Remove the ‘Trainings’ button and the upload COMPLETELY. Create an OIL AND GAS button, and upload the following Oil & Gas 1 and 2

1. FLOATING, PRODUCTION, STORAGE OPERATIONS CBT COURSE

This course teaches the fundamentals of FPSO. With about 30 modules, it is a self learning computer based training program, that provides deep insights and knowledge of an FPSO. It is particularly important now that big oil is using these ship customized production and storage facilities in deep offshore environments.

Modules

A. Cargo and Marine

Cargo Operations Steam Generation Inert Gas Generation

B. Utilities

Cooling Heating Diesel

Compressed Air Power Generation Fire Water System

C. Production

Reservoirs Wellheads Turret and Swivel Separation & Nucleonics Crude Oil Metering & Export Gas Compression Gas Dehydration NGL Recovery Gas Export and Metering Flares Vents & Drains Produced Water Treatment Water Injection Chemical Injection Sea Water Service Fuel Gas Process Control Emergency Shutdown System ESD & Process Logic P & ID Convention

2. OIL & GAS PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & WELL COMPLETIONS COURSE

Oil production can be described as the activity that takes place on the completion of well drilling, when a large quantity of recoverable oil has been found, to the point where it is sent to the oil processing facilities to be refined or treated for shipment to the customer.

Production activities consist of well completion, when a well is made ready to produce oil in large quantities, or well workover when an operating well is reworked to replace old tubing and

other components to improve the well's oil flow. First a hole is drilled in the ground to a depth below where oil or gas is trapped. In the drilling process the hole is lined or cased with large diameter pipe that is screwed together in sections. This pipe is called production casing.

Cement is pumped into the space between the outside of the casing and the inside of the drilled hole. The cement secures the casing to the rock and seals the face of the rock. Liquids or gases cannot flow from the rock into the hole or into nearby rocks. So far we only have a steel lined hole in the ground full of drilling mud.

This module teaches how oil and gas are explored, drilled, produced and processed. It describes how well flow, a mixture of oil, gas, water, sand etc., is separated and processed into ‘clean’ marketable crude oil and gas products, using various separator vessels. Separators are vessels in which mixtures of insoluble fluids, are separated from each other. They are used most often in oilfields, than any other process equipment in process facilities. In addition participants will be taught the oil and gas production process. Associated facilities and equipment like pumps, valves, desalters, towers and columns, pipeline and piping, as well as fractionating column and industrial water processing facilities are equally treated.

Learning Outcomes & Objectives:

On the completion of this Course, Trainees will be able to:

*Describe the entire oil & gas value chain, from drilling to production operations

*Understand the Oil & Gas Production Process

*Know the Technologies involved.

*Explain the principle of separation.

*Have a general idea about the principles of fluid separation

*Understand the theory and design of separators.

*Explain the function of separator internals.

*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.

*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.

*Explain the liquid level control systems.

*Explain the pressure control system, pumps, and piping

*Explain the factors that affect separation.

*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.

*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.

*Develop the ability to respond correctly to the operating problems.

*Understand the functions and working of safeguarding systems used in separators.

*Understand Electrostatic Desalters, Coalescers and other Vessels used in well flow separation.

*Identify and explain the functions of the downhole components that make up a single zone or dual zone oil or gas well completion.

*Explain why old wells need 'workovers' to improve their production.

Module 1- Oil And Gas History

The Origin Of Crude Oil And Natural Gas

Oil Traps, Oil Exploration And The First Well

Barrels And Gasoline Engines

Module 2- Facilities And Processes

Upstream, Midstream And Down Stream

Onshore And Offshore Projects

Module 3- Offshore Structures

Shallow Water Complex, Gravity Base, Compliant Towers, Fpso, Tension Leg Platform, Semi-Submersible Platforms, Spar, Subsea Production Systems.

Module 4- Upstream

Wellhead, Completion, Christmas Tree And Workover, Manifold And Gathering, Gas Gathering, Risers, Separation, Gravity Separator,Metering Storage And Export, Custody Transfer, Utility Systems.

Module 5- Midstream

Gas Plants, Lng, Liquefaction, Regasification, Pipeline Transportation, Pipeline Quality Gas, Gas Mixture, Gas Compression, Pipeline And Pigging, And Loading. Oil Refining, Petrochemicals, Olefins, Aromatics, And Syngas.

Module6- Reservoir And Wellheads,

Primary Recovery, Eor, Meor, Lifting Equipment, Tight Gas, Crude Oil, Api, Api Limitation, Carbon Number, Natural Gas, Condensates Etc.

Module 7- Exploration And Drilling

Drillers, Roughnecks, Drill String, Cone Bit, Draw Work, Top Drive, Rate Of Penetration, Directional Drilling, Horizontal Drilling, Well Head Pressure, Mud Engineering,Mud Component, Bop And Hse, Well Completion, Well Casing, Conductor Casing, Surface Casing, Intermediate Casing And Production Casing, Tubing, Well Completion, Open Hole Completion, Perforated Completions, Sand Exclusion Completion, Permanent Completions, Multiple Zone Completion, Drain Hole Completions

Module 8- Wellhead And Christmas Tree Structures

Tubing Hanger, Mastergate Valve, Pressure Gauge, Wing And Swab Valve, Variable Choke Valve, Vertical Christmas Tree, Subsea Wells, Hydraulic Subsea Control Etc.

Module 9- Crude Oil Recovery

Injection Water Breakthrough, Reservoir Pressure Maintenance, Artificial Lifts, Rod Pumps, Esp, Gas Lift, Plunger Lift Etc.

Module 10- Well Workover

Well Workover, Intervention & Stimulation, Tubing, Intervention & Wireline, Reservoir Stimulation, Acid Stimulation & Fracturing, Fracture & Matrix Acidizing, Hydraulic And Explosive Fracturing Etc.

