old iranian base forms

8/8/2019 Old Iranian Base Forms

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/old-iranian-base-forms 1/22

Old Iranian Online

Avestan: Base Form Dictionary

Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey

This Base Form Dictionary index lists, in an a lphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique base form

underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each base form a general meaning (if any) is shown, along with links to every

usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link t o perform a quick "usage look-up,"

and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms.

A new, experimental feature is being introduced to these EIEOL lessons, namely the addition of pointers to Proto-Indo-European roots

identified by Julius Pokorny in his monumental work, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols. Bern: Franke, 1959-1969; reprinted

in 1989). Because Pokorny is becoming increasingly outdated, we may revise these links in the future; however, for the time being, this

information might prove interesting to those who are c urious about Indo-European etymology. Notice of potential error is always w elcome.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode®

support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to (Romanized) Old

Iranian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.

<(hapax) krd> 'send' (?) --

1.134

<-aya> '...' --

4.34

<-ista-> indicates superlative --

1.130, 3.5, 3.151, 3.427, 4.48, 4.156, 4.160, 4.174, 4.185, 4.187, 4.230, 5.82, 5.133

<-tara-> 'more, better' -- [Pokorny 4: ter-, ter- : tr -, tr-, teru- :: to cross, get over, etc.] --

6.111

<-vat-> '...' --

2.172, 3.191

<a> 'no, none' --

4.354, 5.180

<a-> 'he, this' --

2.6, 4.115

<a-> (privative) -- [Pokorny 1: n, n, nei :: (negative particle)] --

1.104

<aipi> 'toward, approaching' -- [Pokorny epi, opi, pi :: at, near] --

1.160, 4.450

<aiwi> 'toward, with respect to' -- [Pokorny ebhi? : obhi : bhi :: around, from, (up) to, etc.] --5.81, 5.91, 5.103

<aurvaana-> 'adversary' --

5.206

<aurvant-> 'swift, runner, steed' -- [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion] --

6.68, 6.177, 6.183

<anah-> 'sin' -- [Pokorny 2: ai- :: to close in, drive, harm, overwhelm] --

4.299

<ava-> 'one, alone' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

2.21, 2.98

<aasa-> 'wild' --

3.450

<ama-> 'anger, fury, wrath' -- [Pokorny 1: eis- :: to move rapidly or violently] --

1.24, 1.91, 4.240

<ama-> 'anger, fury, wrath' --

6.160

<aogah-> 'power, strength' -- [Pokorny au eg-, u g-, aug-, ug- :: to increase, magnify] --2.184, 6.23

<aor> 'down' -- [Pokorny 3: au-, au e, u - :: away from, down] --

3.354

<aka-> 'bad, evil, wicked' -- [Pokorny 2: ank-, ang- :: to bend, bow] --

4.107, 4.156, 4.174, 4.230

<ahu-> 'existence, life' -- [Pokorny ansu-,su- :: demon, spirit] --

3.242, 4.148, 4.244

<ajyaiti-> 'death' --

4.144

<a> 'then, but, and, so, thus' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

1.184, 2.5, 2.35, 2.136, 2.228, 3.57, 3.178, 3.327, 3.370, 4.5, 4.87, 4.128, 4.158, 4.239, 4.266, 4.294, 4.307, 4.336, 4.392, 4.449

<a> 'so, thus, likewise' -- [Pokorny ant-s :: front, brow] --

1.42, 1.171, 3.146, 3.274, 6.106

<ara> 'here, there' --

6.201, 6.215

<ad> 'then, thereupon, thus' --

1.54, 4.378

<ana-> 'him' --

3.315, 3.383 <anaa-> 'powerless' --

2.141

<anya-> 'other' -- [Pokorny 2: an- :: other side, there] --

1.41, 3.255, 3.256, 6.158

<ans> 'attain' --

3.304

<ap mm> 'last' --

3.374, 4.147

<amavant-> 'strong, powerful, vigorous' -- [Pokorny om- :: to proceed energetically; to firm up; to suffer] --

5.129

<ayah-> 'metal, iron' --

4.284

<ay m-> 'this, that' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

1.100, 2.81, 2.92, 2.182, 2.210, 3.229, 3.241, 3.271, 3.298, 3.331, 3.410, 3.422, 3.464, 4.75, 4.169, 4.211, 4.217, 4.253, 4.279, 4.296,

4.321, 4.341

<ar> 'rise' -- [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion] --

3.421

<Armaiti-> name of a goddess = 'righteousness, devotion, piety' --

3.152

<ava> 'away, down' -- [Pokorny 3: au-, au e, u - :: away from, down] --

4.380, 4.382

<ava-> 'this, that' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

1.114, 2.195

<avant-> 'as much, so much, so long, such' --

5.21, 5.23, 5.46

<avar> 'down' --

2.254

<avah-> 'help, helping' -- [Pokorny 7: au -, au -, au i- :: to like, help] --

2.173

<asan-> 'stone, heaven' --

4.188 <asita-> 'fastest' --

4.393

<asura-> 'weak' --

2.153

<aspa-> 'horse' -- [Pokorny ek u o-s :: horse] --

5.194

<aspna-> patronymic form of aspa- 'horse' -- [Pokorny ek u o-s :: horse] --

3.112

<aspi-> 'mare' -- [Pokorny ek u o-s :: horse] --

5.73

<aa-> 'truth' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

1.58, 1.101, 2.26, 2.54, 2.114, 2.186, 2.224, 3.28, 3.134, 3.253, 3.314, 3.451, 4.33, 4.183, 4.258, 4.325, 4.355, 4.407, 6.168

<aavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

3.187, 3.188, 3.461, 4.159, 6.62

<aavant-> 'follower of the Truth' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

4.448, 5.47, 5.59, 5.65, 5.92

<azi-> 'fertile' -- [Pokorny ag h- :: animal that may bear young] --

1.202

<azm-> 'I' -- [Pokorny eg -, eg (h)om, eg :: I (pronoun)] --

1.10, 1.13, 1.23, 1.38, 1.43, 1.172, 2.93, 2.97, 2.111, 2.209, 2.229, 2.253, 2.255, 4.338, 4.354, 5.16, 5.26, 6.85, 6.107

<ah> 'energy, zest, zeal' --

1.187

<ah-> 'be, become' --

1.128, 1.173, 2.168, 3.262, 3.330, 3.373, 3.387, 3.429, 4.146, 4.282, 4.339, 4.369, 4.452, 5.62, 6.123

<ahu-> 'existence, life, breath' --

3.318, 4.344, 6.12

<ahu-> 'lord' --

2.22

<ahura-> 'lord' -- [Pokorny ansu-,su- :: demon, spirit] --

1.88, 1.170, 1.190, 2.8, 2.51, 2.183, 2.251, 3.30, 3.99, 3.203, 3.462, 4.21, 4.199, 4.323, 4.353, 5.6, 5.28, 5.87

<ahe> 'indeed, certainly' --

5.111

<ahma> 'henceforth' --

6.135

<> '(up) to, toward, etc.' -- [Pokorny 1: , :: (a particle; he, this, etc.)] --

1.22, 1.27, 1.191, 2.155, 2.242, 3.33, 3.72, 3.207, 3.316, 3.384, 4.49, 4.218, 4.281, 4.354, 4.395, 6.222

<> (conveys sense of reversal with verbs of motion) --

3.297

<a> 'then, thereupon, therefore, and, but' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

5.10, 5.18, 6.163, 6.199, 6.214

<tar-> 'fire' --

5.85

<dna-> 'portion, forging together, retaliation' --

4.285

<dra-> 'lowly' --

1.119

<yapta-> 'riches, bounty, boon, spoils' --

3.20

<rmaiti-> 'devotion, piety' --

4.270 <varna-> 'invitation, choice' --

4.59

<su-> 'swift' -- [Pokorny k ú-s :: quick(ly)] --

5.73

<sna-> 'successful, effective' -- [Pokorny s[i]dh- : sdh-, and sdh- :: to aim at, strive for] --

