go out for 2 hours only.
- Her teacher makes her a lot of homework.
- He’d rather not shop for computers until they are on sale.
C. GERUNDS or INFINITIVES: Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with no change in
meaning
BEGIN BOTHER CONTINUE
HATE LIKE LOVE START
Ex: - He begins playing/to play the piano.
- It started raining/to rain as soon as we left the house.
* Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with some changes in meaning
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1. FORGET
Ex: - He’s forgotten meeting you before.
- I forgot to say where I was going.
FOR GET + gerund = not remember a past action
FORGET + to –inf = forget, then fail to act
2. REMEMBER
Ex: - She remembers leaving water for the dog.
- I hope she remembers to leave water for the dog.
REMEMBER + gerund = recall doing sth in the past
REMEMBER + to –inf = recall, then act
3. GO ON
Ex: - They went on watching TV.
- They went on to watch TV.
GO ON + gerund = continue doing sth
GO ON + to –inf = finish one thing and start
another
4. STOP
Ex: - The lesson was boring; so they stopped listening.
- Talking quietly, they stopped to listen her words.
STOP + gerund = finish, quit doing sth
STOP + to –inf = finish one action in order to do
another
5. REGRET
Ex: - I regret telling him about my problem.
- I regret to say that you’ve failed your test.
REGRET + gerund = have second thoughts about a past
action
REGRET + to –inf = feel bad about what you are going to
say or do
6. TRY
Ex: - Try studying without TV on.
- Try not to worry.
TRY + gerund = experiment
TRY + to –inf = make an attempt to do
sth
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Unit 7: PARTICIPLES
I. PARTICIPLES that MODIFY NOUNS
II. PARTICIPLES to EXPRESS OPINIONS and FEELINGS
III. PARTICIPLES in REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
- If it has the active meaning, use PRESENT participles.
e.g. Employees (who are) requesting vacation time should turn in their forms.
- If it has the passive meaning, use PAST participles.
e.g The invitations (which were) sent last Monday will arrive soon.
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Unit 8: PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun:
To emphasize the person or thing we are referring to:
e.g. Kendal itself is quite a small town. I baked the bread myself. She mended the car herself
As a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb.
e.g. I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
Warning
But we use personal pronouns, not reflexives, after prepositions of place...
He had a suitcase beside him.
and after with when it means "accompanied by":
She had a few friends with her.
BY + Reflexive pronoun when we want to show that someone did something alone and/or without any
help
e.g. She walked home by herself. I prepared the whole meal by myself.
Indefinite pronouns
To say about something unspecific: use another / other(s)
ANOTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I was fired. I would find another job soon.
OTHER + Plural Noun = OTHERS Eg: These books are boring. Give me other books (others).
To say about something specific: use the other(s)
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THE OTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I have two brothers. One is a doctor; the other is a teacher.
THE OTHER + Plural Noun = THE OTHERS
Eg: There are five books on the table. I don’t like this book. I like the other books (the others).
Notes:
- EACH OTHER or ONE ANOTHER? when two or more people do the same thing.
Eg. Peter and Mary helped each other. (Peter helped Mary. Mary helped Peter)
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Unit 9: ADJECTIVE, ADVERBS,
COMPARISON
1. ADJECTIVES
A. Forms
-ic energetic -ate moderate -ing Interesting
-ible possible -ical logical -ile hostile
-ed bored -y cloudy -al mechanical
-less hopeless -ory compulsory -ly costly
-ial industrial -ish sluggish -ive attractive
-ous generous -able comfortable -ful colorful
B. Uses
2. ADVERBS
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3. CONFUSABLE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
B. Changes in meaning when adding –ly to an adjective to form an adverb
close closely deep deeply free freely hard hardly high highly late lately near nearly short shortly wide widely most mostly
e.g.
1. They sat close together. (=near) I sat and watched everyone closely. (=carefully)
2. Children under five travel free. (=without payment) EU citizens can now travel freely between
member states.
