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A comparison of time to exhaustion at [vdot]O2;max inelite cyclists, kayak paddlers, swimmers and runnersV. BILLAT a , M. FAINA b , F. SARDELLA b , C. MARINI b , F. FANTON b , S. LUPO b , P. FACCINI b ,M. DE ANGELIS b , J. P. KORALSZTEIN c & A. DALMONTE ba Laboratoire STAPS, Université Paris XII , 61 av. Général de Gaulle, Créteil, 94010, Franceb Istituto di Scienza dello Sport, Italian National Olympic Committee , Roma, Italyc Centre de Médecine du Sport , CCAS, 2 av. Richerand, Paris, 75010, FrancePublished online: 31 May 2007.

To cite this article: V. BILLAT , M. FAINA , F. SARDELLA , C. MARINI , F. FANTON , S. LUPO , P. FACCINI , M. DE ANGELIS , J. P.KORALSZTEIN & A. DALMONTE (1996) A comparison of time to exhaustion at [vdot]O2;max in elite cyclists, kayak paddlers,swimmers and runners, Ergonomics, 39:2, 267-277, DOI: 10.1080/00140139608964457

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964457

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A comparison of time to exhaustion at V O ~ rnax in 6lite cyclists, kayak paddlers, swimmers and runners

V. BILLAT?$, M. FAINAS, F. SARDELLA~, C. MARINIS, F. FANTONS, S. LUPO~, P. FACCINI*, M. DE ANGELIS*,

J. P. K O R A L S ~ N * and A. DALMONTE~

7 Laboratoire STAPS, Universit.6 Paris XII, 61 av. Gtntral de Gaulle, 94010 Crkteil, France

4 lstituto di Scienza dello Sport. Italian National Olympic Committee, Roma, Italy

*Centre de Mtdecine du Sport. CCAS. 2 av. Richerand, 75010 Paris, France

Keywords: Maximal oxygen consumption; Time to exhaustion; Cycling; Running; Swimming; Kayaking.

A recent study has shown the reproducibility of time to exhaustion (time limit: tlim) at the lowest velocity that elicits the maximal oxygen consumption (vVO2 m a ) . The same study found an inverse relationship between this time to exhaustion at vVO2max and vv02max among 38 klite long-distance runners (Billat et al. 1994b). The purpose of the present study was to compare the time to exhaustion at the power output (or velocity) at V02 rnax for different values of V02 max, depending on the type of exercise and not only on the aerobic capacity. The time of exhaustion at vV02 rnax (rlimf has been measured among 41 tlite (national level) sportsmen: 9 cyclists, 9 kayak paddlers, 9 swimmers and 14 runners using specific ergometers. Velocity or power at V02max (vV02 max) was determined by continuous incremental testing. This protocol had steps of 2 min and increments of 50 W. 30 W. 0.05 m s - ' and 2 km - ' for cyclists, kayak paddlers, swimmers and runners, respectively. One week later, tlim was determined under the same conditions. After a warm-up of 10 rnin at 60% of their vVOzmax, subjects were concluded (in less than 45s) to their v302max and then had to sustain it as long as possible until exhaustion. Mean values of vV02max and tlim were respectively equal to 419 2 49 W (tlim = 222 2 9 1 s), 239 5 56 W (tlim = 376 2 134 s), 1.46 2 0.09 m s - ' (tlim = 287 2 160 s) and 22.4 5 0.8 km h - ' (tlim = 321 1 84 s), forcyclists, kayakpaddlers, swimmers and runners. Time toexhaustion at v302 rnax was only significantly different between cycling and kayaking (ANOVA test, p < 0.05). Otherwise, irO2 max (expressed in ml min - ' kg - I ) was significantly different between all sports except between cycling and running (p < 0.05). Ln this study, time to exhaustion at vVOz rnax was also inversely related to VO* rnax for the entire group of tlite sponsmen (r = - 0.320, p (0.05, n = 41). The inverse relationship between $2 rnax and tlim at vVO2 max has to be explained, it seems that tlim depends on V02 max regardless of the type of exercise undertaken.

