Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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Rock Garden of Ryoan-ji Temple Kluge Scholar at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.International Research Center for Japanese Studies

Graduate School for Advanced Studies, Kyoto, Japan

May 4, 2007, Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture, Columbia University

Shigemi INAGA

Constructing and Asian AestheticsTenshin Okakura Kakuzo and Sister Nivedita

on an Indian-Japanese Intellectual Exchange in Modernizing Asia

Constructing and Asian AestheticsTenshin Okakura Kakuzo and Sister Nivedita

on an Indian-Japanese Intellectual Exchange in Modernizing Asia

Kluge Scholar at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.International Research Center for Japanese Studies

Graduate School for Advanced Studies, Kyoto, Japan

May １, 2007, Smith College

Shigemi INAGA

岡倉覚三・A.K. クーマラスワーミ・柳宗悦ボストンにかかわった東洋美術の思索者たち

京都ボストン交流の会

2008年6月7日 同志社 新島会館

国際日本文化研究センター

総合研究大学院大学

稲賀繁美

Anada K. Coomaraswamy(1877-1947)アナンダ・クーマラスワーミー

岡倉覚三 (1863-1913) 柳宗悦 (1889-1961)

天心・岡倉覚三のインド旅行と東洋美学の成立

兵庫教育大学

2009年9月24日 大阪サテライト

国際日本文化研究センター

総合研究大学院大学

稲賀繁美

Anada K. Coomaraswamy(1877-1947)アナンダ・クーマラスワーミー

岡倉覚三 (1863-1913) 柳宗悦 (1889-1961)

岡倉覚三 文久2年－大正2年（1863-1913）

明治23(1890)年 28歳 東京美術学校校長

明治31(1898)年 36歳 東京美術学校校長、帝国博物館美術部長辞職

明治34(1901)年 39歳 第1回インド滞在

明治36(1903)年 41歳 大観、春草インド旅行『東洋の理想』出版

明治37(1904)年 42歳 ボストン滞在『日本の覚醒』出版

明治38(1905)年 43歳 ボストン美術館中国・日本美術部顧問

明治39(1906)年 44歳 『茶の本』出版

Okakura Kakuzô, Tenshin 岡倉覚三、天心 (1863-1913)

1890 aged 28 Director of the Tokyo Fine Arts School 東京美術学校

1898 aged 36 Resignation from the Tokyo Fine Art SchoolResignation from the Head of the Department of Fine ArtsAt the Imperial Museum (Tokyo) 帝国博物館美術部長辞任

1901-2 aged 39 First Visit to India

1903 aged 41 Publication of The Ideals of the East (London: John Murray)Yokoyama Taikan (1868-1957), Hishida Shunsô (1874-1911)Visit India

1904 aged 42 Stay in Boston, Publication of The Awakening of Japan (New York: Century)

1905 aged 43 Adviser at the Dep. of Chinese and Japanese Art, Museum of Fin Arts, Boston

1906 aged 44 Publication of The Book of Tea (New York: Fox Duffield)First Trip to China

1910 aged 48 Appointed to Curator of the Ch. & Jap. Dep., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

1911 aged 49 Second Trip to India. Encounter with the poetess, Brianvada Devi Panersy.

1913 aged 50 Dedicates the Opera Script “The White Fox” to Ms. Gardner, Death on Sep. 02.

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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Okakura on the horseback in the costume of the Directorof the Tokyo School of Fine ArtsNov. 31, 1892

明治30年代の東京美術学校全景

Tokyo School of Fine Arts (Meiji Period)

横山大観（1868-1958） Yokoyama Taikan Kutsugen 《屈原》 (Quyan, ca.343-273 B.C.) (1898)

Commission impériale du JaponPour l’Exposition internationale à Paris en 1900Histoire de l’art du Japon (1900)

法隆寺 金堂 Horyuji Temple Golden Pavilion

Amida Paradise Scene Fresco Painting, Hôryû-ji Temple, Ikaruga, Nara. End 7th CenturyFrom Histoire de l’art du Japon (1900), “Indian-Greek style”『稿本 日本帝国美術史略記』 パリ万国博覧会法隆寺金堂壁画阿弥陀浄土図(6号壁) 飛鳥時代 ｢インド・ギリシア様式｣