5.98

<zuiti-> 'fat, butter' --

2.50

<zhu-> 'propulsion implement' --

3.341

<hiti-> 'defilement, pollution --

6.138

 'thus' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

3.270

<id> 'here' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

2.94 'strive, desire, arrive' -- [Pokorny 1: ais- :: to desire, wish, search for] --

4.8

<-xari> 'powerful' --

2.157

<ti-> 'sacrifice' -- [Pokorny ik- :: to possess, be capable] --

3.6

<uxa-> 'word, saying' -- [Pokorny ghous- :: to sound, hear] --

3.48, 3.61

<ura-> 'strong' --

1.130

<uta> 'and' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

6.70

<utayiti-> 'fresh, lasting, enduring' --

4.268

<upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.' -- [Pokorny upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- :: (from) below, under, etc.] --

3.398, 4.227, 6.9, 6.18, 6.141, 6.144

<uparm> 'above' --

6.14

<urua-> 'emaciated' --

2.67

<urvan-> 'soul, self' --

1.7, 1.200, 2.138

<urvta-> 'rule, order, commandment' -- [Pokorny 6: u er- :: to speak, talk formally] --

4.421

<urvza-> 'joy, bliss' --

4.38

<uvaya-> 'both' --

5.60

<ustana-> 'stretched forth' -- [Pokorny 1: ten-, tend- :: to extend, span, stretch] --

1.186

<erezu-> 'straight, just' -- [Pokorny 1: reg - :: (to make) just, right; king] --

3.95

<r-> 'right, correct, true' --

4.117, 4.213, 5.160, 5.172

<rva-> 'lofty' --1.120

<rzu-> 'straight' -- [Pokorny 1: reg - :: (to make) just, right; king] --

5.82

<r ji-> 'living justly' --

1.215, 3.480

< v> 'down' --

2.83

< niti-> 'ill-being, lack of freedom' --

4.435

<nman-> 'spirit, breath' --

4.271

<ka-> 'who, what' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k

u ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)] --

1.9, 1.12, 1.85, 2.77

<kainya-> 'maiden, girl' --

3.217

<kan-> 'atonement, punishment' -- [Pokorny 1: ku ei-(t-) :: to observe with respect, pay attention to] --

4.297

<ka> 'how, in what way' --

1.59

<kad> 'when' -- [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here] --

2.165

<kayaa-> category of evil deed --

5.45

<kar> 'do, make' --

4.343, 6.134

<ku> 'where' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k


3.460

<kud> 'where' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k


2.223

<kvi-> 'title: adherent to the daevic religion' (?) --

3.82 <khrp-> 'form, body, outward appearance' -- [Pokorny 1: (s)kel- :: to cut] --

4.267, 6.35

<xratu-> 'will, intention, vision' --

6.10, 6.19

<xrawa-> 'power, will, insight' --

3.150

<xru> 'scream, howl' --

3.397

<xrnar-> 'man-defiling' --

3.408

<xrdra-> 'hard, firm' -- [Pokorny 1: kreu-, kreu- : kr-, kreus-, krus- :: thick (clotting) blood, raw flesh; ice, crust] --

4.187

<xrvi-> 'bloody' --

6.162

<xsnu> 'satisfy' --

4.198

<xara-> 'power' --

2.187, 2.227, 3.478, 4.254, 4.310

<xam> 'accept' --

2.142

<xaya> 'ruling' --

1.73

<xn> 'know' --

2.243

<xn-> 'recognition' (?) --

3.70

<xvid-> 'milk' -- [Pokorny su id- :: milk] --

2.65

<xva> 'good, worthy' --

5.58

<xva-> 'self' -- [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)] --

4.63

<xvatu-> 'belonging to the family' -- [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)] --

3.179

<xvathra-> 'good breathing, ease, comfort' -- [Pokorny ter- :: intestines] --3.305

<xvapah-> 'dream-like' --

6.182, 6.188

<xvafna-> 'sleep, dream' -- [Pokorny 1: su ep-, sup- :: to sleep] --

4.93, 5.180

<xvareiti-> 'nourishment' --

6.121

<xvartha-> 'food' --

3.303

<xvarnah-> 'glory' -- [Pokorny su el-, su ol-, suu él-, su el-, sl- :: sun] --

5.113

<xviti-> 'well-being, freedom of movement' --

4.434

<gairi-> 'mountain' -- [Pokorny 3: gu er-, g

u or- :: mountain] --

6.39, 6.41, 6.75

<gao-> 'cow' --

1.6, 1.56, 1.61, 1.76, 1.105, 1.201, 2.64, 2.137, 5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.152, 5.170

<gaona-> 'hair' -- [Pokorny gu-, gu-, g- :: to bend, curl; a vessel] --

6.221

<gaoman-> 'possessed of milk' --

6.220

<gaoa-> 'ear' -- [Pokorny ghous- :: to sound, hear] --

5.174

<gad> 'ask, entreat, supplicate' --

5.196

<gan> 'smite, strike' --

6.21

<gan-> 'slayer' --

5.47, 6.111

<ganya-> 'slaying, killing, destroying' --

6.122 <gam> 'go' --

1.133, 4.133, 4.227, 4.255, 4.298, 5.138

<gaya-> 'life' -- [Pokorny gu -, g

u em- :: to come, go] --

4.143

<gar> 'be awake' --

5.181

<gu> 'hear' --

2.100

<grz-> 'lament, complain' --

1.8

<g ua-> 'ear' --

4.47

<ca> 'and' -- [Pokorny 1: ku e :: (enclitic) and] --

1.25, 1.28, 1.29, 1.156, 1.157, 1.158, 1.201, 2.38, 2.39, 2.65, 2.114, 2.136, 2.187, 2.200, 2.225, 2.227, 3.42, 3.45, 3.49, 3.57, 3.62,

3.74, 3.82, 3.86, 3.109, 3.135, 3.176, 3.178, 3.226, 3.228, 3.241, 3.327, 3.352, 3.354, 3.395, 3.406, 3.407, 3.408, 3.409, 3.428, 3.467,

4.20, 4.22, 4.34, 4.102, 4.103, 4.107, 4.128, 4.143, 4.144, 4.145, 4.197, 4.253, 4.258, 4.294, 4.336, 4.352, 4.355, 4.407, 4.434, 4.436,

4.447, 5.64, 5.65, 5.113, 5.139, 5.140, 5.156, 5.157, 5.158, 5.159, 5.160, 6.32, 6.33, 6.87, 6.90, 6.93

<carana-> 'moving, feet, support' -- [Pokorny 1: ku el-, k

u el- :: to turn; wheel; neck?] --

6.69

<carkrra-> '(hymns of) praise' --

2.122

<caman-> 'eye' -- [Pokorny ku ek -, k

u k -, ku ek -s- :: to appear, see, show] --

5.176

<ci> 'discriminate, tell apart' --

4.118, 4.214

<ci> gives indefinite or emphatic sense -- [Pokorny 1: ku e :: (enclitic) and] --

5.26, 5.47, 6.5, 6.14, 6.113, 6.116, 6.119

<ci> indefinite marker --

1.148, 1.160

<cirm> 'manifest, clear, visible, plain' --

6.147

<cin> '...' -- [Pokorny ku ene :: (particle: generalization/uncertainty)] --

4.215

<cisti-> 'knowledge, thought' -- [Pokorny 1: ku ei-(t-) :: to observe with respect, pay attention to] --

4.368

<c > '...' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k


4.11

<c > 'indeed, verily, etc.' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k


