om notes unit -1

7/29/2019 om notes Unit -1

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Operations Management

Introduction to Operations Management


Create operational systems. Manage (plan, organize, staff, direct and control) the activities relating to the production

of goods and/or services with maximum efficiency (at the lowest cost) and effectiveness(in the eyes of the customer).

Improve those processes continuously to create competitive advantage.The Operations System

The operations system transforms inputs into desired goods and services.


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Operations Management ~ The Context


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Types of Conversions

Physical Chemical Locational Educational Entertained

Competitive Priorities for the Operational Function

Price or Cost Quality

o Short Run: Conformance, Design (Fitness for Use)o Long Run: Continuous Improvement Thru the Learning Organization

Flexibilityo Product Mix: make various products and adjust mixo Handle volume Surge


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Time - Dependabilityo Speed of Delivery (Lead Time)o Speed to Market (New Product Development Time)

Serviceo Delivering a comprehensive solution products & augmenting services to the

customers needs

Theory of Slack Ropes

Interfunctional Strategies

Where does price fit in this scenario?


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Process Choice, Design, & Analysis

Operational Design components People following Process and Procedures applying Technologies and Resources

Drivers of design choice Characteristics of the Product Characteristics of Demand Competitive Priorities driven by corporate strategic analysis

No one best way to deliver a product.

Congruence about design elements is key.

Process-Product Matrix

Significant Developments

Division of Labor Standardized Parts Scientific Management

Time and Motion Study Efficiency Improvement Wage Incentives

Assembly Lines


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Motivation and Behavioral Issues Operations Research Computers and Information Technology

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) Computer Integrated Manufacture (CIM)

Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) Cellular Manufacturing JIT, Lean Manufacturing Total Quality Management, Six Sigma Mass Customization


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The management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services.

Value-Added: The difference between the cost of inputs and the value or price of outputs.


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Production of Goods vs Delivery of Services

Production of goods results in a tangible output.

Government (federal, state, local). Wholesale/retail (clothing, food, appliances, stationery, toys, etc.). Financial services (banking, stock brokerages, insurance, etc.). Health care (doctors, dentists, hospitals, etc.). Personal services (laundry, dry cleaning, hair/beauty, gardening, etc.). Business services (data processing, e-business, delivery, employment agencies, etc.). Education (schools, colleges, etc.)


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Differences Between Goods & Service

Degree of customer contact. Uniformity of input. Labor content of jobs. Uniformity of output.


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Measurement of productivity. Production and delivery. Quality assurance. Amount of inventory. Evaluation of work. Ability to patent design.


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Operations Management and Decision Making

Models Quantitative Approaches Analysis of Trade-Offs Systems Approach Establishing Priorities (Pareto phenomenon) Ethics


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The Historical Evolution of OM

The Industrial RevolutionCraft production

Scientific ManagementMass production

Interchangeable parts

Division of labor

The Human Relations Movement Theory X and Theory Y Theory Z Decision Models and Management Science The Influence of Japanese Manufacturers


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Trends in Business

The Internet, e-commerce, and e-business. Management of technology. Globalization. Management of supply chains. Outsourcing. Agility. Ethical behavior. Operations strategy. Working with fewer resources. Revenue management. Process analysis and improvement, and quality improvement. Increased regulation and product liability issues. Lean production


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Competitiveness

Identifying consumer wants and/or needs is a basic input in an organizations decisionmaking process, and central to competitiveness.

Pricing is usually a key factor in consumer buying decisions. Advertising and promotion are ways organizations can inform potential customers

about features of their products or services, and attract buyers.

Product and service design Cost Location Quality Quick response Flexibility

Why Some Organizations Fail

Putting too much emphasis on short-term financial performance at the expense ofresearch and development.

Failing to take advantage of strengths and opportunities, and/or failing to recognizecompetitive threats.

Neglecting operations strategy.

Strategy

Mission: Live a good life. Goal: Successful career, good income. Strategy: Obtain a college education. Tactics: Select a college and a major; decide how to finance college. Operations: Register, buy books, take courses, study.


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Low cost. Outsource operations to third-world countries that have low labor costs. Scale-based strategies. Use capital-intensive methods to achieve high output volume and

low unit costs. Specialization. Focus on narrow product lines or limited service to achieve higher

quality. Flexible operations. Focus on quick response and/or customization. High quality. Focus on achieving higher quality than competitors. Service. Focus on various aspects of service (e.g., helpful, courteous, reliable, etc.).


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Economic conditions. These include the general health and direction of the economy,inflation and deflation, interest rates, tax laws, and tariffs.

Political conditions. These include favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward business,political stability or instability, and wars.

Legal environment. This includes antitrust laws, government regulations, traderestrictions, minimum wage laws, product liability laws and recent court experience,labor laws, and patents.

Technology. This can include the rate at which product innovations are occurring,current and future process technology (equipment, materials handling), and design

technology.

Competition. This includes the number and strength of competitors, the basis ofcompetition (price, quality, special features), and the ease of market entry.

Markets. This includes size, location, brand loyalties, ease of entry, potential for growth,long-term stability, and demographics. Human resources. These include the skills and abilities of managers and workers;

special talents (creativity, designing, problem solving); loyalty to the organization;

expertise; dedication; and experience.

Facilities and equipment. Capacities, location, age, and cost to maintain or replace canhave a significant impact on operations.


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Financial resources. Cash flow, access to additional funding, existing debt burden, andcost of capital are important considerations.

Customers. Loyalty, existing relationships, and understanding of wants and needs areimportant.

Products and services. These include existing products and services, and the potentialfor new products and services.

Technology. This includes existing technology, the ability to integrate new technology,and the probable impact of technology on current and future operations.

Suppliers. Supplier relationships, dependability of suppliers, quality, flexibility, andservice are typical considerations.

Other. Other factors include patents, labor relations, company or product image,distribution channels, relationships with distributors, maintenance of facilities andequipment, access to resources, and access to markets.

Operations Strategy


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Strategic OM Decision Areas

Productivity


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