Module 11- Upstream Oil And Gas Processing

Movement To Processing Plants, Upstream Process In General

Module 12- Manifolds And Gathering

Production, Test & Injection Manifold, Pipelines And Risers

Module 13- Separators, Separating And Desalters

Test Separators & Well Test, Production Separators, Vortex Breakers & Demisters, Emergency Valves, Second Stage Separators, Heat Exchangers, Third Stage Separators- Flash Drum, Coalescer, Electrostatic Desalters, Water Treatment.

Module 14- Gas Treatment And Compression

Heat Exchangers, Scrubbers And Reboilers, Gycol Dehydration, Recycling And Regeneration, Compressors, Anti-Surge & Performance, Compressor Types, Load Management, Vibration, Speed Governor, Etc.

Module 15- Natural Gas Products

Lng, Lpg, Ngl, Cng, Gas Processing, Acid Removal, Storage, Metering And Export, Proover Loop, Storage, Marine Loading, Gas Pipelines, Compressors & Valve Stations, Etc.

Module 17- Petroleum Refining Process

3. OIL SPILL RESPONSE, CLEANUP & REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY

This first the part of the remediation course, teaches the conventional oil spill response used by oil companies. It covers topics like oil spill impacts, the national policy on environment, oil spill response on land and sea as well as the safety and regulatory issues associated with them.

Oil Spill Clean-up and Remediation Technology provides participants with the first phase of the knowledge/skill needed in the Niger Delta and Oil Companies’ Clean-up/Remediation Projects. The second part is taught in the full Remediation Technology module.

Conventionally, clean-up is carried out with booms, skimmers, sorbents etc., but this is not enough to restore oil spill sites to oil levels that permit the ecosystem to return to conditions that allow the re-establishment of the flora and fauna characteristic of that environment. Hence the great need for appropriate remediation technology to be coupled unto already established oil spill response plans.

Also, the Tiered approach to spill response, which utilizes, tier 1 for minor spills that the oil company in question can cope with, the tier 2 spill which may go beyond the capability of the oil company and so other companys’ help are sought through the Clean Nigeria Associates [CNA] cooperative agreement of various oil companies, magnifying the spill response capabilities required to cope with bigger spills and finally, the tier 3 response, which is beyond the combined capability of the oil company and CNA put together, hence international spill response help is sought, from Oil Spill Response Limited, Southampton.

Course Objectives:

Trainees will learn the:

Applicable Regulations and Knowledge of the Oil Industry

Behaviour and Impact of Oil Spills and Consequences for Cleanup

Well Blowouts and Blowout Preventers

Clean-up Procedures and Response Approach

Oil Spill Response Process and Investigation Procedure

Clean-up Site Clearance

Action Parties and their Responsibilities

Environmental & Economic Impact of Oil Spills

Tier 1, 2 & 3 Oil Spills and Equipment/Personnel Logistics Capabilities

Clean Nigeria Associates

NOSDRA

*Participants will know in detail how oil spills damage the environment.

*They will be introduced to various oil spill equipment and clean-up processes.

*The management of Oil Spill waste will be taught.

*Participants will be able to appreciate the applicable Regulations.

*Become capable of implementing and upgrading an oil spill response plan.

*Remedial Investigation methods as feasibility tool will be learnt.

*Remediation Technology for decision making and application

*They will learn the Bioremediation Technology Options of choice.

*And lots more.

COURSE CONTENT

Applicable Regulations and Knowledge of the Oil Industry Behaviour and Impact of Oil Spills and Consequences for Cleanup Well Blowouts and Blowout Preventers Clean-up Procedures and Response Approach Oil Spill Response Process and Investigation Procedure Clean-up Site Clearance Action Parties and their Responsibilities Environmental & Economic Impact of Oil Spills

Oil Spill Response Equipment:

Fast Tank, Transfer Pumps, Skimmers, Connecting Hoses and Unions, Absorbent Pillows, Absorbent Rolls, Sheets, Absorbent Containment Booms, Dispersant Equipment, Communication Equipment, Vessels, Ancillary Equipment and Conventional Booms

Spill Response Bases (Kidney Island, Ebocha, Forcados, Bonny, Antan, Eket, etc.) Minimum Stock for Pollution Control Equipment, Specification and Quantity Guidelines for Assigning Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) to the Spill Risk

Assessment Matrix Use of Ram for Evaluating Spills Calculation of Oil Volume Clean-up Guide and Certification

 Case Study 1, Shell, U.K: Contingency Planning, for Ecologically and Economically Sensitive Areas

Case Study 1, continued: Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Response Plan, Structure and Cooperation with Authorities.

*Film Show on Spill Response

Case Study 2: State of the Art of Oil Spill Control Equipment

4. ADVANCED OIL SPILL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES TRAINING

Conventionally, clean-up is carried out with booms, skimmers, sorbents etc., but this is not enough to restore oil spill sites to oil levels that permit the ecosystem to return to conditions that allow the re-establishment of the flora and fauna characteristic of that environment. Hence the great need for appropriate remediation technology to be coupled unto already established oil spill response plans, and also as a coupling technology to conventional clean-up methods. We leant this much in the Oil Spill Response and Remediation course. In this module, we will learn in detail what these remediation technologies are, their applicability, including advantages and disadvantages, and the factors that influence their choice.

Remedy is a healing medicine or means of removing, counteracting or relieving any evil or illness. With oiled ecosystems, best results are obtained if a careful diagnosis is made and a remedy carefully chosen to suit the particular circumstance. The wrong remedy can make things worse.

Remediated soil is defined as a return to a level of hydrocarbon [HC] that has no significant detectable impact on the function of an ecosystem. It is not necessarily a return to pre-existing background level, or the complete absence of HC. Recovery is marked by the re-establishment of a biological community in which the flora and fauna characteristic of that community are present and are functioning normally.

In this course, all the available remediation technologies will be taught, along with their pros and cons, and preferred applicable optimum conditions.

Course Objectives

The aim of this course, is to enable students learn the following remediation technologies:

Soil Washing, Air Stripping, Oil Separation, Carbon Adsorption, Soil Vapour Extraction, Incineration, Thermal Desorption, Steam Stripping, Groundwater Control, Detergent Extraction etc.