1. Introduction Numerous authors have studied the velocity that elicits maximal oxygen uptake (vV02max) (Astrand 1960, Saltin and Astrand 1967, di Prampero et al. 1986, Gleser and Vogel1973, Hill 1927, Lacour et al. 199 1, U g e r and Boucher 1980, Ptronnet and Thibault 1989). The timeduring which thevelocity at li02 rnax was sustained (time limit at vVO2max) was measured in the laboratory and in the field for modelling the

3 Author for correspondence

0014-0139196 S12.00 0 1996 Taylor & Francis Lid

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velocity4uration relationship (Briggs 1977, Gleser and Vogel 1973, McLellan and Cheung 1992, Moritani et al. 1981). Recently, Billat et al. (1994a) have examined the reproducibility of the time limit at v ~ 0 2 m a x (tlim), which generally lies between 4 and 11 rnin depending on the subject; tlim was negatively correlated with m z m a x and velocity at VOZ max.

The purpose of this study was to compare the time of exhaustion at the power output (or velocity) at VO2 rnax for different values of max, depending on the type of sports or muscle mass involved in exercise (Astrand and Saltin 1961, Gleser et al. 1974, Holmer et al. 1974, Bergh et al. 1976, Franklin 1985, Bouchard et al. 1979, Shephard et al. 1988, McArdle et al. 1973, Hartling et al. 1989).

2. Method 2.1. Subjects The subjects were 41 national class sportsmen: road cyclists (n = 9), flatwater kayak paddlers (1000 m) (n = 9), middle distance swimmers (400 m) (n = 9) and middle- and long-distance runners (3000-10000m) (n = 14) whose physical characteristics are given in table 1. All were inforined of the protocol before participating as subjects in this study. Ethical approval for the present study was obtained from the Italian department of university and scientific research.

2.2. Experimental Each subject performed two exercise bouts to exhaustion, on separate days one week apart. The first test was to determine VOzmax and the minimal velocity or power associated with VOz max. The second test was an all-out exercise bout performed at the power or velocity that elicited VOz rnax to detennine the time to exhaustion at ~ 0 2 max. Verbal instruction in the all-out test was controlled for each subject. The subjects were instructed to perform as long as possible during the test time.

2.3. Data collection Each subject performed the two tests on their specific ergometer. Cyclists pedalled on an electronically braked Ergoline cycle ergometer .(Ergoline, West Germany), which was mechanically modified to enable them to utilize the saddle and position of their bike. They wore cycling shoes equipped with 'clip-less' compatible pedal interfaces. They had an optimum pedal rate for the high power output equal to 100revImin (Coast et al. 1986). Kayak paddlers were tested on an arm cranking ergometer (multifunctional ergometer, Dal Monte 1989) with specifically designed handbars to simulate (from a

Table I . Physical characteristics of the subjects.

Age Mass Stature Sportsmen (years) (kg) (m)

Cyclists 24.2 rf: 2.3t 78.1 5 10.5 1.80 2 0.6 Kayak paddlers 21.4 2 5.1 75.2 2 10.5 1.78 t 0.7 Swimmers 18.4 2 2.3 74.5 + 8.9 1-81 20.7 Runners 27.8 2 3.8$ 68.6 2 5.8* 1.78 t: 0.5

Mean -C SD . 23.62 5.0 73.5 2 9.2 1.80 ? 0.6

t Cyclists are significantly older than swimmers p C 0.05. S Runners are signficantly older than the other sportsmen p < 0.05. * Runners are significantly lighter than cyclists p c 0.05.