2.26, 2.209

<jaiti-> 'going' --

5.202

<jan> 'smite, slay, destroy' --

1.103, 5.50

<j naya-> 'woman' --

3.275

<j nar-> 'man-killing' --

3.407

<jytu-> 'life' --

3.465

<

bi> 'hate, despise' -- [Pokorny du ei- :: to fear] --5.201, 5.207

<ta-> 'he, that, this' --

3.258, 3.369, 3.440, 3.475

<tanu-> 'body' --

3.300, 3.452, 4.64, 5.199

<tas> 'carve, create, fashion, shape' --

1.14, 2.41, 2.53, 5.175, 6.181

<taar-> 'carver, fashioner, shaper, creator' --

1.55

<t> '...' --

3.110

<tvis-> 'violence' --

1.29

<tv m-> 'you' -- [Pokorny t :: thou, you] --

3.136, 4.280, 4.309, 6.6, 6.15, 6.34, 6.60, 6.178, 6.184, 6.200, 6.222

<wa> 'you' -- [Pokorny t :: thou, you] --2.37, 2.212, 3.149

<waxa-> 'zeal, care, nurture' --

1.77

<warz> 'carve, fashion, shape, create' --

1.11

<wrar> 'Fashioner' -- [Pokorny tu erk - :: to cut] --

2.40

<dan-> 'attitude, intention, insight' -- [Pokorny dhei - : dhi - : dh- :: to look, see, show] --

3.46, 3.98, 3.204, 3.240, 5.58

<dava-> 'divine being' -- [Pokorny 1: dei-, dei -, d-, di - :: to glitter, shine; day, sun; God] --

1.156, 4.215, 6.124

<danhah-> 'skillful' -- [Pokorny 1: dens- :: mental power; to learn] --

5.155

<dafnya-> 'powerless' --

3.386

<dab> 'fit together' (?) --

3.44

<darga-> 'long' -- [Pokorny 5: del- :: long] --

4.437

<dars-> 'wantoness, rage, fury' --

1.28

<darsata-> 'visible, beautiful to see' --

4.37

<dah-> 'gift' --

3.94

<dahyav-> 'country, region, realm' --

5.39

<d-> 'give, put' --

1.72, 1.76, 1.205, 2.82, 2.127, 2.171, 2.185, 2.201, 3.19, 3.101, 3.137, 3.202, 3.231, 3.411, 3.481, 4.135, 4.269, 4.326, 4.425, 5.15,

5.20, 5.74, 5.84, 5.97, 6.179, 6.185, 6.187

<dman-> 'dwelling, creation, creatures (pl.)' --

5.132

<dmi-> 'creation' --

6.179, 6.185

<dugdar-> 'daughter' -- [Pokorny dhug(h)ter- :: daughter] --3.122

<du-> 'bad, evil' - - [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul] --

3.303, 5.203

<dud-> 'of bad gifts, maleficent' -- [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul] --

4.120

<duvarena-> 'choosing badly' -- [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul] --

3.437

<duvarenah-> 'wrong-doers' -- [Pokorny dus- :: bad, evil, foul] --

3.385

<d jit-> 'violation' (?) --

3.314, 3.451

<dbaoman-> 'beguilement, deception' --

4.218

<drz-> 'shackle' -- [Pokorny 2: dher-, dher- :: to hold, support] --

3.425

<draoga-> 'lie, deceive' -- [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm] --

5.81, 5.91, 5.103

<drav-> 'wood' --

6.162

<drigu-> 'needy, poor' --

3.482

<drug-> 'false' --

5.41

<druj-> 'deceit' -- [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm] --

3.283, 3.296, 4.328, 4.381

<drgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie' --

1.90, 1.219, 3.313, 3.357, 4.157, 4.173, 4.438, 5.54, 5.64

<drvatt-> 'health, vitality' --

5.198

<dvaesa-> 'hatred' -- [Pokorny du ei- :: to fear] --

1.104 <dvafa-> 'distress, ruin, pain, anguish' --

3.423

<dvar> 'rush together' --

4.241

<nada> 'not, nor' --

2.24

<naman-> 'reverence' --

5.140

<nar-> 'man' -- [Pokorny 1: ner-(t)-, aner-, ner-? :: vital force; man] --

2.152, 3.273, 4.61, 4.62, 6.22

<narpi-> 'reduction, absence' --

3.441

<nas> 'be lost, disappear' -- [Pokorny nek - :: death, dying; corpse] --

3.304, 3.358, 6.132

<ni> 'down' -- [Pokorny 1: en :: in] --

6.21, 6.187

<nitma-> 'lowest' -- [Pokorny 1: en :: in] --

6.113, 6.116, 6.119

<niviti-> 'striking down' --

5.204

<n> '...' --

3.165

<n> 'now' -- [Pokorny n- :: now] --

2.252

<ni> 'no, none' - - [Pokorny 1: n, n, nei :: (negative particle)] --

1.37, 1.102, 1.115, 1.214, 1.217, 2.20, 4.119, 4.212, 5.80, 5.90, 5.102

<nmna-> 'abode, house' -- [Pokorny dem-, dem- :: to build; house] --

6.137

<paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to' --

1.106, 2.243, 4.79, 5.193, 5.202, 6.38, 6.76, 6.88, 6.91, 6.94, 6.190

<paiti-> 'husband, master' -- [Pokorny poti-s :: host, husband, lord, master, owner] --

3.176

<paityst-> 'firm foundation' --

3.132

<pairi> 'around, among' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --1.148, 1.220, 5.138

<paurvat-> 'mountain' --

6.216

<paouruya-> 'first, original' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

2.214, 4.90, 4.134, 4.286

<pa-> 'path, road' -- [Pokorny pent- :: to go, tread, walk; way] --

3.96, 5.83

<paana-> 'spacious' -- [Pokorny 1: pet-, pet-, pet- :: to stretch out (esp. arms)] --

6.56

<param> 'far, away, opposite, across' --

6.58

<par> 'before, beyond, away' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

3.301, 3.352, 3.359, 4.72

<pitar-> 'father' -- [Pokorny pt(r), genitive ptr-és :: father] --

3.167 <pia-> 'defense' --

3.299

<pea-> 'brought to an end' --

3.452

<pouru-> 'many' -- [Pokorny 1: pel-, pel-, pl- :: to fill, pour; full; town?] --

6.217

<pouru-> 'wide' --

5.200

<Pourucist-> 'Pouruchista' (?) --

3.111

<pru-> 'wide, broad' -- [Pokorny plt-, pld-, plt-, plt-, plt- :: broad, flat, wide; spread out] --

5.178, 6.55

<prs-> 'ask' --

1.57, 4.226

<Feraaotra-> 'Frashaostra' --

3.86 <f raa-> 'shining' --

4.342

<fra> 'forward, toward' --

5.15, 6.134

<fraor> 'readily' --

3.73, 4.202

<frajyii> 'life's possibility' --

1.216

<fratarm> 'opposite' --

6.5

<fradaxt-> 'guiding, instructive' --

6.203

<fravai-> the immortal element in a person, personified as a class of deity --

5.96

<fravx-> 'stalk, branch, penis' --

6.95

<fras> 'inquire, discuss' --

3.148, 5.55

<fras-> 'question, inquiry' -- [Pokorny 4: perk -, prek -, pr k - :: to ask for, request] --

1.206

<frasparak-> 'sprout' --

6.92

<frazanti-> 'progeny, offspring' --

5.99

<fridi-> 'growth, prosperity' --

3.288

<frxnna-> 'concern' --

2.240

<fr> 'devote' --

1.189

<fsuya-> 'breed (esp. cattle)' --

1.218, 2.38

<bavara-> 'ten-thousand' --

5.176

<baaza-> 'remedy, poison' --6.148, 6.223

<baazya-> 'generative, curative' --

6.146

<baoii-> 'smell' --

6.67

<baa-> 'god, deity' --

6.180, 6.186

<banaya-> 'poison, make ill' --

4.243

<band-> 'shine' (?) --

3.193

<bar> 'bear, carry' -- [Pokorny ati, ato- :: beyond, over] --

6.206

<barana-> 'carriage, support' --

4.354

<barri-> 'mother, womb' -- [Pokorny 1: bher- :: to bear, bring, carry] --

6.59

<barsman-> grass bundle used in the Indo-Iranian sacrifice -- [Pokorny 3: bhel-, bhl- :: to grow, spread, swell] --