Bioremediation technologies: soil-heap bioremediation, solid-phase bioremediation, pump and treat bioremediation, slurry-phase bioremediation and insitu-bioremediation (bioaugmentation, biofilters, biostimulation, bioreactors, bioventing, composting and landfarming), and

Bioengineering of soils and groundwater.

Biotreatability studies and optimum conditions for bioremediation

*Recognize the limitations and inadequacy of traditional oil spill clean-up methods.

*And understand how Bioremediation can be coupled unto Physico-Chemical enhanced Bioengineering methods, to effectively remediate oil spill sites.

Physical, Chemical and Bioremediation techniques will be taught in this course, along with our field experience from the Shell Remediation project at Kom Kom and Nembe oil spill sites.

Review of Spill Impacts, Health and Safety Considerations

Disadvantages/Limitations of Present Clean-up Methods

Emulsification, Photochemical Oxidation, Agglomeration and Sinking, Sedimentation and Microbial Degradation as Natural Oil Removal Agents, What is Remediation?

Remedial Investigations and Post Impact Assessments; Soil Remediation Technologies:

Soil Washing, Air Stripping, Oil Separation, Carbon Adsorption, Soil Vapour Extraction, Incineration, Thermal Desorption, Steam Stripping, Groundwater Control, Detergent Extraction

Bioremediation: soil-heap bioremediation, solid-phase bioremediation, pump and treat bioremediation, slurry-phase bioremediation and insitu-bioremediation (bioaugmentation, biofilters, biostimulation, bioreactors, bioventing, composting and landfarming). Bioengineering of soils and groundwater.

Biotreatability studies and optimum conditions for bioremediation

Case Study 1, ExxonMobil, USA: Application of Chemical, Biological or Do-nothing Methods on Surface Waters, Beaches, Wetlands and other Sensitive Areas

Case Study 2, IKU, SINFEF, Norway: Tools for Assessing the Weathering Process of Oil Spills at Sea and the Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants

Case Study 3, Baker, J.M., UK: Influence of Ecosystem and Natural Recovery Considerations on Selection of Remediation Techniques

Case Study 4, Total/Elf: Experience in Enhanced Bioremediation Processes on Shorelines

Case Study 5, Criteria for the Selection of Bioprocess to Remediate a Pipeline Spill

Case Study 6, Shell/Ofili and Aligwe, Niger Delta, Nigeria: Oil Spill Remediation Study

Risk Based Analysis and Corrective Actions (three tiers of RBCA, Remedial Actions: Source Removal/Treatment Options;. Containment Measures & Institutional Controls, Exposure Flowsheet and Remedial Actions Options, Remediation Options Selection, Validation and Attainment of Remediation Goals, Compliance Monitoring and Monitoring). Sensitivity Index.

5. OIL AND GAS CONTRACT LAW& FISCAL SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

[BASIC PETROLEUM ECONOMICS]

Petroleum Economics has a crucial role to play in the Petroleum Industry and it lies at the heart of all decision making.  Many techniques have evolved over time in determining and calculating economic inputs, investments analysis, risk management and generating practicable portfolios.

This course, which is integrated with petroleum laws, is a great introduction to the Petroleum Economics and Investment Decisions, as well as the Advanced Oil and Gas Analysis courses to be encountered later in the PGD in Oil and Gas Management.  The e-learning experience will include videos, simplified reading and multiple choice exercises. 

You will encounter, in this study, a variety of fundamental petroleum economic principles including revenue, expenditures, fiscal systems, risk analysis, and investment analysis, as well as the Nigerian laws that determine the economics of petroleum development.

Course Objectives

• To explain the fundamentals of petroleum economics • To teach why some economic decision parameters like as oil and gas contract types,

prices, reserves, production profiles, taxation and fiscal policies, and the environment are very critical.

• Learn the Petroleum economic decisions that are most critical to the Oil & Gas industry.• To learn and know how the Nigerian Petroleum Laws are applied.• To learn how the Oil markets operate.• To learn Risk Analysis, and basic oil and gas insurance• Learn how to apply the generally used economic decision methods in E&P investment

decisions.• To understand the different type of contracts and the fiscal intricacies involved.• To learn the factors that influence oil pricing and gain deeper insight into the importance

and role of OPEC.• To know the concept of Energy Geopolitics, and how it has, and can be used.• And be familiar with the PSC Act, the Deep Offshore Act, Marginal Fields Act, Nigerian

Content Law etc., and the emerging Petroleum Industry Bill, and their implications.

Course Content & Outline:

Introduction, objectives, risks and terminologies and duties of petroleum economists, risks and challenges, fiscal terms, depreciation, depletion, amortization, book values, e & p challenges, duties of petroleum economists

 SUPPLY VALUE CHAIN

Oil & Gas Supply Chain  

 

INSURANCE

Oil and gas insurance; underwriting oil & gas business;  deep offshore risks & life cycle; well blowout cratering; welcar 2001 policy.

 

 

CONTRACT CLASSIFICATION

Oil & gas contract classification; joint venture; production sharing contract; concession; oil mining lease; risk service contract, pure service contract; technical assistance contract; cost recovery, sunk costs; participating agreement, operating agreement & MOU.

 FISCAL SYSTEMS

Petroleum fiscal systems; revenues, royalties, bonuses, petroleum profit taxes, economic rent; tax base spectrum: pre-discovery, bonuses & rentals, discovery, fg participation, post discovery, royalties/ royalty trusts & tariffs, severance & valorem, state & local taxes, income taxes, special petroleum taxes, accounting period, adjusted profit, disallowed deductions, assessable profit, chargeable profits, tax computations, concessionary fiscal systems,fg take/contractor take, ringfencing, oil depletion allowance, depletion calculation & limits.

 NATURAL GAS & GECF

Natural Gas Fiscal Matters; features of  the local & international gas markets & projects; LNG laws; associated gas re-injection act, 1979 etc. GECF [Gas Exporting Countries Forum].

  OPEC

OPEC & international pricing; production quotas & leadership, opposing western manipulations, swing producers, oil burden, opec reference basket, oil pricing dynamics, market & benchmarket, global price actors- OPEC, OECD, IEA & the 7 sisters etc.