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Time to exhaustion

biomechanical point of view) the action of kayak paddlers. The paddling rate was chosen at 90 strokes per minute, according to the usual and optimal paddling frequency of the subjects. Swimmers performed in a swimming flume where the water was circulated in a deep loop by a motor driven propeIler, providing a water flow velocity from 0 to 2.0 m s - ' with an increment of 0.01 m s - ' (Astrand and Englesson 1972, Dal Monte 1989). The runners performed on a treadmill (Gyrnrol 1800, Sanit Etienne, France). Throughout the tests, the slope of the treadmill was zero..Measurement of V02 max was done with a telemetric system (K2, Cosmed, Italy, Dal Monte et al. 1989). reliability and reproducibility of oxygen uptake measurements have been checked in prior studies (Dal Monte et al. 1989, Kawakami et al. 1992, Peel and Utsey 1993, Lucia et al. 1993). The first session was dedicated to the measurement of VOZ rnax and the determination of the speed or power at V02 rnax (vi/O2 max) according to the criteria of Taylor et al. (1955) and Lacour et al. (1 99 1) during a continuous incremental protocol with steps of 2 rnin. Power or speed increments were 50 and 30 W, 0-05 m s - ' and 2 km- ' for cyclists, kayak paddlers, swimmers and runners, respkctively. The time limit corresponding to 100% of vZfOzmax was carried out at the same time of day at one week's interval. The subjects performed a preliminary exercise lasting 10 min at 60% of VVOZ rnax and were then conducted (in less than 45 s) to their vliO2 max. Then they had to sustain this power output as long as possible to exhaustion to determine time to exhaustion at v m z rnax (tlim).

Blood lactate was collected at the ear lobe and analysed by a micro-method by means of an automatic Epphendorf-ESAT 6001 analyser, Germany. The blood samples were taken from the ear lobe before and immediately after exercise and at 3,6 and 9 min during the recovery period following each test, in order to detect the peak lactate

'

concentration. In the tlim test blood samples were also taken in the last minute of warm-up. Heart rate was measured and registered continuously by a heart rate meter (Sporttester PI3 3000, Polar, Finland). H e m rate, HR, (beatsmin-'), blood lactate (rnrnol I-'), ventilation (&), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (EVOz) and oxygen pulse (VO2lHR in ml cycle min A ') were compared in the two incremental tests versus time limit tests for each sport. Also VO, rnax in the incremental test was compared with Z i 0 2 peak in the tlim test.

2.4. Statistical analyses Mean and standard deviations were computed for all variables within each group and also for the entire group of Clite sportsmen. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparisons were used to test for significant differences in the main physical and physiological characteristics for the incremental and time limit test between the four groups of sports. The cardiorespiratory variables obtained at the end of incremental and time limit tests were subjected to a paired Student's t-test for the statistical analysis of difference. In investigating relationships between respective items of measurement, a Pearson's correlation coefficient between two arbitrary items was calculated. In all statistical analyses, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

3. Results 3.1. Physical characteristics There were no significant differences in stature between the four groups, for mass, except for the mass between runners and cyclists (table 1). The runners were significantly older than the other sportsmen, and the cyclists were significantly older than the swimmers.

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Table 2. Velocity and power output at VOzmax and V0,rnax values obtained at the end of incremental and time limit tests.

mz max incremental test VOz max incremental test Time limit at (ml min - ') (mlmin-' kg-') v V02 max

Sportsmen vVOz max (% of cyclists' values) (% of cyclists' values) 6)

Cyclists 419 2 49t 5632 + 649 ( 1 00%) 72.4 2 5.4 (100%) 222 + 91 Kayak paddlers 239 5 56t 4034 t 624.6 (72%) 53.8 ? 6.1 (74%) 376 2 134 Swimmers 1.46 + 0.09$ 4444 2 729 (7970) 59.6 C 6.7 (82%) 287 2 160 Runners 6.22 1 0.22$ 5129?332(91%) 74.9 2 3.0(103%) 321 2 84

Mean -t SD - 4809 +- 710 65.2 + 10.1 302 2 65

p < 0.05. ?Units are watts. $Units are m s- '

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Time to exhaustion 27 1

3.2. V O 2 m , Times to exhaustion at VVOZ max were not significantly different between the sports except between cycling and kayaking (table 2). On the contrary, v02max when expressed in ml min - ' kg- ' was significantly different for all sports except between cycling and running. When ~ 0 2 m a x is expressed in mVrnin- I , it was significantly different between all sports except between kayaking and swimming.

