old order under attack - 1815-1848
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The Old Order Under Attack
Restoration France
• Within France legitimacy was to be restored by bringing back the Bourbon
monarchy – Louis XVII (Louis XVI’s brother was placed on the throne).
• French political and social development was shaped by economic change and the
class conflict that this created.
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The Constitutional Charter of 1814
• Created a constitutional monarchy.
• It guaranteed individual rights (the gains of the revolutionary period such as equality
before the law)
• It established a parliamentary system:
- Chamber of Deputies made up of substantial property owners.
- Restricted franchise – 1 in 100 males.
- Hereditary Chamber of Peers.
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Constitutional Problems
• It tried to create a parliamentary system whilst retaining the ideas of an
absolute/hereditary monarchy.
• There was no way of ensuring the responsibility of ministers to the
legislature.
• To survive the govt had to be responsive to business and other interests but
the divisions in French political society did not allow much room for
compromise.
• Political conflicts up to the 1830 Revolution were shaped by long term social
and political developments.
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Political conflicts up to the 1830 Revolution
were shaped by long term social and political
developments.
• Royalists who wanted to restore full powers of monarchy.
• An urban middle class – former supporters of Napoleon and
Republicans.
• Conservatives supporting a constitutional monarchy.
• The development of a working/artisan class and a profession middle
class fundamentally shaped future political developments.
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The 1830 Revolutions:
• 1830 protests in Italy, Germany, Spain, Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland and
Poland.
• They essentially a middle class protest against conservative political regimes.
• Successful liberal regimes were established in Switzerland, Belgium. Spain and
France.
• Europe more clearly divided between countries with some form of liberal
constitution and countries that retained autocratic systems of govt.
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The 1830 French Revolution
Highlights a pattern which will see again.
• liberal opposition grew during the 1820s in response to repressive measures.
• Number of opposition Deputies in the Assembly grew. In 1830 demanded ministers be
responsible the Chamber.
• King suspends constitution and the Chamber.
• July 1830 workers and students revolt – King forced to abdicate when cannot really on
the army.
• New regime of Louis-Philippe lasted until 1848.
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The July Monarchy
Based on three things:
• His qualities as the ‘Citizen King’.
• Support of the landed bourgeoisie and wealthy business/commercial interests.
• A revised Charter of Liberties – key elements:
- king lost power to veto legislation absolutely;
- abolition of censorship;
- franchise extension (170,000);
- Chamber of Peers became an upper house of life members.
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The Regimes Problems
• Divided support.
• Hostility of extremists.
• Social Unrest:
- Industrial unrest became a political issue for the first time.
- 1846 over 1 million employed in large scale industry – growth in
towns produced a decline in living standards for workers.
- Employment irregular and this produced unrest.
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Chartism and the Political Social Order in Britain
• More clearly recognisable working class consciousness developed in Britain.
• Rapid industrialisation and the terrible social conditions of many of the expanding cities
gave the movements more force.
• The Chartist movement campaigned in the 1830s and 40s for an extension of the vote to
the working classes – Universal Manhood Suffrage.
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Kennington Common Meeting 1848
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Metternich and the Austrian Empire 1815-48
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Metternich and the Austrian Empire 1815-48
•An accumulation of territory collected by the Habsburg family since the 15th C.
• Threats to the dynasty:
- Chiefly nationalist pressures to decentralise the empire – among the 11
nationalities in the empire.
- Opposition also came from old traditional aristocratic groups in the empire( i.e. the Magyars in Hungary).
• From 1848 this opposition to central control from Vienna became more popular in
nature, particularly as towns grew in size.
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Clement von Metternich:
• Most important conservative statesman in Europe – served as Minister of
Foreign Affairs (1809-48) and Austrian Chancellor (1821-48) .
• He sought to maintain the social order within the empire and between states
by supporting other monarchies.
• Keeping social order depended on retaining the loyalty of the rural masses.
• Economic change undermined his efforts to oppose revolution and reform –
in particular the growth of an urban middle class
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Reform and Repression
The Carlsbad Decrees (1819):• Meeting of the states of the German Confederation introduced the decrees.
• They increased press censorship, banned nationalist societies and increased
control over the universities .
The Six Articles (1832):• Forbad public meetings and renewed edicts against universities.
• As the 1848 revolutions demonstrated a lot of his efforts to hold back change
were unsuccessful
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Summary
•Economic development led to class change.
• These changes led to new political pressures on European
governments and the old order.
• In some countries liberalism made progress – in other’s
despotic regimes maintained.
• Europe was divided politically by these changes.
• Things came to a head dramatically in 1848.