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

International markets, market listing, speculations, Dubai, London & New York markets, oil futures, electronic trading.

 CRUDE OIL CONTRACTS

Crude oil contracts: term contracts, spot markets, major oil markets, oil storage trade, USA strategic reserve.

INTERNATIONAL OIL & GAS MARKETS Term & Spot Markets The New York Stock Exchange and the Western Texas Intermediate blend The London Stock Exchange & the Brent crude blend The Dubai Market & Middle Eastern Arabian Blends

 

                             PRODUCTS

Product trading, octane rating, pipelines, refining, petrochemicals.  

NIGERIAN CONTENT

Nigerian content; local content/technology acquisition clauses in petroleum act, 1969, Nigerian oil & gas content development act, 2010.

RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY GEOPOLITICS

Energy geopolitics;  OAPEC oil embargo, oil price shock, oil glut, strategic petroleum reserves, oil patch, western capital markets etc. 

SHALE/FRACKING

Shale production & limits, impact of oil price, and adverse environmental consequences; shale oil viability - (eroei).

                  

6. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS & INVESTMENT DECISIONS

Oil and gas companies must evaluate their potential investment utilizing adequate present value analysis of expected future cash flows, through the projected cash flows and needed investments, the annual rate of return and other project economic indicators, which will be tackled in this course, can be derived to evaluate the significance of oil and gas investment. 

This module offers credible teaching and practical guidance to the application of the techniques of economic decision analysis currently used in the petroleum industry. During project execution, of a petroleum project, managers and engineers must be able to choose the best alternative from an economic perspective, and as well be capable of properly evaluating various investment opportunities and options through the determination of economic indicators and sensitivity analysis.

Course Objectives

*To teach those aspects of petroleum economics and decision analysis that are, essential to the oil and gas industry.

*To enable trainees know and be able to apply the principles of petroleum economics and the well-known economic decision methods in oil and gas business.

*To give and develop clearer foundations on the underlying theories of crude oil pricing and factors that influence crude oil and natural gas prices.

* To teach the fundamentals of petroleum evaluations and decision economics in order to facilitate students’ understanding of problem-solving approaches used under the threats of inflation, risk and uncertainty.

* To demonstrate why some economic decision variables such as oil and gas prices, reserves, production profiles, taxation and fiscal policies, and the environment are so important in making exploration and production decisions.

Course Content & Outline:

•           Challenges of E&P Business

•           Major Investment Decisions

•           Duties & Role of Petroleum Economists

•           Evaluation of  E&P Ventures

•           Evaluation of  E&P Ventures

•           The Cash Flow Model

•           Net Cash Flow (NCF)

•           Before Tax NCF Equation

•           Cash Flow Items

•           Cash Flow Items

•           Before Tax NCF

•           After Tax NCF Calculation

•           Fiscal Depreciation Expense

•           Depreciation

•           Depletion Cost Allowance

•           After Tax NCF Relationship

•           NET REVENUE & NET OPEX

•           Petroleum Investment Determinants

•           Petroleum Fiscal Systems

•           Economic Rent Theory

•           Reserves Classifications

•           Generalized Production Profile

•           Petroleum Production Decline

•           Exponential Decline Equation

•           Production Forecasting

•           Production Capacity and Economic Limit

•           Initial Production Capacity

            Economic Limit Analysis

•           The Pricing of Petroleum

•           Determinants & Role of Price

•           Market Equilibrium

•           Global Oil Pricing:  Actors

•           OPEC, OECD etc.

•           Net Profit as a Decision Criterion

•           Payout (PO) as a Decision Criterion

•           Benefit-to-Cost Ratio Criterion

•           Return on Investment Criterion

•           Time-Value of Money

•           Present Value Concepts

•           Timing of Cash Flow

•           Effect of Timing on Discounting

•           Annuities

•           Selection of Discount Rates

•           Discount factors and Hurdle Rate

•           Estimating the Cost of Capital

•           Net Present Value Criterion

•           Rate of Return (ROR) Criterion

•           Present Value Rate of Return Relationship

•           Computation of IRR

•           Some Characteristics of ROR

•           Risk-Weighted Rate of Return

•           Appreciation Rate of Return

•           Percent Gain on Investment Criterion

•           Effects of Inflation and Escalation

•           How to Handle Inflation

•           Current Dollars Analytical Steps

            Incremental Economic Analysis

7. OFFSHORE OPERATIONS

Water covers over two thirds of the earth’s surface. Consequently, oil and gas are produced not only on land, but also offshore, at sea. However, offshore production is far more technically demanding, more than production on shore. This is due to the fact that, platforms are normally required in order to reach the reservoirs beneath the seabed and in order to carry out drilling and production operations. These drilling rigs and production platforms are among the most extreme work environments in the world. Oil and gas staff, who work there can only have access to their workplace through helicopter or supply ship and live on the platform for many weeks at a time, ensuring that production or drilling proceeds undisturbed day and night. However, those who work on these platforms, and the materials, must be able to withstand the worst possible weather conditions and meter-high waves.

Prior to production, a well must be drilled to reach the reservoir, as like onshore. Offshore drilling is a term used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, although it can also apply to drilling in lakes, and inland waters in general.

Special mobile drilling platforms can be used to do this. At the end of drilling, the platform is removed, and the production platform is installed over the drilled wellbore. Oil and gas are transported from the borehole to the platform through pipelines, where, they are then treated before being transported either directly to land through pipelines or loaded unto ships. Since platforms in shallow waters are very different to platforms used in deep waters, the type of platform used, therefore depends on the water depth.

As soon as the exploratory drilling phase is over, geologists determine if a petroleum reservoir is worth the massive expenses involved, oil companies, then prepare for the establishment of an offshore production platform.