5.153

<bara-> 'neck, back' --

5.192

<barz> 'high, exalted, loud' --

6.191

<barnu-> 'high point, peak' --

6.37

<ba> 'true, reliable' -- [Pokorny 2: bh, bh :: (an emphatic particle)] --

6.140, 6.143

<bu> 'be, become' --

4.366, 4.382, 6.112

<bud> 'be attentive, aware' --

4.78 <bna-> 'ground, base' --

3.343

<brt> 'cry' (?) --

3.302

<brz-> 'be high, elevated' -- [Pokorny bhereg h-, bherg hos- :: high, noble; mountain] --

6.42

<brzant-> 'high, elevated, lofty, big, great, clear' -- [Pokorny bhereg h-, bherg hos- :: high, noble; mountain] --

5.177

<ma-> 'my' -- [Pokorny 1: me- :: (1st person singular oblique pronoun stem)] --

1.199

<maiyah-> 'madness-inducing' --

6.159

<mainyu-> 'spirit' --

3.356, 4.89, 4.132, 4.170, 4.184, 5.203

<mairia-> 'knowing/remembering best' --

1.144

<mairya-> 'false, malicious' -- [Pokorny 2: mel- :: to deceive] --

5.40

<maa-> 'cloud' -- [Pokorny meigh-, also meik- :: to flicker, twinkle; mist] --

6.32

<maa-> 'changing, false' --

4.370

<maga-> 'gift' --

2.242, 3.332, 3.368

<mara-> 'mantra, magic formula' --

2.52

<maa-> 'intoxication' -- [Pokorny mad- :: to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed] --

6.167

<man> 'know, think' --

2.213

<manah-> 'mind' -- [Pokorny 3: men- :: to think, mind; spiritual activity] --

2.79, 2.197, 2.226, 3.60, 3.133, 3.189, 3.193, 3.228, 3.230, 3.245, 4.24, 4.51, 4.102, 4.161, 4.231, 4.256, 4.312, 4.365, 4.398, 6.226

<manahya-> 'spiritual' --

3.317

<mark-> 'kill, destroy, bring ruin' --5.37

<marta-> 'mortal' -- [Pokorny 4: mer-, mer- :: to die] --

2.84, 4.245

<maya-> 'human being' --

1.157, 2.230, 4.426

<maz-> 'large, great' -- [Pokorny meg (h)- : meg (h)- :: big, great] --

2.241, 3.427, 4.73

<mazda-> 'wise one' -- [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious] --

1.142, 1.204, 2.9, 3.31, 3.71, 3.135, 3.201, 3.476, 4.203, 4.308, 4.352, 4.406, 4.424, 5.7, 5.29, 5.86, 6.71

<mazd-> 'wise' -- [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious] --

2.63, 2.112, 2.211, 2.239

<mazda-> 'thing to be considered' -- [Pokorny mendh- :: to direct attention to; vivacious] --

4.10

<m> used to express prohibition -- [Pokorny 1: m- :: (prohibitive particle: lest, that not)] --

5.49, 5.52, 5.56

<mi> 'rob of' --

3.466

<Mira-> 'Mithra' --

5.12, 5.75, 5.118, 5.134, 5.145, 5.148, 5.169

<mira-> 'contract, agreement, pact' -- [Pokorny 4: mei- :: to bind, tie] --

5.41, 5.48, 5.63, 5.79, 5.89, 5.101

<mzda-> 'wages, prize' -- [Pokorny mizdhó- :: fee, pay, reward] --

3.329

<mou> 'soon' -- [Pokorny mok s, Indo-Iranian *mok s :: soon] --

3.428

<mra-> 'forest animal, bird' --

6.204

<mrthyu-> 'death' -- [Pokorny 4: mer-, mer- :: to die] --

3.426

<mra-> 'formulaic verse, spell, poetic intention' --

5.156 <mru> 'drive, plunge, beat' --

3.353

<mr> 'speak, say' --

1.106, 3.218, 5.5

<mrc> 'destroy' --

3.319

<ya-> 'who, what, which' --

1.89, 1.117, 1.131, 1.145, 1.158, 2.80, 2.96, 2.140, 2.154, 2.169, 2.198, 3.42, 3.97, 3.166, 3.243, 3.286, 3.463, 3.479, 4.9, 4.35, 4.91,

4.172, 4.186, 4.197, 4.242, 4.324, 4.340, 4.408, 4.423, 5.13, 5.27, 5.53, 5.57, 5.76, 5.78, 5.88, 5.100, 5.189, 6.11, 6.20, 6.34, 6.108,

6.165

<yaoti-> 'pasture' --

5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.170

<ya> 'when' --

5.11

<yaa> 'just as, like' --

1.174, 4.145, 4.283, 5.25, 5.43

<yara> 'where, in order to' --

3.355, 4.367, 6.43, 6.65, 6.139, 6.142

<yad> 'when' -- [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here] --

4.295

<yam> 'offer' -- [Pokorny i em- :: to hold] --

3.297

<yav-> 'duration, period, time of life' -- [Pokorny 2: i eu-, i eu -, i eu-g- :: to tie together, yoke] --

3.32, 3.206

<yava> 'how long, as long as' --

3.340

<yavan-> 'during life' -- [Pokorny 3: i eu- :: young] --

2.166

<yasna-> 'sacrifice, offering, hymn' -- [Pokorny i ag- :: to venerate, worship] --

3.74, 5.117, 5.144

<yaz> 'sacrifice, offer' --

5.115, 5.130, 5.135, 5.142, 5.150, 5.171, 5.190

<yazu-> 'youngest' --

3.121

<yh-> 'pilgrimage, retribution' --4.74

<yuj> 'join, unite, yoke' -- [Pokorny 2: i eu-, i eu -, i eu-g- :: to tie together, yoke] --

4.394

<ym-> 'you' -- [Pokorny 1: i u- :: you (plural)] --

1.5, 1.40, 2.181, 2.238, 2.256, 3.163, 3.226, 3.254, 3.328, 3.371, 3.477

<yesnya-> 'sacrifice, worship' -- [Pokorny i ag- :: to venerate, worship] --

4.22, 5.22

<yez> 'as, because, when' --

3.17

<y ma-> 'twin' -- [Pokorny i em- :: to hold] --

4.92

<rai-> 'radiance, wealth, splendor' --

5.112

<raa-> 'rush upon, mix with' --

6.224

<raocah-> 'light' -- [Pokorny leuk- :: to light, shine; to see] --

4.36

<raod> 'grow, sprout' --

6.45, 6.66, 6.74, 6.218

<raj-> 'darkness' --

3.442

<ratu-> 'judgement, model, plan' --

1.62, 2.25

<raa-> 'chariot' -- [Pokorny ret(h)- :: to roll, run] --

5.191

<raah-> 'harm, damage' -- [Pokorny rek þh- :: to harm, injure] --

4.439

<rta-> 'gift' --

2.255

<rthma-> 'adhering to' --

3.285 <r> 'adhere' --

3.439

<rda-> 'provider' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

2.143

<rman-> 'peace, tranquility' -- [Pokorny rem-, rem- :: to rest; to support] --

2.200, 3.409

<ru> 'flow' --

6.13

<ruma-> 'growth, increase' --

6.72

<rud> 'howl, cry out, lament' --

2.139

<rma-> 'bloodlust, violence, chains' --

1.26

<vada-> 'provider' --

2.215

<vaayana-> 'attainment, discovery, acquisition' --

5.178

<vana-> 'see, observe, look' --

4.49

<vam-> 'we' -- [Pokorny 1: u -, u ei- :: we two (dual), we (plural)] --

4.76

<vaah-> 'poison' -- [Pokorny 3: u eis- :: to flow (away); poison] --

3.438

<vak> 'say, speak, declare' -- [Pokorny u eku - :: to speak] --

2.7, 4.7, 5.160

<vaxra-> 'speech organ' --

2.128

<vax> 'grow' --

6.104

<vaxaya-> 'cause to grow' --

6.36

<vacah-> 'speech, word' -- [Pokorny u eku - :: to speak] --

3.375, 4.103, 5.157, 5.161, 5.172, 6.8, 6.17, 6.86

<vat-> 'like' --2.256

<vadman-> (?) 'possessed of speech' --

3.227

<van> 'surpass, overcome' --

3.257

<vanta-> 'praise, homage' --

5.139

<vafu-> 'prophecy, teaching, solemn words' --

2.11

<vayu-> 'air, wind' (?) --

3.302

<vayoi> 'woe' -- [Pokorny u ai :: woe; wolf] --

3.372

<vayxana-> 'assembly-speaking, rhetorically skilled' --

5.173

<var> 'choose' -- [Pokorny 2: u el-, u lei-, u l(i)- :: to choose, want, wish] --