3. I am not very good at jumping high. This is a highly paid job. (very, at a high level)
4. A bomb exploded somewhere near. The bottle’s nearly empty. (=almost)
5. Open your mouth wide. The idea is now widely accepted. (=by many
people)
6. He stood with his hands deep in his pockets. He tried to breathe deeply to keep calm.
7. He always studies hard. There’s hardly any tea left. (=almost no)
8. The products were delivered late. Lately, I’ve been redecorating the house.
9. I’d never let you go short of anything. (lack) She arrived shortly after that. (=not long)
10. You are the most interesting person in this class. The sauce is mostly cream. (=mainly)
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4. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
1. Comparison of Adjectives
ADJECTIVE FORM COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Only one syllable. e.g: light, neat, fast
Add -er: lighter, neater, faster Add -est: lightest, neatest, fastest
Two syllables, ending in -y, - er, -ow, -le e.g.: happy, narrow, gentle, clever
Change y to i, then add -er: happier, narrower, cleverer
Change y to i, then add -est: happiest, narrowest, gentlest, cleverest
Other two syllables or more e.g.: modern, interesting, beautiful
Use “more” before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful
Use “most” before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful
2. Comparison of Adverbs
- When an adjective has the same form as the adjective, it also has the same comparative and superlative forms.
e.g. early, fast, hard, high, late ( earlier, faster, harder, higher, later _ the earliest, the fastest, the hardest, the highest, the latest)
- When an adverb ends in –ly, use more and most
e.g. beautifully more beautifully, the most beautifully
Irregular adjectives / adverbs
Irregular Adjective Irregular Adverb Comparative Form Superlative Form
good well better the best
bad badly worse the worst
far far farther the farthest
little little less the least
many / much much more the most
3. Other comparison AS + adj/adv + AS: when two people/things are similar in some way
e.g. She is as tall as her brother. He doesn’t run as fast as his cousin.
LESS/THE LEAST + adj/adv:
e.g. This book is less interesting than the one I read last week.
(? Times) + AS adj/adv + AS
e.g. This book is twice as expensive as mine.
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Unit 10: PREPOSITIONS
A. IN:
1. Time
in + year, century, era (in 2006, in the 19th century, in the 1970s)
in + month, season (in January, in the summer)
in + part of the day (in the morning) Note: at dawn, at noon, at night
2. Place
in + place (in the world, in Korea)
in + oceans, continents (in the Pacific, in Asia)
in + neighborhood/suburb
3. Other uses
in + language (in English)
in + newspaper, magazine (in the newspaper) Note: on TV, on the radio
in + means of transport (in the car, taxi) Note: on the bus/plane/train, by taxi
4. Idiomatic expressions
in my opinion in front of
in the future / past in the middle of
in the end in general
in detail in particular
in person in time
in stock >< out of stock
in print >< out of print
B. ON:
1. Time
on + date (on October 8, on the morning of October 8, on that day)
on + day (on Friday)
2. Place
on + street (on Wall Street)
on + space, surface (on the floor, on the wall)
3. Idiomatic expression
on foot on a business trip
on vacation on duty
on the other hand on purpose
on sale on leave
on a diet on time
on air on strike
C. AT:
1. Time
at + an exact time (at 7:30, at the beginning of this month)
2. Place
at + address (at 123 Wall Street)
at + an exact position (at the station, at work, at the airport)
3. Idiomatic expression
at best at first / last
at risk at table
at times at the same time
at most / least at rest
at random at a low price
at present / the moment at work
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D. BY:
1. By + means of transportation, payment
by taxi by credit card
2. By chance
I met him by chance while walking on the street
3. By = no later than
The work must be done by the end of this week.
E. FOR: for + Noun -> a purpose
for free for good
for rent / sale for the sake of
F. OTHERS:
1. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + Noun
Despite campaigns about the dangers of excessive drinking, most countries still see a steady increase in the number of alcoholics.
2. BECAUSE OF / DUE TO / OWING TO + Noun
THANKS TO + Noun
Due to the heavy traffic along the main road, the workshop administrator was more than 30 minutes late.
Thanks to a strong economic recovery this year, a lot of companies were able to avoid filing for bankruptcy.
3. EXCEPT (FOR) + Noun
EXCEPT THAT + Clause
ASIDE FROM / BARRING + Noun
Delivery is free for all dishes on the menu, except for the items noted below.
4. WITHOUT / BUT FOR + Noun
Without the sunlight, plans may wither or die
But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.