This training takes the delegates the operations of the entire industry with a special emphasis on Offshore Structures, Platform Types, Stationary Platforms, Jacket Platforms & STAR Platforms including, Compliant Towers, Semi-submersible Platforms, Tension-leg Platforms (TLPs), Spar Platforms, Jack-up Platforms, Floating Production, Installations for Ultra-deep Wells, Subsea Production Systems,

Subsea Technology, Types of subsea equipment, Processing and boosting equipment, Subsea compression, Riser base, Electrical and hydraulic distribution

Umbilicals and power cables, Flowline heating, Subsea Processing Functions, Subsea production Systems, More examples of subsea technology and lots more.

Course Outline:

Oil and Gas- Introduction Crude Oil Natural Gas Oil and Gas Formation How oil and gas are formed Origins Oil and Natural Gas Natural Gas under the Earth Migration of Oil and Gas Oil and Gas Characteristics Chemical Composition of Oil Main Constituents of Natural Gas Other Constituents of Natural Gas (Impurities) Types of Natural Gas Oil and Gas Reserves Oil Production & Consumption World Oil Reserves North Sea Oil North Sea Oil Licensing Reserves and Production in the North Sea Future Production World Gas Reserves North Sea Gas

Oil and Natural Gas reservoirs Earth Movements Geology Sediment Maturation Reservoir Rock Traps Seal/Trap Rock Measuring the Properties of Rocks

Looking for Oil and Gas Exploration Methods Reserve Types Proved Reserves Unproved, Probable & Possible Reserves

Drilling Operations Planning & Drilling Completion & Production Abandonment Types of Wells Well Drilling Preparing to Drill Setting Up the Rig Drilling the Well Drilling Bits Logging while Drilling Drilling Mud Offshore Chemicals Horizontal Drilling Well Completion Conducting Drill Stem Test Setting Production Casing Installing Production Tubing Starting Production Flow & Servicing Transporting Rig and Rigging Up General Servicing & Special Services Workover Oil Extraction

Offshore Structures Platform Types Stationary Platforms Jacket Platforms & STAR Platforms Compliant Towers Semi-submersible Platforms Tension-leg Platforms (TLPs) Spar Platforms Jack-up Platforms Floating Production Installations for Ultra-deep Wells Subsea Production Systems Examples of Subsea Technology Subsea Technology Introduction to Subsea Technology

Subsea at a glance Types of subsea equipment Trees, wellheads and control Types of Subsea Trees Workover Systems Processing and boosting equipment Subsea compression Riser base Manifolds and gatherings Electrical and hydraulic distribution Umbilicals and power cables Flowline heating Subsea Processing Functions Subsea production Systems More examples of subsea technology

Production of Oil and Gas How Oil and Natural Gas are Produced Separation Process & Separators Scrubber Knockout Pumping Equipment for Liquids & Types of Pumps Cavitation Positive Displacement Compressors Dynamic Compressors Manual & Control Valves Heat Exchangers Selection & Types Control Systems and Safety Pipelines What is Piping? Piping Criteria Flexibility and Stiffness of Piping Flexible Pipes Pipe Design Requirements Authorities Requirements [DPR/FMEnv] Environmental Impact Assessment Operational Parameters Pipeline Size Determination Pressure Control System Performance Requirements and Design Criteria Initial Site Survey Preliminary Design Detailed Route Survey Final Design & Inspection Risk and Safety

Installation Global Oil and Gas Activities Oil and Gas Activities in the North Sea Denmark Norway United Kingdom The Netherlands Oil and Gas Production Licenses and Exploration Field Surveys and Investigations Open Door Procedure Licensing Round Producing Fields Field Examples Decommissioning Regulatory Framework International Frameworks and Conventions Decommissioning Options Possible Decommissioning Options Criteria for Decommissioning Solution & Reuse Decommissioning of Offshore Installations Information Exchange & Challenges of Offshore Installations Technical Challenges Health and Safety Challenges Environmental & Economic Challenges Construction Challenges Decommissioning of Offshore Installations in the North Sea FPSO Upstream and Downstream Logistics Why Logistics matter Upstream and Downstream Logistics Logistics upstream Logistics downstream Global Patterns of Oil Trade The Nearest Market First Quality, Industry Structure, and Governments Crude versus Products Transportation of Oil and Gas Oil Transportation and Environment Maritime Transport Oil Transportation by Land Oil Storage in Tank Farms Gas Transport and Supply Gas Storage Facilities Health, Safety and Environment – HSE

Hazards and Goals Procedures Mind-sets and Behaviour Work Management System Permit to Work System Permits and Certificates Platform Authorities HSE Training Safety Systems Fire and Gas Alert Systems Risk Analysis DPR & FMEnv

Learning Outcomes

*Full knowledge of oil and gas operations will be gained

*Participants will know how and when different offshore structures are to be used

*They will understand the fundamentals of Subsea Technology.

*And be able to respond to challenges imposed by offshore environments

*And the Logistics requirements of such complex environments.

Course Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

*Offshore Oil/Gas Drilling and Production Systems

*Define directional drilling

*Recall the historical development of directional drilling.

*Recognize the reasons for drilling the following types of wells: exploration, appraisal,

development/production.

*Identify descriptions and pictures of directional drilling applications.

*Identify several features of a directional well profile.

*Identify the general types of directional well profiles.

*Recall an explanation of a well plan by choosing an answer from a list of selections.

*Identify the basic components of a well plan.

*FPSO

*Subsea Structures

*Subsea Technology

*Oil Recovery Systems

*Primary, Secondary, Enhanced etc.

8. NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

Natural-gas processing starts at the well head. Its composition when extracted from producing wells depends on the type, depth, and location of the underground deposit and the geology of the area. Oil and natural gas are often found together in the same reservoir. The natural gas produced from oil wells is generally classified as associated-dissolved, as the natural gas is associated with or dissolved in crude oil. Natural gas production without any association with crude oil is termed as “non-associated natural gas.” This complex industrial process cleans raw natural gas by separating impurities and various non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas.

Natural-gas processing plants cleans raw natural gas by removing common contaminants like water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some of the substances which contaminate natural gas have economic value and are further processed or sold. A fully

operational plant delivers pipeline-quality dry natural gas that can be used as fuel by residential, commercial and industrial consumers.