3.165, 4.171

<varav-> 'wide, broad' --

5.14, 5.77, 5.119, 5.146, 5.149, 5.170

<varz-> 'work, perform' -- [Pokorny 2: u erg -, u reg - :: to do, be effective] --

3.153

<varak-> 'root, tree' --

6.89

<vas> 'be clothed, swathed' --

4.189

<vas> 'desire, wish' --

1.87, 1.176, 2.113, 2.156, 4.453

<vasiti-> 'liberty, prosperity' --

3.467

<vaz> 'marry' --

3.216 <vahma-> 'glorification, praise' --

3.72

<vahmaya-> 'worthy of praise' --

5.24

<vahya-> 'better' -- [Pokorny u su- :: good] --

3.483, 4.106

<v> 'indeed, for, etc.' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

1.185

<vc-> 'voice' --

2.151

<vdya-> 'destroy' -- [Pokorny 1: u edh- :: to hit, push] --

1.92

<vra-> 'rain' --

6.33

<vstar-> 'herdsman' --

1.39

<vstrya-> 'herdsman; pasture' --

1.46, 1.75, 2.39, 3.177

<vi> 'wide, apart' -- [Pokorny 1: u - :: apart, separate from, in two; both] --

3.367, 4.118, 4.214, 6.206, 6.218

<vid> 'see, know, obtain' -- [Pokorny 2: u (e)id- :: to know, see] --

1.116, 2.10, 3.168, 3.239, 4.12, 4.313

<vis> 'find' --

2.23, 2.95

<vispa-> 'everyone/thing, all' -- [Pokorny 1: u - :: apart, separate from, in two; both] --

3.396

<vi-> 'clan' --

3.413

<vcia-> 'decision, judgement' --

4.60

<vcira-> 'discerning' --

1.169

<vspa-> 'all, every' -- [Pokorny 1: u - :: apart, separate from, in two; both] --

3.33, 3.207, 5.38, 6.87, 6.90, 6.93, 6.156

<Vtspa-> 'Vishtaspa' --3.83

<vzxvanca> 'in every direction' (?) --

6.205

<verz-> 'perform an action' --

4.175

<vohu-> 'good' -- [Pokorny u su- :: good] --

1.45, 2.78, 2.196, 2.225, 3.5, 3.47, 3.131, 3.190, 3.205, 3.244, 4.23, 4.48, 4.160, 4.257, 4.311, 4.397, 4.410, 5.93, 6.225

<vrra-> 'attack, victory' -- [Pokorny 5: u er- :: to close, cover, shut; to guard, save] --

6.111

<vrn-> 'choose' --

4.229

<vrz> 'do, make, perform' --

1.147, 1.159, 6.84

<vrzyah-> 'working, productive' --

6.57

<vyna-> 'insight, perception' -- [Pokorny 3: u ei-, u ei- : u - :: to go for, pursue, reach towards, wish; strong] --

2.12

<saoyant-> 'giving power; savior (?)' --

3.100

<saxvr-> 'invocation, poetically formulated vow' --

1.143

<sah> 'announce, proclaim' --

4.77, 4.322

<sac> 'learn, understand' --

3.45, 4.422

<sata-> 'hundred' --

5.44

<sand> 'show, seem' --

1.44

<sar-> 'protection, alliance' -- [Pokorny k er-, k r- :: to cook] --

1.103, 3.138 <sarea-> 'kind, sort, species' -- [Pokorny k erdho-, k erdh :: line, row; herd] --

6.217

<sava-> 'benefit, salvation' --

4.447

<sxvan-> 'doctrine, teaching, instruction' -- [Pokorny k s-, k s- :: to teach, show the way] --

3.215

<ssn-> 'teaching' -- [Pokorny k s-, k s- :: to teach, show the way] --

2.69, 2.99

<sca-> 'light, pure, clear' --

4.50

<sra-> 'strong, powerful' -- [Pokorny 1: k eu-, k eu - : k -, k u - :: to swell] --

5.94, 5.131, 5.133, 5.179

<sknda-> 'destruction' -- [Pokorny (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d- :: to crush, split to pieces] --

4.383

<staota-> 'hymn, song of praise' --

4.20

<stavana-> 'praising, being praised' --

6.105

<st> 'stand, stay, remain' --

5.191

<stu> 'praise, laud, extol, celebrate' --

6.9, 6.18, 6.31, 6.40, 6.53, 6.63, 6.110, 6.144

<stiti-> 'song of praise, prayer' -- [Pokorny 2: steu- :: to praise (aloud)] --

6.118

<stra-> 'spread-out' (?) --

4.354

<spaxti-> 'vision' --

5.200

<spayara-> 'atonement, prosperity' --

4.384

<spas- spau-> (?) 'perceive' -- [Pokorny spek - :: to spy on, watch] --

3.287

<Spitma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra) --

2.109, 3.16, 3.85, 3.120, 5.8, 5.17, 5.42, 5.51

<spnta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred' -- [Pokorny k u en- :: to celebrate; saint] --2.68, 3.151, 4.185, 5.95, 6.202

<sprd-> 'zeal' -- [Pokorny sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)- :: to rush, spring; running] --

3.164

<sravas-> 'fame' --

4.411

<srvay-> 'cause to be heard' --

2.123

<sru> 'give' --

3.7

<sru> 'hear, listen' --

4.46, 4.94, 5.116, 5.143

<ava-> 'drive forth, set in motion' --

1.118

 'dwell' --

3.412

<yaoana-> 'act, deed' -- [Pokorny ki- :: to move, set in motion] --

3.49, 3.62, 4.104, 4.201, 5.158

<zairi-> 'yellow' --

6.221

<zaora-> 'libations' -- [Pokorny 1: g heu- :: to pour] --

5.120, 5.136, 5.147, 5.159

<zan> 'bear, give birth' --

6.141

<zam-> 'earth, ground' -- [Pokorny g hðem-, g hðom-, genitive-ablative g h(ð)m-és :: earth, ground] --

6.54, 6.64

<Zarautra-> 'Zarathustra' -- [Pokorny 3: u es- :: to dampen; wet] --

2.108, 3.8, 3.123, 5.9

<zarautri-> 'descendent of Zarathustra' (?) -- [Pokorny 3: u es- :: to dampen; wet] --

3.84

<zava-> 'call, request' --

1.132 <zasta-> 'hand' -- [Pokorny g hesto- :: arm, hand] --

1.188, 2.172, 4.327

<zahya-> 'weakened' --

3.395

<z> 'abandon, relinquish' --

3.367

<z> 'conquer, win, come in first' --

4.409

<zvar-> 'strength, vitality, vigor' -- [Pokorny g eu-, g eu -, also geu - :: to hurry, promote] --

5.195

<zi> 'for, indeed' -- [Pokorny ghe-, gho- :: (an enclitic (emphatic?) particle)] --