3.3. Velocity or power output a t V02ma.x ( V V O ~ ~ ) and time to exhaustion at V02 m u (tlim) obtained in different sports

Table 2 shows the power output or velocities at ~ 0 2 m a x and time to exhaustion at ~ O ~ r n a x (tlim) obtained in different sports. The power output of kayak paddlers at ~ O z m a x was only 57% that of the cyclists, which can be explained by the smaller muscle mass involved in kayaking. However, time toexhaustion for kayak paddlers was significantly higher than that of the cyclists tlim (p < 0.05) (equal to 169%). Velocity (and tlim) at VOzmax for swimmers and runners, respectively and tlim was not significantly different.

3.4. Comparison between physiological parameters obtained a t the end of the incremental test and tlim tests

There were no significant differences for sports between the physiological values obtained in the two tests, i.e. V02, HR, blood lactate, *, EVO2 and oxygen pulse (table 3). The runners had significantly higher values of 0 2 uptake, oxygen pulse and l% at the end of the incremental test. Kayak paddlers had significantly higher values for blood lactate at the end of the tlim test. All of these variables obtained at the end of the incremental and time limit test are correlated in table 4.

Table 3. Cardiorespiratory variables and blood lactate values obtained at the end of the incremental and time limit tests in the four groups of tlite sportsmen.

Sportsmen

Bioenergetic Cyclists Kayak paddlers Swimmers Runners characteristics (n = 9) (n = 9) (n = 10) (n = 14)

VOz max Inc 5632 2 649 4034 2 625 4444 ? 729 5 129 + 3327 (ml min - I ) tlim 5449 +- 41 1 4145 5 687 4419 -t 716 4828 2 428t

HR Inc 1902 7 1902 3 179 2 5 1 8 9 2 6 max (beats min- ') tlim 191 2 7 - 1772 8 187 2 8

Blood lactate lnc 10.821.9 8.2 2 2.3$ 4.3 2 1-6 9.0 t 1.6 (mmol 1 - I ) tlim 10.2 +- 2.0 9.8 + 1.7$ 4.9 2 1.2 9.7 2 2.6

i'E Inc 191.5218.7 134.35234 117.0212.4 164.0213.2 (I min - I) tlim 192.6 2 8.9 135.9 2 24.2 115.1 2 12.7 164.3 + 15.0

O2 pulse Inc 29.7 5 3.3 18.6 + 1.7 24-6 2 3.6 27.3 + 2.2t (mVbeats m- I ) tlim 29.1 2 3.5 - 26.9 2 4.2 25.9 5 2-77

EV02 Inc 34.0 ? 2.3 33.3 2 2.5 26.6 2 3.0 32.4 + 2 . l t tlim 35.5 2 3.1 32.8 + 2.3 26.4 If: 3.2 34.1 2 2.9t

Time limit test: tlim. Incremental test: Inc. * p < 0.05. t p < 0.01. $ p < 0-02.

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Table 4. Coefficient of correlation between physiological mean values obtained at the end of the tlim test and at the end of the incremental test.

tlim test versus incremental test

Bioenergetic Cyclists Kayak paddlers Swimmers Runners All groups characteristics (n = 9) (n = 9) (n = 10) (n = 14) (n = 41)

~ 0 2 max 0.775t 0.922$ 0.891 $ 0.838$ 0.905$ (ml rnin - ')

HR max 0.57 1 - 0.684* 0.899$ 0-6474 (beats min - ') (0.1 )

Blood lactate 0.395 0.667' 0.37 1 0.525' 0.748$ (mmol 1 - I)

VE 0.388 0.747t 0-04 1 0.6824 0.893$ (1 min- I)

0 2 pulse 0.4 1 3 - 0.528 0-839$ 0.647$ (mlheats min - ')