Gas processing plants take the raw material (natural gas, pipeline condensate, water, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur) and generate intermediate products (raw make, plant condensate, natural gasoline, and ethane-propane streams) and finished products (transmission quality natural gas, butane, and propane). In this course compression systems, natural gas liquids recovery, amine gas sweetening units, gas fractionating plants and sulphur recovery units will be treated.

Course Objectives The objectives of this gas processing course are:

On completion of this module:

*The trainee will be able to describe the gas compression systems.

*Know how natural gas is processed.

*Explain fundamentals of NGL, CNG and LPG

*Understand how to produce transportable gas.

*Know how to meet sales-gas specifications.

*How to maximize liquid recovery.

*Describe and name the important components of the sweetening process.

*Describe how and why amines are used.

*Describe the operating principles of the amine contactor.

*Describe the operating principles of the amine regenerator.

*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in an NGL recovery unit.

*Describe the functions of those pieces of equipment.

*Follow the flows through a Process Flow Diagram.

*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in a gas fractionation plant.

*Describe the functions of those pieces of equipment.

*Follow the flows through a Process Flow Diagram.

*Describe and identify the most important pieces of equipment used in a sulphur recovery unit.

*Describe the functions of each piece of equipment used in the sulphur recovery process.

*And how to produce transportable gas to a remote location which requires the gas to be delivered without allowing condensation of hydrocarbon liquids.

Course Contents:Gas CompressionGas Oil Separation Plant Process - Source Of The Feed GasGas Compression Process - General IntroductionProcess EquipmentHigh Pressure And Intermediate Pressure Gas StreamsLow Pressure Gas Compression SystemIntermediate Pressure Gas Compression ProcessHigh Pressure Gas System

Gas Liquid Condensate Stripper

Amine Gas Sweetening UnitAmine Gas Sweetening UnitFunctions Of The Amine Sweetening Unit EquipmentProcess DescriptionGas SweeteningAmine ContactorAmine Flash DrumAmine RegenerationRegenerator ReboilersRegenerator Overhead Condenser And Reflux Accumulator.Amine Filter And Reclaiming SectionLean Amine Recirculation Pumps And CoolerAmine FiltersAmine Reclaimer.Corrosion InhibitorsAmine Make-Up

Natural Gas Liquids (Ngl) Recovery Introduction & Process DescriptionFeed Gas Compression And First ChilldownVapour And Liquid DehydrationSecond Chilldown, Expander/Compressor, And De-Methanizer

Gas Fractionating PlantProcess DescriptionColumn TraysReboiler FunctionReflux FunctionProcess EquipmentColumnsOverhead Accumulators (Reflux Drums)Rotating EquipmentFeed PumpsReflux PumpsOverhead Product ChillerOverhead Product CondensersProcess Control InstrumentationLower Column Temperature ControlBottom Product Level ControlColumn Pressure ControlColumn Top Temperature ControlTop Product Level ControlLogic Instrument SystemsPump Logic

Overhead Accumulator Level LogicPropane And Butane Sweeteners

Sulphur Recovery UnitFunctions Of The Sulphur Recovery Unit EquipmentBasic Functions Of The Sulphur PlantBasic Description Of The Reaction That Produces Sulphur Description Of The Flow Of Gas Through The Sulphur UnitAcid Gas Feed SystemReaction Furnace And Waste Heat BoilerCondensers, Reheaters & Converters IncineratorSulphur Storage Pit

INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

This course explains and presents an overview of the oil and gas industry. It teaches basic drilling and how well flow, a mixture of oil, gas, water, sand etc., is separated and processed into ‘clean’ marketable crude oil and gas products, using various separator vessels.

Separators are vessels in which mixtures of insoluble fluids, are separated from each other. They are used most often in oilfields, than any other process equipment in process facilities.

In addition you will be taught the oil and gas process. Associated facilities and equipment like pumps, valves, desalters, towers and columns, pipeline and piping, as well as fractionating column and industrial water processing facilities are equally treated. Oil refining is introduced in the last module.

This Training is a must for new entrants into the industry in any oil and gas company.

It is designed for all staff, no matter their background, and provides an overview of the Petroleum industry.

Course Objectives:

On the completion of this module, Trainees will be able to:

*Describe the entire oil & gas value chain, from drilling to production operations

*Understand the Oil & Gas Production Process

*Know the Technologies involved.

*Explain the principle of separation.

*Have a general idea about the principles of fluid separation

*Understand the theory and design of separators.

*Explain the function of separator internals.

*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.

*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.

*Explain the liquid level control systems.

*Explain the pressure control system, pumps, and piping

*Explain the factors that affect separation.

*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.

*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.

*Develop the ability to respond correctly to the operating problems.

*Understand the functions and working of safeguarding systems used in separators.

*Understand Electrostatic Desalters, Coalescers and other Vessels used in well flow separation.

*Describe the Refining Process.

ADVANCED OIL AND GAS ECONOMIC DECISION ANALYSES

Economics drives the entire oil and gas producing industry. Almost every decision is made on the basis of an economic evaluation.

Economic evaluations are also performed to determine reserves and the "standardized measure of value" for reporting purposes for publicly held companies.

In many cases, the goal of the company is to make decisions that have the best chance of maximizing the present day profit.

This module discusses and teaches economic evaluation under two conditions.

Course Objectives:

*They will learn in detail what economic decision trees are, and how to use them in oil and gas decision evaluations.

*Trainees will be taught techniques that assume we know the future parameters.

*They will learn methods of handling the inherent uncertainty involved in oil and gas operations.

*They will understand how, in well drilling, the probability of success or failure can result in field discoveries, or the probability of failure (dry hole).

They will be taught how a sensitivity analyses is done, upon successful resolution of a decision tree.

*Monte Carlo simulation will be explained as well as a number of pitfalls associated with them.

*Portfolio analyses and financial options, as well as the boom forecast will be learnt.

*And lots more.

OIL AND GAS ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

The acquisition of producing oil and gas properties for exploitation has been a popular, and very successful, business model for so many years.