1.146, 2.36, 3.162, 3.259, 4.379, 5.61, 6.157

<zrazdita-> 'most believing' --

3.342

<ha-> '(s)he, this' -- [Pokorny so(s), s :: (demonstrative stem) he, she] --

1.71, 1.86, 1.129, 1.168, 1.175, 2.49, 2.66, 2.110, 2.125, 2.167, 2.170, 3.18, 3.43, 3.58, 3.109, 3.161, 3.260, 3.298, 3.424, 4.6, 4.88,

4.130, 4.337, 4.420, 4.451, 5.19, 5.114, 5.128, 5.137, 5.141, 6.109, 6.164

<ha-> 'you' --

1.60

<haiya-> 'true, real' -- [Pokorny es- :: to be] --

3.272, 4.200

<haca-> '...' --

3.112

<haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant --

5.151, 6.44, 6.61, 6.73, 6.103, 6.114, 6.117, 6.120, 6.145, 6.166, 6.219

<hak> 'instigate, strive for' -- with instrumental 'go after, follow, partake of' --

6.161, 6.169

<haxti-> 'thigh' -- [Pokorny (s)keng- :: to hobble; lame, slanted] --

3.344

<hahu-> 'profit, harvest' --

3.192

<haca-> 'follow, accompany' (?) --

3.59

<hac> 'from, out of' -- [Pokorny 1: seku - :: to follow] --

2.27, 3.29, 3.284, 6.136 <hara> 'together, at the same place/time' -- [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together] --

4.364, 5.204, 6.133

<had> 'together with' -- [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together] --

1.74

<ham> 'together' -- [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together] --

6.13

<hamra> 'enemy' -- [Pokorny 3: er- : or- : r- :: to move, set in motion] --

5.205

<harait-> name of a mountain -- [Pokorny 2: ser- :: to guard, protect, shelter, watch over] --

6.189

<havana-> 'pressing stone' --

6.7, 6.16

<haza-> 'power, violence, oppression' --

1.25

<hazaoa-> 'like-minded' --

2.55

<hazara-> 'thousand' -- [Pokorny 2: sem- :: one, together] --

5.174, 6.122

<hi> 'indeed' --

4.105

<hita-> 'team of horses' --

5.197

<hiy-> 'bind, tie up' --

1.27

<hizu-> 'tongue' -- [Pokorny dn g h, dn g hu :: tongue] --

5.154

<hu> 'well, good, beautiful' -- [Pokorny su-, s- :: good, well] --

5.175, 6.10, 6.19, 6.58, 6.67, 6.72

<huxara-> 'good rule' --

3.406

<hudah-> 'of good gifts, beneficent' --4.116

<hudnu-> 'blessed' --

3.153

<hudma-> 'sweetness' --

2.126

<humzdra-> 'careful, good to see' --

4.32

<huiti-> 'good dwelling, comfort, safety' --

2.199, 4.396

<hu na-> 'profitable' --

3.261

<hiti-> 'pressure' --

6.115

<hm> '...' --

3.466, 4.241

<h m> 'together, with' --

3.147, 4.131

<hya> 'if, so, when' --

1.70, 1.203, 2.124, 4.11, 4.419, 4.436

<hyat> 'as, since, because' --

4.129, 4.216, 4.228, 4.363

<hva-> 'this' -- [Pokorny se- :: (reflexive pronoun: one's own)] --

6.216

<hvahaoya-> 'good existence' --

3.34

<hvar-> 'sun' --

3.191

Old Iranian Online

Old Persian: Base Form Dictionary

Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey

This Base Form Dictionary index lists, in an a lphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique base form

underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each base form a general meaning (if any) is shown, along with links to every

usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link t o perform a quick "usage look-up,"

and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms.

A new, experimental feature is being introduced to these EIEOL lessons, namely the addition of pointers to Proto-Indo-European roots

identified by Julius Pokorny in his monumental work, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols. Bern: Franke, 1959-1969; reprinted

in 1989). Because Pokorny is becoming increasingly outdated, we may revise these links in the future; however, for the time being, this

information might prove interesting to those who are c urious about Indo-European etymology. Notice of potential error is always w elcome.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode®

support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to (Romanized) Old

Iranian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.

<a-> 'this' --

7.75, 7.134, 7.174, 7.289, 9.113

<aita-> 'he, this' --

9.350, 9.409, 9.420, 10.29, 10.85, 10.180

<aiva-> 'one' -- [Pokorny 3: e-, ei-, i-, fem. - :: one; this, etc. (demonstrative particle)] --

9.62, 9.72

<Auramazdh-> 'Ahura Mazda' --

7.74, 7.117, 7.173, 7.219, 7.261, 7.292, 7.294, 7.320, 8.375, 8.384, 8.457, 8.461, 9.7, 9.163, 9.207, 9.363, 9.372, 9.393, 9.418, 9.428,

10.50, 10.61, 10.108, 10.145, 10.193, 10.202, 10.252, 10.261, 10.285, 10.295

<atar> 'within, among' --

10.28, 10.84 <ada> 'then' --

9.294, 9.316

<adam> 'I' -- [Pokorny eg -, eg (h)om, eg :: I (pronoun)] --

7.49, 7.64, 7.93, 7.132, 7.171, 7.191, 7.280, 7.294, 7.353, 7.354, 7.382, 8.17, 8.34, 8.197, 8.291, 8.337, 8.340, 8.371, 8.374, 8.384,

8.401, 8.447, 8.458, 8.463, 9.82, 9.184, 9.186, 9.196, 9.208, 9.226, 9.231, 9.372, 9.385, 9.397, 9.410, 9.420, 10.17, 10.49, 10.71,

10.109, 10.144, 10.170, 10.182, 10.202

<aniya-> 'other' -- [Pokorny 2: an- :: other side, there] --

7.305, 7.324, 8.136, 8.234, 10.157

<anuiya-> 'follower, ally' --

8.428

<apa> 'away' -- [Pokorny apo-, p, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of] --

7.204, 7.216, 7.250

<apara-> 'later, after' -- [Pokorny apo-, p, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of] --

10.225

<aparam> 'after' -- [Pokorny apo-, p, ap-u, pu :: away from, out of] --

7.19, 7.88, 7.413 <apiy> emphatic particle -- [Pokorny epi, opi, pi :: at, near] --

9.123, 9.328

<abiy> 'to, toward, against' -- [Pokorny ebhi? : obhi : bhi :: around, from, (up) to, etc.] --

8.219

<ay> 'go' --

10.250, 10.283

<ar> 'move toward' --

8.372

<Arakadri-> a mountain in Persia -- [Pokorny ond-, n d- :: rock, stone] --

8.166

<arika-> 'treacherous, evil, hostile' --

7.337, 8.110

<ariya-> 'Aryan' -- [Pokorny ario-? :: host, lord, master] --

9.144, 9.145

<arta-> 'Truth' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

10.154, 10.270, 10.304

<artvan-> 'blessed, righteous' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

10.239, 10.320

<art-> 'righteousness, Truth' --7.357

<arti-> 'spear, weapon' --

9.307

<ava> 'away, down' -- [Pokorny 3: au-, au e, u - :: away from, down] --

8.74, 8.78, 8.92, 8.322, 8.336, 8.416, 8.445, 10.62

<ava-> 'this, that' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

7.36, 7.158, 7.319, 7.384, 7.389, 7.429, 8.47, 8.72, 8.220, 8.295, 8.327, 8.412, 9.20, 9.228, 9.253, 9.360, 10.110, 10.169, 10.248,

10.274

<avaa> 'thus, then' --

7.47, 7.200, 8.188, 8.252, 8.400

<avad> 'then, there' --

8.170, 8.444, 9.285, 10.143

<avahya-> 'ask for help' --

8.383

<av> 'thus, as' --

7.159

<asman-> 'sky' --

9.21

<azd> 'known' -- [Pokorny 1: med- :: to give advice, healing; to measure] --

8.88, 9.295, 9.317

<ah> 'be' --

7.20, 7.35, 7.51, 7.157, 7.161, 7.308, 7.334, 7.338, 7.341, 7.351, 7.414, 7.418, 7.421, 8.46, 8.59, 8.152, 8.183, 8.199, 8.251, 8.277,