Sakurai Kaun, 桜井香雲

Copy of the Amida Paradiseof the Hôryû-ji Temple (1890s)法隆寺壁画阿弥陀浄土図模写 東大寺 Todaiji Temple

Kômokuten 広目天 (Virupakas)

Tôda-ji Temple 東大寺 (Tempyô Period, 天平時代: 729-748)“Preponderant Influence from the Tang Dynasty”

Copy by Takeuchi Kyûichi 竹内久一(1891-2)

Buddhisatva Geakkô Bosatsu 月光菩薩 (Gandraprabha)

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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Josephine MacLeod ジョセフィン・マクラウド (1858-1949)

1901年1月来日 Staying in Japan from Jan. 1901 Josephine MacLeod with Oda Tokunô, his wife and son at Asakusa, Tokyoジョセフィン・マクラウド、織田得能とその妻子 (東京・浅草にて）

ベルルモート ヴィヴェカーナンダの僧院（1899建立）

Monastery of Suwami Vivekananda in Belur, near Calcutta, founded in 1899

「師は気魄学識超然抜群一代の名士と合見へ五天到処師を敬慕せざるはなし」

「師は大乗を以て小乗に先んじたるものと論じ（中略）東西を湊合して不二法門を説破す論談風発古大論師の面目あり実に得がたき

人物と存候」

織田得能宛書簡 一月六日

スワミ・ヴィヴェカーナンダ Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)1897年撮影 シカゴ・コロンブス万国博覧会(1893) 世界宗教会議 advaitism

Okakura on Vivekananda (Jan. 06, 1902, in BelurA letter to Oda Tokunô 織田徳能):

“The master, with his extraordinarily surpassing spirit and wisdom, is undoubtedly the most remarkable person of his generation, whomeverybody venerates without exception all around the world.”“The Master argues that the Mahayana Grand Vehicle Buddhism Precedes the Hinayana Small Vehicle Buddhism (…) and preachesthe Advaita non-duality principle, unifying the East and the West.Our discussion were animated as if I were in front of the Great MasterOf the Ancient period, and I was convinced that here is the irreplaceable person I was searching for.”

Swami Vivekananda (Jan.2,1863-July. 4, 1902) (photo taken in 1897)Participation in the World Parliament of Religion at the Chicago World Fair in 1893

Hori Shitoku 堀至徳 (1876-1903) Japanese Buddhist monkWho left a day by day accounts of Okakura’s stay in India 左からマクラウド、オリ・ブル夫人、ヴィヴェカーナンダ、ニヴェディタ

from left to right: Josephine McLeod, Ms. Oli-Bull, Vivekananda, Sister Nivedita

岡倉氏のように、アジアを、我わが想像してきたような地理的断片の寄せ集めとしてではなく、おのおのの部分が他のすべての部分に依存し、全体が単一の複合的な生命を息づいているひとつの統一された生ける有機体として示すことは、このうえなく価値のあることなのです。

岡倉『東洋の理想』（1903）序文より

Sister Nivedita シスター・ニヴェディタ (1867-1911)Margaret Elisabeth NobleKali the Mother (1901) Webs of Indian Life (1904)

Sister Nivedita’s preface toOkakura’s The Ideals of the East (1903)

“Therefore it is of supreme value to show Asia, as Mr. Okakura does, not as the congeries of geographical fragments as we imagined, but as a unified living organism, each dependent on all the others, the whole breathing a single complex life .”