In order to be successful, one must have a clear understanding that the business purpose is to make a profit by buying intelligently, such that your purchase price is recovered and the property’s revenue generates an acceptable return on your investment.

Financial evaluation of existing production is most often performed through the discounted cash flow analysis. Alternatively a simple cash-flow multiple may be useful or appropriate. In its simplest form reserves are categorized as proven or unproven and either producing or non-producing.

Course Objectives:

*The main objectives are:

*To explain the Time Value of Money concept.

*To teach the fundamentalsls of oil and gas cash flow

*Why and how financial evaluation of existing production is most often performed via discounted cash flow analysis.

*Explain the Cash Flow Multiple

*Discounted Cash Flow Analysis etc.

*Oil and gas property evaluation

*To explain the steps involved in Evaluating a producing Oil & Gas Property for Acquisition

*How to exploit a producing field.

*Valuing a non-producing field.

*Decline Curves.

*And lots more.

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS LOGISTICS AND CORROSION MANAGEMENT

As soon as crude oil and natural gas have been separated into liquid and gas and any other non-refinery or superfluous material, like water, is removed, the crude oil and natural gas for the offshore facility are transported to onshore refineries or to gas processing plants on land.

Most offshore oil and gas production is transported by pipelines to onshore facilities, which require that pipelines be laid from the offshore facility to an onshore center and from thence the crude oil and natural gas are sent to a refinery or gas processing facility.

The technique for laying pipelines under water in the current sense is not an old technology and had its beginnings in England during World War II. Pipeline designs vary depending on what they are transporting—crude oil, natural gas, or refined products—and their function.

Over a third of the worldwide growth in drilling and production is expected to emanate from offshore and technological advances in pipeline construction and safety have been accelerating with the most effective and safe goals.

In this course, you will learn how offshore logistics complements offshore drilling and production, through offshore piping of produced oil and gas, shipping vessel storage and transportation, material, equipment and manpower transportation, communication, applicable international and national regulations, and the management of corrosion due to seawater.

Course Objectives

After the completion of this course, you will:

*Know how huge offshore logistics challenges are handled

*Learn more about Offshore Pipelines

*Understand Subsea Pipeline Systems

*Have deeper insight about offshore Pigs & Pigging operations

*Have deep knowledge of Crude Oil Vessel Tanker Types and their Transportation

*Become knowledgeable about Local Laws and International Conventions against Marine Oil Spills

*Know the Seawater Corrosion Parameters

*Be able to manage Corrosion, offshore

*And lots more.

COMPRESSORS & TURBINES TRAINING

Compressors are widely used throughout the oil and gas industry, in LNG plants, natural gas pipelines, gas stations, onshore and offshore production platforms. By elevating the pressure of gas, compressors are used to liquefy and transport natural gas from one location or process to another. This was a challenge during the early years of the oil and gas industry. Conventionally, compressors are mechanically driven by a gas turbine, however, electric driven compressors systems offer superior performance in most cases. Compressor end users face many challenges with their compression drivers. Environmental and noise concerns The Use of a gas turbine as the compressor driver brings with it environmental concerns, as a result of greenhouse gases emissions. Turbines are mostly used for power generate, by coupling it unto a Generator. The fluid can be steam or gas under high pressure. Instead of coupling the turbine unto a Generator, it can be coupled unto a compressor or pump for oil and gas production processes.

This course describes the different types of compressors and turbines found in process plants. It progresses in units from basic terminology to the principles of operation of reciprocating and centrifugal compressors and steam and gas turbines.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the student will be able to:

*Explain the basic terminology used in describing compressor and turbine operations.

*Explain the functions and classifications of compressors and turbines in process plants, and identify the different types of prime movers used to power compressors.

*Identify suction scrubbers and explain how they work

*Explain the basic principles of operation of reciprocating compressors including capacity control methods, control of suction pressure, and automatic shutdown systems.

*Explain the basic principles of operation of centrifugal compressors including capacity control 'Methods, surge control, and automatic shutdown systems.

*Explain the basic principles of operation of gas turbines, steam turbines, and turbo-expanders.

REFRIGERATION, CRYOGENICS & LNG

While absorption methods are used primarily for extracting heavier NGLs, cryogenic processes are used to separate out lighter hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and butane from an incoming stream, and it is commonly used to extract natural gas liquids (NGLs) from raw natural gas. Refrigerants are used to cool the gas stream to very low temperatures, during the process. Expansion turbines then push the gas through a narrow pipe into an expansion chamber. As the gas enters the chamber, its vapor pressure drops, causing it to cool even further (typically to

around -120 degrees Fahrenheit). At this temperature, methane (an extremely light hydrocarbon) stays in the stream, while the other heavier hydrocarbons condense into liquid form and flow out.

In order to separate NGLs from one another, the liquid mixture is then passed through additional chambers where it is progressively warmed. Each NGL has its own unique boiling point and by controlling the temperatures within the different chambers, each specific hydrocarbon can be systematically removed and collected.

Since ethane recovery rates from the gas stream ranges from 90 – 95%, cryogenic separation is typically one of the most efficient methods of NGL extraction. How this can be applied in the liquefaction of natural gas is also taught in this course.

Course Objectives:

At the end of this unit the trainee will be able to:

*Explain the terms used in refrigeration processes.

*Explain the principle of refrigeration and its use of heat.

*Identify and explain the functions of the components that make up a single stage refrigeration cycle.

*Explain the basic refrigeration cycle.

*Identify and explain the use and operation of the refrigeration trainer components.

*Explain the operating sequence of the refrigeration trainer and demonstrate the ability to perform pre-start, start and operational checks.

*Demonstrate the ability to control refrigerant flow rate and temperature control on the refrigeration trainer.

*Develop an understanding of how it can remove heat from an area.

*Learn to control the refrigeration cycle by use of the Manual Expansion Valve and the Thermostatic Expansion Valve.

*Learn about LNG.

WIRELINE OIL WELL SERVICING AND WORKOVER COURSE

Oil and gas wells can be serviced by the use of tools and devices run into the wells on a length of circular cross-section steel line mounted on a powerful reel at the surface known as a wireline unit.