EVOZ 0.324 0.3 1 1 0.335 0.664$ 0.741 $

3.5. Comparison between physiological variables obtained at the end of the incremental test between different sports

The maximal heart rate obtained at the end of the increment test was significantly lower among swimmers than the other sportsmen (179 versus 190, 190 and 189 cycle rnin - ' among cyclists, kayak paddlers and runners, respectively, table 3). The blood lactate obtained at the end of the incremental test was significantly lower among swimmers than the other sportsmen (4.3 versus 10.8.8.2 and 9.0 mmol 1 - ' among cyclists, kayak paddlers and runners, respectively). $'E and oxygen pulse were significantly different between all sports. Ev02 was significantly different between all sports except between cycling and kayaking.

3.6. Relationship between tlim and vv0zma.z and ~ 0 z m a . r for all sports and for each sport

In this study, time to exhaustion at VVO, rnax was inversely related to i'O:!rnax for all sports ( r = - 0.320, p < 0.05) (figure 1) but not for each individual sport, this tendency remaining ( r = - 0.240, - 0.1 17, - 0.171, p > 0.05) for cycling, kayaking and swimming, respectively. Velocity at v02max was inversely related to tlim, in swimming ( r = - 0.778, p C 0.01) and in running (r = - 0.558, p < 0.05). Kayak paddlers can sustain their v02 rnax power output during 376 s. They have the longest time toexhaustion among the four sport groups and the lower VO;! rnax value. This result contributes to the inverse relationship that was observed between the limit time at vvoz rnax and VOz max.

4. Discussion 4.1. VOzmax values obtained in the different sports It was found that VO2 rnax values obtained at the end of incremental and time limit tests were not significantly different as previously reported by McArdle et al. (1973), except in the case of runners who obtained their highest values at the end of the incremental

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Time to exhaustion

Figure 1. Relationship between the time to exhaustion at vW2 rnax and i/02max for the whole group.

test. However, at the end of the incremental test, tiOz had not reached a plateau for half of the subjects, and it would be preferable to consider this value of V02 as a v02 peak, rather than a v02 max.

4.1.1. Cycling: $'O2rnax values obtained in this study, both in absolute (5-6 1 min- I) and in relative terms (72.4 ml min - ' kg- I ) are consistent with other studies that have measured V 0 2 rnax in elite cyclists (Coyle et al. 1991). Values such as 4.9 1 rnin - have been reported in national class, and more than 5.0 1 min- ' in national team cyclists (international class) (Hagberg et al. 1979, Saltin and Astrand 1967). Neuman (1992) reported a power output at V02 rnax equal to 400 Wand a Z i 0 2 rnax of 78 ml min - ' kg- ' for national Clite road cyclists in former West Germany (198&88). The lower value obtained here (72-4 ml min- ' kg - I) can be explained by a higher body weight (78 versus 72 kg for the German national team). Also, these tests were performed in winter out of the competition season.

4.1.2. Kayaking: ~ O 2 m a x values registered in this research, both in absolute (4-01 min - I) and relative terms (53.8 ml min- ' kg- ') are consistent with other studies that have measured VO2 rnax in Clite kayak'paddlers (Dal Monte and Leonardi 1976, Tesch 1983).

4.1.3. Swimming: v02 rnax values recorded among swimmers, both in absolute (4.4 1 min - ') and relative terms (59.6 ml rnin - ' kg - ') are consistent with other studies that have measured W2max in Blite swimmers. Lavoie et al. (1981) reported an absolute value of V02 rnax equal to 4.3 1 mine in 20 years-old Clite middle distance swimmers measured during the last 2 rnin of a 500 m free-style event in a swimming pool using the Douglas bag method. Holmer et al. (1974) reported an absolute value of i r g 2 rnax equal to 5 1 min - ' in 18-7 years-old (mean) Blite middle distance swimmers measured in a swimming flume with a heart rate of 186 versus 179 beat min- ' for the present swimmers. It could be questioned whether these Clite middle distance swimmers had obtained their maximum of VO2 value since the blood lactate obtained at the end of incremental and time limit tests were only equal to those measured at the end of a 1500 m event (Bonifazi et al. 1993).