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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Popular Imagery of the Kali GoddessCalcutta, ca. end of 19th Century. Yokoyama Taikan 横山大観 (1868-1957)

Indian Protective Divinity (1903) 《インド守護神》 Private Collection

大元明王像 京都 醍醐寺14世紀 鎌倉時代

模写 横山大観 明治28(1895)年

Yokoyama TaikanCopy of the Daigen Myô-ô (1895)Original at Daigo-ji Temple Kyoto,Kamakura Period (14th Century)

大威徳明王 平安時代 11世紀 岡倉愛蔵、

ビゲローがボストン美術館に寄贈

Dai-Itoku Myô-ô, Heian Perid, 11th CenturyPiece cherished by Okakura.Bequeathed to the Boston Museum

Yokoyama Taikan横山大観

釈迦十六羅漢 1911年横山大観 《流燈》 明治42(1909)年

第3回文部省美術展覧会出品 バナーラス

Yokoyama TaikanLantern Offering on the Water (1909)Reminiscence of BenaresExhibited at the 3rd Ministerial Salon

菱田春草 (1874－1911)

《弁才天》(サラスヴァティー) 明治36(1903)年

Hishida Shunshô (1874-1911)Sarasvati, (1903) Vina/Veena- “Biwa” instrument

Ravi Varna ラヴィ・ヴァルマ(1848-1906) Sarasvati 《サラスヴァティー》

ラビンドラナート・タゴール

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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ジョラシャンコのアトリエ ナンダラル・ボース

Nandalal Bose (1883-1966) Studio in JorasankoTop left: Sn. Tagor; right: An. Tagor,Middle left: A.K. Coomaraswamy, right: Gn. Tagor; Bottom right: Nl. Bose

Anada K. Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) アナンダ・クーマラスワーミー

“Aims of Indian Art” (1908) . Mediaeval Sinhalese Art (1909)

Ernest Binfield Havell (1861-1934) エルネスト・ビンフィールド・ハヴェル

Indian Sculpture and Painting (1908). Indian Architecture (1911).The Ideals of Indian Art (1911)

cf. Okakura Kakusu (sic.), The Ideals of the East (1904)

仏立像 タフティー・バーイ出土、2-3世紀パキスタン、ペシャワール美術館

Standing Buddha,2-3 Century A.D. Pakistan,Peshawar Museum Buddha, from Anurädhapura, Ceylon.

4th Century A.D., Dolomite.

仏坐像 アヌラダーブラ セイロン

仏坐像 サーリ・バロール

2-3世紀、パキスタン

ペシャワール美術館

Sitting Buddha, 2-3 Century A.D., Pakistan, Peshawar Museum.

仏坐像 中国 北魏 5世紀後半

1907年 中国日本特別基金に購入

ボストン美術館

Sitting BuddhaNothan Wei Period,Second half of the 5th CenturyPurchased by the China Japan Special Fond in 1907.

The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Abanindranath Tagore アバニンドラナート・タゴール (1871-1951)

《バーラト・マータ》 (1905-6)

Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951)Bharat Mata (Mother India) 1905-6,Water Color on paper, 26.5x15cm.Rabindra Bharati Society, Kolkata

菱田春草 (1874－1911)

《弁才天》(サラスヴァティー) 明治36(1903)年

Hishida Shunshô (1874-1911)Sarasvati, (1903) Vina/Veena- “Biwa” instrument

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

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Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951)Bharat Mata (Mother India) 1905-6（detail)

Popular Imagery of the Kali GoddessCalcutta, ca. end of 19th Century.

ナンダラル・ボース《サティー[殉死]》

Nandalal Bose (1883-1966)Sati, ca. 1907

Subhas Chandra Bose, सुभाष च द्र बोस, 1897年1月23日－1945年8月18日チャンドラ・ボース

ナンダラル・ボース《燃える松》1944年

Nandalal Bose (1883-1966), Burning Pine Tree, 1944

横山大観 《双龍の図》1904年 イザベラ・ガードナー美術館

Yokoyama Taikan Tow Dragons, Isabella S.Gardner Museumスレン・ガングリー

《ラクシマン・センの逃亡 1207年》

1907年頃

Suren Ganguly (?-1909?) The Flight of Lakshman Sen In 1207 (ca.1907)