Operations that can be done by 'running' or 'pulling' the tools and equipment into and out of the well bore by using a wireline include: the measure the depth of the deepest well, accurately measure bottom hole pressures and temperatures, carry out gradient pressure and temperature surveys, obtain fluid samples at any point in the well for laboratory analysis, check tubing internal dimensions, used to aid in the detection of corrosion or scale deposits, remove wax and sand deposits.

Besides the jobs listed above, a large number of special tools and equipment can be set, retrieved, or moved to change the well status. Workover refers to any kind of oil well “intervention” involving invasive techniques, such as wireline, coiled tubing or snubbing. It especially refers to the expensive process of pulling and replacing a completion.

Course Objectives:

At the completion of this Unit the trainee will be able to:

*Identify the reasons for using a wireline.

*Explain why a wireline is more suitable than a drilling rig.

*Describe the functions of the wireline winch.

*Identify some of the problems that can be created by the incorrect use of a wireline.

*Understand why there is a need for servicing.

*Become capable of well serving.

SEPARATORS, REFINING, TESTING & INSTRUMENTATION

A separator is a vessel in which a mixture of fluids that are not soluble in each other are separated from one another. In the oil field separators are used to separate gas from liquid. They are also used to separate two liquids, such as condensate and water.

There are more separators in oil and gas process facilities than any other type of process equipment. Sometimes they are called scrubbers, accumulators, flash tanks etc. All these vessels have the same function. They separate two or more fluids; usually gas and liquid. They all operate in the same way.

Process control instrumentation systems are very complex. The complex systems are made up of smaller, simpler systems. These small systems are called control loops.

Some of the crude oil that flows from oil wells into the production plants contains salt and water. The crude oil is tested to find out how much salt and water is in the oil. As an outside operator you will collect samples of crude oil that will be tested for salt content and water content. In oil industry language this is known as a Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W) test. In this module the trainee will learn how and where to collect samples of crude oil in a production plant and why it is necessary to collect crud oil samples. The trainee will also learn the procedure for loading tank gauging, testing tanks, and the importance of temperature during this operation.

The crude oil which comes out of the ground cannot be used for anything. The purpose of an oil refinery is to take this crude oil and change it into hydrocarbon products which can be used. The general word for this process is 'distillation'. The refinery distills the crude oil by using a number of oil processing systems.

Course Description

On the completion of this unit the trainee will be able to:

*Explain the principle of separation.

*Explain the function of separator internals.

*Explain the difference between 2 and 3 phase separators.

*Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical separators.

*Explain the liquid level control systems.

*Explain the pressure control system.

*Explain the factors that affect separation.

*Explain the basic separator start-up procedure.

*Explain the basic separator shut-down procedure.

*Correctly identify, with the use of a P&ID, crude oil sample points in a production plant.

*Correctly describe the schedules for crude oil sampling and testing and explain why samples are taken and tested.

*Describe the equipment required for hand dipping a lease tank.

*Identify the safety precautions an outside production operator follows when he collects samples and correctly explain the need for these precautions.

The trainee should also be able to:

*Identify the symbols used on P+ IDs.

*Recognise the following control loops on diagrams and briefly explain how they work:

Flow Control, Level Control, Pressure Control, Temperature Control, Cascade Control, Split Range Control, Ratio Control, Feed Forward Control, Multi-Variable Control

*Explain the difference between a DCS and a PLC control system.

In addition, the student will be able to explain Crude Oil Refining Operations such as:

*The principles of distillation.

*Vapour pressure and its importance in refinery operations.

*The function and purpose of refinery utility systems.

*How a fractionation column works.

*What an atmospheric crude oil distillation unit does and how it does it.

*What a naphtha hydro-desulphuriser unit does and how it does it.

*What a catalytic reforming unit does and how it does it.

*What a kerosene hydro-treater unit does and how it does it.

*What a heavy gas oil hydro-desulphuriser unit does and how it does it.

*What a vacuum distillation unit does and how it does it.

*What a hydro-cracker unit does and how it does it.

*What a hydrogen unit does and how it does it.

*What a sour water stripping unit does and how it does it.

PUMPS USED IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Pumps are used in the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry, and they ‘empower’ gas, oil, and other fluids with sufficient energy to move from one location to another. Pumps such as Centrifugal, oil, positive displacement, oil transfer, diaphragm, and petrochemical pumps are essential in delivering oil from the wells or production facilities to, ocean vessels, storage tanks, refineries, and back to storage facilities. They are equally used for methanol injection, glycol pumping, chemical processing, gas sweetening, and water disposal. They provide efficient solutions for the transportation of chemicals. Each type of pump is integrated into an oil and gas facility for a specific purpose and are critical in the transportation

or purification of various fluids.

This course describes the different types of pumps commonly found in process plants. The module has five units. These units describe the basic terminology of pumps and pumping, the types of reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal pumps, start-up of centrifugal pumps, pump problems, and pump control systems.

Course Objectives:

When the trainee has finished the course, the student will be able to:

*Explain the basic terminology of pumps.

*Identify different kinds of pumps and explain their functions.

*Identify the differences between the main types of reciprocating pumps and explain the end uses of these pumps in process plants.

*Explain the function of pulsation dampeners.

*Identify the differences between the main types of rotary pumps and explain the end uses of rotary pumps in process plants.

*Explain how centrifugal pumps increase pressure.

*Explain how pump shafts are sealed and how axial and radial thrust are balanced in single stage centrifugal pumps.

*Explain the reasons for, and the advantages of, multi-stage centrifugal pumps.

*Explain how axial thrust is balanced in a multi-stage centrifugal pump.

*Explain how cavitation and vapour lock occur in a centrifugal pump and explain how these problems are overcome.

*Explain why centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel or in series.

*Explain the pre-start checks and start-up procedure for centrifugal pumps with electric motor and steam turbine prime movers.

*Explain the procedure for centrifugal pump changeover.

*Use pump readings to identify pump problems.

*Identify and explain pump control systems.