5. BETWEEN + 2 plural nouns
AMONG + plural nouns
There is a close correlation between the wealth of a country and the health status of its people.
The teacher is popular among students because he has a sense of humour.
6. CONCERNING / REGARDING + Noun
WITH REGARD TO / WITH RESPECT TO / WITH REFERENCE TO + Noun
Eric has written an insightful memo concerning the third quarter report.
With respect to your enquiry, I enclose an explanatory leaflet.
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Unit 11: CONJUNCTIONS
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
FUNCTION EXAMPLE
AND Joins 2 similar ideas They moved to Ho Chi Minh city in 2001, and they have
been living in District 8 since then.
BUT / YET Joins 2 contrasting ideas John is outgoing, but his twin brother is rather quiet.
He is talented, yet he is not very popular.
OR Johns 2 alternative ideas We can increase overtime working, or we can take on new
staff.
SO Shows that the second idea is the
result of the first one
We can increase the tying error just in time, so we did not
offend our customer.
FOR Shows the reason She goes cycling every morning, for it helps her stay
healthy.
NOR Joins 2 negative ideas Rocky does not like fast food, nor does he enjoy
vegetables.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
BOTH … AND + plural verb
Both my mother and my sister are here.
NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO + V
NOT ONLY … BUT …AS WELL + V
(the subject that is closer to the verb will determine
whether the verb is singular or plural)
Not only you but also I am interested in this matter.
She not only sings well but also dances beautifully.
NEITHER … NOR …
EITHER … OR …
(the subject that is closer to the verb will determine
whether the verb is singular or plural)
Neither John nor his colleagues want to do the task.
Either you or your teacher is correct.
TYPE OF
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSE
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Adverbial clause of
concession
ALTHOUGH, (EVEN)
THOUGH, WHEREAS,
WHILE…
show opposition Although she’s small, she’s very strong.
John is short, whereas Mary is tall.
Adverbial clause of
reason
BECAUSE, AS, SINCE,
NOW THAT
show a
cause/effect
relationship
between ideas
I lost my job because I was often late.
Since I have no money, I can’t go to the
movie.
Adverbial clause of
result
SO…THAT,
SUCH…THAT
The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.
It was such a good book that I couldn’t
put it down.
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Adverbial clause of
purpose
SO THAT, IN ORDER
THAT, FOR FEAR THAT,
LEST
express a
purpose
I am going to cash a check so that I can
buy my textbooks.
I am telling you this lest you should make
a mistake.
Adverbial clause of
condition
IF, UNLESS, WHETHER
(OR NOT), PROVIDING,
IN CASE, IN THE EVENT
THAT
present possible
conditions
If it rains, I will stay at home.
Adverbial clause of
time
AFTER, BEFORE,
WHEN, WHILE, SINCE,
UNTIL, AS, AS SOON
AS, ONCE, WHENEVER,
EVERY TIME (THAT), BY
THE TIME (THAT)
show time
relationships
After she graduates, she will get a job.
Adverbial clause of
place WHERE, WHEREVER
show place
relationships I will go whenever you tell me.
Adverbial clause of
manner AS, AS IF, AS THOUGH
show the
manner in which
sth happens
Everything went on as we had planned.
He spoke as if he were a learned man.
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Unit 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. CASES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Pay attention to the noun it replaces to decide whether to use it as the subject, object, or in
the possessive case.
Noun Subjective case Possessive case Objective case
People WHO WHOSE WHOM
Things, animals WHICH WHOSE / OF WHICH WHICH
People, things, animals THAT _ THAT
Noun + that / which WHAT _ WHAT
+ Verb + Noun + Subject + Verb
a. WHO / WHICH
e.g. The man who lives across the street is a good neighbor.
San Francisco is a city which attracts a lot of tourists.
b. THAT
e.g. Our sales department will be unable to process
c. Relative pronouns in non-defining relative clauses Don’t use THAT
e.g. My best friend, who works for a florist, always sends me flowers on my
birthday.
2. USE of WHAT
WHAT is used to begin a noun clause and functions as the subject, object, or complement.
e.g. What he said was unbelievable.
I don’t understand what John is talking about.
This is just what she wants.
3. RELATIVE ADVERBS
A Relative adverb replaces the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause.