ラビンドラナート・タゴール

Rabindranath Tagore（1861-1941）

Rash Behari Bose（1886-1945年1月21日）

ラッシュ・ベハリ・ボース

The upsetting of truth in the relationship of the ruler and the ruled can never be compensated by the power that lies in the grip of the mailed fist. And this was the reason which made us deeply grateful to Sister Nivedita, that great-hearted Western woman, when she gave utterance to her criticism of Indian Life. She had won her access to this innermost heart of our society by her supreme gift of sympathy. She did not come to us with the impertinent curiosity of a visitor, nor did she elevated herself on a special high perch with the idea that a bird’s eye view is truer than the human view because of its superior aloofness. She lives our life and came to know us by becoming one of ourselves. She became so intimately familiar with our people that she had the rare opportunity of observing us unaware. As a race we have our special limitations and imperfection.(…) we know for certain that these defects did not escape Nivedita’s observation, but she did not stop there to generalize, as most other foreigners do. And because she had a comprehensive mind, and extraordinary insight of love she could. See the creative ideals at work behind our social forms and discover our soul that has living connexion with its past and its marching toward its fulfilllement.(Rabindranath Tagore, le 21 Oct. 1917, preface to the new edition of The Web of Indian Life; C.W.S.N. Vo.2: 245-6)

Exhibition Catalog,Anne Nishimura-Morse (ed.)Okakura Tenshin and The Museum of Fine Art, Boston,1999.

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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ボストン美術館旧館 ボストン市内コプリー広場 1900年頃

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, at Copley Place, ca.1900 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Huntington Ave.ボストン美術館新館 ハンティントン街 Kuan-Yin (The Compassionate Buddhisatva Avalokitesvara),

China, Sung Period, ca. 12th Century. Polychromed wood. H.141cm.

Early Japanese Sculpture in the Temple Room, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

《阿弥陀三尊像祭壇》隋代 593年Ｗ．スコット夫人寄贈 ボストン美術館

Altarpiece with Amitabha and Attendants, China, Sui Period, 593 A.D. Bronze, h.76.5cm.Gift of Mrs. W. Scott Fitz.

Pieces collected by OkakuraFor the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.From: Okakura Tenshin and The Museum of Fine Art, Boston, 1999.

仏坐像 中国 北魏 5世紀後半

1907年 中国日本特別基金に購入

ボストン美術館

Sitting BuddhaNothan Wei Period,Second half of the 5th CenturyPurchased by the China Japan Special Fond in 1907.

The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Attributed to Emperor Hui Zong 徽宗(1082-1135),Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk (detail), 《搗練図巻》

early 12th Century. Handscroll, ink and colors in silk. 37 x 145.5cm.Purchased in China by Okakura in 1912, Chinese and Japanese Special Fond.北宋時代 12世紀初期 1912年 中国日本特別基金 ボストン美術館

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.

Okakura Tenshin 2007.05

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運慶 Unkei (1148/51-1224)《世親立像》鎌倉時代建暦2年 Sesin, Vasubandha (ca.300-400: left): original, 1212.

山田鬼斎模造 明治26年 Copy by Yamada Kisai, 1893《無着立像》鎌倉時代建暦2年 Mujaku, Asanga (ca.310-390: right): original, 1212.

竹内久一模造 明治24年 Copy by Takeuchi Kûichi, 1891

The beach of Izura,Ibaragi Prefecture. facing the Pacific Ocean.Seascape from near the Rokkaku-dô Hexagon Pavillon.五浦海岸。六角堂近くより臨む。

日本美術の歴史は、かくしてアジアの幾多の理想の歴史となる――それは、東洋の思想の途切れない浪のひとつひとつが、日本の国民意識に

ひたひたと打つたびに波紋を残した砂浜である。

The history of Japanese art becomes thus the history of Asiatic ideals ――the beach where each successive wave of Eastern thought has left its sand-ripple as it beat against the national consciousness.

From Okakura, Ideals of The East (1904)

ボストン美術館天心園 Garden at the Heart of Heaven

【講演】“Okakura Tenshin and the Indian Intellectuals: An Aspect of Indian-Japanese Cultural Exchange at the Beginning of the 20th Century,”　 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,　December 17,2010.