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274 V , Billat et al.

4.1.4. Running: The v02 rnax values found here, both in absolute (5.1 l min - ') and relative terms (74.9mlmin-'kg-'). are consistent with other studies that have measured V O ~ max in klite runners (Pkronnet and Thibault 1989). Padilla et al. (1 992) found a mean vi'02 rnax and a v02 rnax equal to 5-95 m s- ' and 7 1.9 ml min - ' kg - ' (4.5 1 min - I ) , respectively among 24 French male middle distance runners selected on the basis of performances over 1500 and 3000m races (superior to 90% of the best French velocity, i.e. performance on these distances over the year).

4.2. Time to exhaustion (tlim) values obtained among the different sports The tlim values that have been measured in this study were in agreement with those estimated or measured in the literature in running and cycling (Billat et al. 1994a, b, c, Briggs 1977, Camus et al. 1988, McLellan and Skinner 1985, McLellan and Cheung 1992). Padilla et al. (1992) found among 24 French Clite male middle distance runners a mean time limit at ~ 0 2 m a x calculated from the time limit of the performances over 1500 and 3000 m and which was equal to 8.40 + 2.1 min more than the authors' tlim value (5.21 4 I-24min). However the pace was not strictly uniform during the races, as a strict discipline is difficult to maintain at V V O ~ rnax (and it is not the goal in fact).

4.3. Relationship between V V O ~ mar and time to exhaustion at V o 2 mar overall and for each sport

An inverse relationship was observed between the limit time at vV02 rnax and V02 max, i.e. the runners who had the highest ~ 0 2 m a x and the highest velocity or power at V02 rnax reach their exhaustion time earlier. These findings support the study by Billat et al. (1994b) and contradict Camus et al. (1988). If this inverse relationship between irOz rnax and time to exhaustion (rlim) at ~ ~ O p r n a x has to be explained, it seems that tlim at V02 rnax depends on irOz rnax whatever the type of exercise may be. The inverse relationship between tlim and $ 0 2 rnax in each sport depends on the aerobic capacity of the subject except in running and swimming where tlim is linked to the velocity at V02 rnax (vVO:! max). The velocity at v O ~ rnax depends on the energy cost of the locomotion even though no relationship was reported between efficiency or energy cost and time to exhaustion at V02 max. However, a previous study (Billat et al. 1994b, c) demonstrated that tlim was positively correlated with lactate threshold (expressed in %V02 rnax). This experimental finding is in accordance with the model of Monod and Scherrer (1965). The present study conducted on 41 national top class sportsmen practising four different sports involving different muscle mass and so different v O ~ max, is in accordance with this previous study perfoped on 38 runners. There is an inverse relationship between VO, rnax and the time to exh'austion at V02 max. This inverse relationship is also found for different racing animals. Thoroughbred racehorses have $'Oz rnax values in the range of 140 to 187 ml kg - ' min - ' (Rose et al. 1990), about three times greater than that of the racing camel, which is of similar mass. Yet the camel can exercise at 100% of ~ 0 2 rnax for a much longer period than can the horse (1 8 versus 3 to 5 min) (Rose et al. 1992). Williams et al. (1986) have shown an inverse relationship between hypoxemia (arterial hypoxemia and haemoglobin desaturation) and the v02max value. A recent study has shown an inverse relationship between arterial -.. hypoxemia and haemoglobin desaturation and the time to exhaustion at 90% of V02 rnax

\ among 16 elite long distance runners (Billat et al. 1994d). Hypoxerm? is related to the alveolar hypoventilation found in top level long distance athletes who have a V02 rnax over 4.5 1 min- ' (Dempsey et al. 1984). Further research is necessary to understand

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better the physiological background of this inverse relationship between $Q2 max and its time to exhaustion among different species.

Acknowledgements This study was supported by grants from CONI (Italian Olympic Committee) and Caisse Centrale des Activitts Sociales d'ElectricitC e t Gaz d e France.

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