8.350, 8.399, 8.429, 9.205, 9.240, 9.252, 10.27, 10.87, 10.165, 10.228, 10.240, 10.317, 10.328

 'go' --

7.358

<id> 'here' --

8.44

<ima-> 'he, this' -- [Pokorny 1: med- :: to give advice, healing; to measure] --

7.62, 7.89, 7.121, 7.206, 7.248, 7.278, 8.15, 9.9, 9.173, 9.407

 'well, good' -- [Pokorny su-, s- :: good, well] --

7.37, 7.385, 7.390, 7.433 <ut> 'and' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

7.230, 7.234, 7.264, 7.304, 7.323, 8.124, 8.126, 8.128, 8.229, 8.231, 8.233, 8.417, 9.397, 9.406, 10.73, 10.83, 10.120, 10.156, 10.237,

10.294, 10.307, 10.318

<ud> 'up' -- [Pokorny d- :: away; up(wards)] --

8.156, 8.185

<upariy> 'over, above, in accordance with' -- [Pokorny upér, upéri :: above, over] --

7.356, 7.358, 10.39

<upast-> 'aid, support' --

7.295, 7.321, 8.385, 9.373, 10.51, 10.203

<uvmariyu-> 'self-inflicted death' --

8.264

 'one' --

8.149

<IX> 'nine' --

8.248

<kaufa-> 'mountain' -- [Pokorny 2: keu-, keu - :: to bend] --

8.168

<kan> 'dig' --

10.119

<kamna-> 'few' --

8.403

<Kambjiya-> 'Cambyses' --

8.30, 8.48, 8.62, 8.64, 8.76, 8.94, 8.105, 8.203, 8.218, 8.263

<kar> 'do, make' --

7.65, 7.77, 7.94, 7.133, 7.162, 7.176, 7.199, 7.281, 7.293, 7.371, 8.18, 8.308, 9.54, 9.195, 9.229, 9.352, 9.371, 9.383, 9.384, 10.167,

10.168, 10.179, 10.190, 10.194, 10.213, 10.214

<kaciy-> 'any, anyone, anything' -- [Pokorny ku o-, k

u e-, fem. ku , k


8.293, 8.354, 8.357

<k> (denotes generalization) --

7.16, 7.79, 7.403, 10.216

<kma-> 'wish, desire' -- [Pokorny k- :: to desire, like, wish] --

9.239

<kra-> 'man, person; the people' -- [Pokorny koro-s, kori o-s :: army, war, warrior] --

7.201, 7.217, 7.260, 8.79, 8.109, 8.187, 8.213, 8.309, 8.320, 8.335

<Kru-> 'Cyrus' --8.32, 8.201, 8.352

<X> 'ten' --

8.396

<XIV> 'fourteen' --

8.180

<xaça-> 'kingship, sovereignty, kingdom' -- [Pokorny kþ(i)-, kþ(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess] --

8.236, 8.253, 8.306, 8.446, 8.462

<Xayran-> 'Xerxes' -- [Pokorny kþ(i)-, kþ(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess] --

10.6

<xyaiya-> 'royal, king' -- [Pokorny kþ(i)-, kþ(i)- :: to acquire, gain, possess] --

7.7, 7.17, 7.61, 7.109, 7.145, 7.155, 7.186, 7.246, 7.277, 7.318, 7.401, 7.404, 8.14, 8.21, 8.45, 8.140, 8.275, 8.459, 9.53, 9.64, 9.84,

9.93, 9.94, 9.102, 9.112, 9.162, 9.187, 9.197, 9.264, 9.349, 10.14, 10.25

<xn> 'learn, know' --

8.326, 8.338, 9.286

<Gaumta-> 'Gaumata' --

8.153, 8.296, 8.367, 8.413

<gam> 'go' --

9.315

<Garmapada-> fourth month of the Persian calendar, June - July -- [Pokorny gu her- :: hot, warm] --

8.246

<gasta-> 'evil, harm' -- [Pokorny gu edh- :: to hit, push; to harm, injure] --

9.396

<gu-> 'place, throne, battlefield' -- [Pokorny gu -, g

u em- :: to come, go] --

9.216, 9.276, 10.74

<gud> 'hide' --

7.204, 7.216, 7.250

<grab> 'seize, grab' --

8.245, 8.261

<ca> 'and, but' --

10.154, 10.157, 10.270, 10.304

<cayakaram> 'how much, how many' --9.251

<ciça-> 'seed, lineage' --

9.145

<jatar-> 'smiter' --

7.262

<jad> 'pray, ask' --

9.419

<jan> 'smite, strike, slay' --

8.74, 8.78, 8.92, 8.322, 8.336, 8.416, 8.445, 9.339, 10.72

<jiva-> 'living' -- [Pokorny 3: gu ei -, and g

u ei - :: to live] --

10.236, 10.308

<jv-> 'life' -- [Pokorny 3: gu ei -, and g

u ei - :: to live] --

7.236

<taum-> 'family' -- [Pokorny teuk- :: germ, offspring, seed, sprout] --

7.231, 7.265, 7.355, 8.35, 8.292

<tax> 'be active, build, carve, make' --

7.374

<tars> 'fear, be afraid' --

8.312

<tunuvat-> ' possessing power' -- [Pokorny tu-, tu-, teu -, tu -, t- :: to swell] --

7.369

<tuvam-> 'you' -- [Pokorny t :: thou, you] --

7.15, 7.78, 7.103, 7.188, 7.220, 7.230, 7.261, 7.264, 7.402, 9.294, 9.316, 10.215

<tya-> '(so/in order) that' -- [Pokorny 1: to-, t-, ti o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)] --

7.104, 8.90, 8.337, 9.243

<tya-> 'he, this, that' -- [Pokorny 1: to-, t-, ti o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)] --

7.146, 8.304, 8.368, 8.414, 10.88

<tya-> 'who, which; that' -- [Pokorny 1: to-, t-, ti o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)] --

7.63, 7.92, 7.190, 7.279, 7.307, 7.333, 8.16, 8.339, 8.418, 9.218, 9.262, 9.275, 9.351, 10.16, 10.38, 10.166, 10.181, 10.251, 10.284

<tya-> (corrupt form) 'that' -- [Pokorny 1: to-, t-, ti o- :: that, he (demonstrative base)] --

10.132

<akatay-> 'past' --

8.182, 8.250, 8.398

<ard-> 'autumn, year' --

7.76, 7.135, 7.175, 7.290 <ah> 'speak, say, declare' --

7.5, 7.59, 7.107, 7.143, 7.177, 7.218, 7.244, 7.259, 7.275, 7.309, 7.399, 8.5, 8.138, 8.273, 8.358, 9.153, 9.227, 9.340, 10.5

<daiva-> 'daiva' --

10.97, 10.111, 10.122, 10.134

<dautar-> 'friend' --

7.228, 7.431

<dar> 'hold, support' --

9.272

<dargam> 'long' -- [Pokorny 5: del- :: long] --

7.235

<dars> 'dare' --

8.356

<daram> 'greatly, mightily, steadfastly' --

7.23, 8.311

<dahyu-> 'country, land, region' --

7.49, 8.121, 8.137, 8.235, 8.442, 9.103, 9.254, 9.408, 10.37, 10.63, 10.86

<d> 'give, take' --

8.307, 9.429

<d> 'put, make, create' --

9.18, 9.29, 9.32, 9.42

<dta-> 'law' -- [Pokorny 1: dh-, reduplicated dh-dh()- :: older family member (nursery word)] --