Antecedent Noun / Pronoun Subjective case Preposition + which
Time + date WHEN AT / IN / ON + WHICH
Place WHERE AT / IN / ON + WHICH
Reason WHY FOR WHICH
Method HOW THE WAY IN WHICH
a. WHEN
e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
= I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
b. WHERE
e.g. The building where he lives is very old.
= The building in which he lives is very old.
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c. WHY
e.g. Please tell me the reason why she was disappointed.
= Please tell me the reason for which she was disappointed.
d. HOW
e.g. He told us how he met his girlfriend.
= He told us the way in which he met his girlfriend.
4. WH-QUESTION WORD
This is used to emphasize the idea.
a. WHOEVER
e.g. Whoever wants to come is welcome.
= Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
b. WHICHEVER
e.g. There are ten flights to San Francisco every day. We can take whichever fits in best with our
schedule.
= There are ten flights to San Francisco every day. We can take anything that fits in best with
our schedule.
c. WHATEVER
e.g. He always says whatever comes to his mind.
= He always says anythings that comes to his mind.
d. WHENEVER
e.g. You may leave whenever you want.
= You may leave at any time that you want.
e. WHEREVER
e.g. You can go wherever you want to go.
= You can go any place that you want to go.
f. HOWEVER
e.g. The students may dress however they please.
= The students may dress in any way that they please.
5. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
ANTECEDENT NOUN + (RELATIVE PRONOUN + BE) + PRESENT / PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g. Employees (who are) requesting vacation time should turn in their forms.
The invitations (which were) sent last Monday will arrive soon.
Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung |
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Unit 13: INVERSION
1. Negative expressions: NEVER RARELY SELDOM BARELY
Eg. Never have we read such a good book.
Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view.
Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment.
Barely did we have time to get the train.
HARDLY NO SOONER SCARCELY
Eg. Hardly / Scarcely had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang.
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
2. After phrases “ONLY…”: ONLY AFTER / WHEN / THEN / IF + S + V…
ONLY BY + Noun / V-ing + Auxiliary V + S + V …
E.g. Only then did I understand the problem.
Only by hard work can you pass the exam.
Only after the film started did I realize that I’d seen it before.
3. Conditional sentences:
E.g SHOULD you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. (Type 1)
WERE I in your shoes, I would make a formal complaint. (Type 2)
WERE she to find out the truth, she would kill you.
HAD I known it was her birthday, I would have bought her a gift. (Type 3)
4. Prepositional phrases of place:
E.g. On the table LIES my textbook.
On the doorstep WAS a bunch of flowers.
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5. Special phrases:
a. After exclamations with HERE and THERE
E.g. Here comes the winner!
There goes all our money!
b. NOT ONLY + Auxiliary V + S + V + BUT ALSO + S + V
E.g. Not only did he write the text but he also selected the illustrations.
c. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES + Auxiliary V + S + V
E.g. Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
d. ... (Negative form), NOR + Auxiliary V + S + V
E.g. She doesn’t like them and nor does Jeff.
e. SO / NEITHER + Auxiliary V + S
E.g. I am so hungry. – So am I.
I like apples. – So does he.
I don’t like bananas. – Neither does he.
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Unit 14:CAUSATIVE VERBS
1. HAVE , GET : Active form: HAVE / GET sb + BARE INF
Passive form: HAVE / GET sth + Past Participle
E.g. Mary has John wash the car. Mary has the car washed (by John).
2. MAKE, FORCE, LET: MAKE sb + BARE Inf = FORCE sb + To-inf
LET sb + BARE Inf = ALLOW sb + To-inf
E.g. The teacher makes us do exercise.
She doesn’t want to let them go.
3. NEED, PREFER, WANT, WOULD LIKE, ORDER + sb/sth + Past Participle = Need, prefer… sth to be done
E.g. Be careful! I don’t want them (to be) broken.
I would like my car (to be) serviced.
*Note:
We need the house redecorated.
The house needs redecorating.
4. FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH + sb/th + Past Participle
E.g. - I haven’t heard the piece played before.
- I heard her called Toni. (passive meaning; = she was called Toni) and
- I heard Sue call Toni. (active meaning; = Sue called Toni)