10.249, 10.282

<dna-> 'offering' --

10.111

<Drayavahu-> 'Darius' --

7.6, 7.60, 7.108, 7.144, 7.185, 7.245, 7.276, 7.310, 7.400, 8.13, 8.139, 8.274, 9.52, 9.83, 9.161, 9.263, 9.348

<di> 'see, look' --

9.274

<di-> 'this' --

9.183

<did-> 'fortress, wall' -- [Pokorny dheig h- :: to build, knead clay] --8.432

<dipi-> 'inscription' --

7.90

<diy> (used for emphasis) --

7.433

<d> 'take, seize' --

8.448

<duruxta-> 'false' --

7.124

<duruva-> 'durable, stable, firm, secure' -- [Pokorny deru-, dru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu - : dr- :: firm, solid; tree, wood] --

7.50

<du> 'difficult, bad, evil' --

10.167

<dra> 'far' --

9.123, 9.328

<draiy> 'afar, far away' -- [Pokorny 3: deu-, deu -, du -, d- :: to move forward, pass] --

9.306

<drauga-> 'deceit, the Lie' -- [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm] --

7.22, 7.105, 8.120

<draujana-> 'deceitful, follower of the Lie' -- [Pokorny 2: dhreugh- :: to deceive, harm] --

7.34, 7.340, 7.417

<drug-> 'lie, deceive' --

8.196

<naiba-> 'beautiful, pious' -- [Pokorny 2: nei-, nei-, n- :: to be excited, moved; to shine] --

10.178

<naiy> 'not' -- [Pokorny 1: n, n, nei :: (negative particle)] --

7.123, 7.160, 7.215, 7.258, 7.336, 7.339, 7.342, 7.352, 7.354, 7.366, 7.368, 8.87, 8.276, 8.286, 8.288, 8.290, 8.341, 8.355

<n> 'injure, rend' --

7.388

<nma> 'by name, named, called' --

8.31, 8.58, 8.154, 8.167, 8.431, 8.434

<ni> 'down' --

9.217, 10.40, 10.75, 10.260, 10.293

<Nisya-> 'Nisaya' --

8.433 <nram> 'now' -- [Pokorny n- :: now] --

7.187

<pai> 'inscribe, engrave' --

10.40

<Paiiyuvd-> 'Paishiyauvada' --

8.158

<pat> 'fly, fall' --

8.156, 8.185

<patikara-> 'picture, carved/incised likeness' --

9.273

<patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' -- [Pokorny po-ti :: against, opposite, toward] --

7.31, 7.91, 8.383, 9.241, 9.339, 10.121

<paranam> 'before' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

8.324

<par> 'forth, forward, beyond' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

9.315

<pariy> 'toward, with respect to' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

8.366, 10.250, 10.283

<paru-> 'much, many' -- [Pokorny 1: pel-, pel-, pl- :: to fill, pour; full; town?] --

9.63, 9.73

<paruva-> 'before, previous' --

7.154

<paruvam> 'previously, before' --

10.96, 10.133

<partara-> 'battle' --

9.338

<parsa-> 'examine, read' --

7.91

<pasva> 'after(wards)' --

8.19, 8.63, 8.93, 8.108, 8.119, 8.141, 8.212, 8.262, 8.373, 9.183, 10.49, 10.99

 'protect' --7.31, 9.394

<Prsa-> 'Persia' --

8.125, 8.230, 8.287, 9.330

<prsa-> 'Persian' --

9.134, 9.135, 9.297, 9.326

<ptar-> 'father' --

8.61

<puça-> 'son' --

8.33, 8.202, 8.353, 9.132, 9.143

<fra> 'to, toward, forth' --

8.464, 9.185

<fratama-> 'first, foremost' -- [Pokorny 2a: per- :: to pass over, beyond] --

8.419

<fra> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict' --

7.37, 7.38, 7.390, 7.398, 7.433, 7.434

<framtar-> 'lord, master' -- [Pokorny 3: m-, m-e-t- :: to measure] --

9.74

<baga-> 'god' --

7.306, 7.332, 9.5

<bar> 'bear, carry' --

7.303, 7.322, 7.386, 8.386, 8.464, 9.185, 9.284, 9.374, 10.59, 10.204

<bartam> 'well-born' --

7.385

<Bardiya-> 'Bardiya', known from Greek sources as Smerdis --

8.57, 8.73, 8.77, 8.91, 8.198, 8.325, 8.342

<Bgaydi-> seventh month of the Persian calendar, September - October --

8.387

<bu> 'be, become' --

7.229, 7.233, 7.263, 7.274, 7.432, 8.29, 8.89, 8.111, 8.123, 8.216, 8.460, 9.296, 9.318, 10.26

<bmi-> 'earth' -- [Pokorny bheu-, bheu -, bhu -, bhu - : bhu- : bh- :: to grow, prosper] --

9.17, 9.114, 9.174

<brazmaniya-> 'reverent' --

10.155, 10.271, 10.305

<brtar-> 'brother' -- [Pokorny bhrter- :: brother, family member] --

8.49, 8.204 <magu-> 'Magian' -- [Pokorny magh- : mgh- :: to help, be able; power] --

8.151, 8.305, 8.369, 8.415

<man> 'think' --

7.48, 7.106, 9.242, 10.226

<mar> 'die' --

8.265, 10.238, 10.319

<martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being' -- [Pokorny 4: mer-, mer- :: to die] --

7.32, 7.372, 7.415, 8.150, 8.278, 8.404, 8.420, 9.31, 9.43, 9.305, 9.327, 10.272

<m> (expresses prohibition) -- [Pokorny 1: m- :: (prohibitive particle: lest, that not)] --

7.104, 7.203, 7.273, 7.430, 8.337, 10.130

<mtar-> 'mother' --

8.60

<Mda-> 'Media' --

8.127, 8.232, 8.289, 8.443

<mha-> 'month' --

8.172, 8.247, 8.395

<Mudrya-> 'Egypt' --

8.95, 8.106

<yaud> 'rise up, bubble over' --

9.175, 10.48

<ya> 'as, when, because' --

7.120, 7.170, 7.335, 8.20, 8.75, 8.104, 9.164, 9.230, 10.15

<yad> 'revere, worship' --

10.98, 10.131, 10.142, 10.146, 10.262, 10.296

<yad> 'where' --

10.88, 10.132

<yadiy> 'if , when' -- [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here] --

7.39, 7.205, 7.247, 8.184, 9.241, 10.226

<yt> 'until, while, as long as' --

7.156, 8.370, 9.382, 10.212

<raucah-> 'day' -- [Pokorny leuk- :: to light, shine; to see] --8.181, 8.249, 8.397

<ranga-> 'speed, haste' --

7.118

<rdiy> 'on account of' -- [Pokorny 1: ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base ar-, r-, and i-base (a)r-, ri- :: to fit, suit] --

7.202, 7.319, 8.327

<vaina-> 'see' --

9.172

<var> active 'cover', middle 'choose, convince' -- [Pokorny 2: u el-, u lei-, u l(i)- :: to choose, want, wish] --

7.95, 7.189

<vart> 'turn' --

7.119

<vasiy> 'greatly, utterly' --

7.232, 8.122, 8.321

<vana-> 'will, favor' -- [Pokorny u ek - :: to want, wish] --

7.73, 7.172, 7.291, 8.449, 9.206, 9.362, 10.60, 10.100, 10.192

<vazraka-> 'great' -- [Pokorny u eg - :: fresh, strong] --

9.6, 9.85, 9.122

<v> 'or' -- [Pokorny 4: au-, u- : u -, u o- :: other; that (one)] --

7.419

<vi> 'wide, apart' --

7.388, 10.119

<vi-> 'house(hold), clan, royal court' --

7.383, 9.405

<Viyaxna-> twelfth month of the Persian calendar, February - March --

8.171

<visa-> 'all, every' -- [Pokorny 1: u - :: apart, separate from, in two; both] --

old iranian base forms

Documents