oil pollution

Oil Pollution

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Syllabus

Oil Pollution: Sources & consequences,

Control of oil pollution

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Oil Spill (Oil Pollution)

An oil spill is a release of a liquid petroleumhydrocarbon into the environment due to humanactivity, and is a form of pollution.

The term often refers to marine oil spills, where oil isreleased into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills includereleases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms,drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refinedpetroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and theirby-products, and heavier fuels used by large ships such asbunker fuel, or the spill of any oily substance refuse orwaste oil. Spills may take months or even years to clean up.

Oil also enters the marine environment from natural oilseeps.

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Oil Pollution

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Sources Of Oil Pollution

SOURCES

Sources of oil input to the marine environment

are often divided into natural, sea-based and

land-based sources.

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NATURAL • Natural seeps

Crude oil and natural gas seeps naturally out of fissuresin the ocean seabed and eroding sedimentary rock.These seeps are natural springs where liquid andgaseous hydrocarbons leak out of the ground (likesprings that ooze oil and gas instead of water). Whereasfreshwater springs are fed by underground pools ofwater, oil and gas seeps are fed by natural undergroundaccumulations of oil and natural gas. Natural oil seepsare used in identifying potential petroleum reserves.

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Natural Oil Seeps

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SEA-BASED

Operational discharges

Accidental discharges

Air pollution

Accidental oil spills from tankers; other commercial vessels;grounded and abandoned vessels; oil platforms (blowouts);pipelines.

Deliberate, operational discharges of oil from all kinds ofcommercial vessels (ship- or cargo-related discharges);oil platforms;pipelines.

Emissions of nmVOCs and PAHs from tankers and pleasure craft,and from oil extraction.

Other ship-related activities (dry docking, scrapping).

Other activities (dumping of oily waste, etc.)

Non-methane volatile organic compounds (nm VOCs), Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs) 8Oil Pollution

Sources Of Oil Pollution(SEA-BASED)

OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES: Discharges of oil from

shipping, offshore extraction of oil, and transport of oil in

pipelines is the result of either accidents or "normal",

deliberate operational discharges. Operational discharges, are

mostly deliberate and "routine", and can to a very large extent

be effectively controlled and avoided. It is much a question

combining available technical solutions with information,

education and a change of attitude among ship-owners,

mariners, offshore platform and pipeline operators.

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Operational Spills

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Sources Of Oil PollutionSEA-BASED

ACCIDENTAL DISCHARGES (oil spills) occur when

vessels collide or come in distress at sea (engine

breakdown, fire, explosion) and break open, or run

around close to the shore, or when there is a blowout

of an offshore oil well, or when a pipeline breaks.

Much can be done to avoid accidents, but there

will always be unfortunate circumstances and

situations that cause accidents to happen.

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SEA-BASED

SPILLS FROM SHIPS Accidents involving oil tankers or offshore

platforms or oil pipelines have caused many and sometimes very large oil

spills. Such spills are the most obvious, visible and dramatic causes of acute oil

pollution of the marine environment. However, the largest oil spill ever was

caused by Iraq deliberately released about 240 million gallons (about 800,000

tones) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf during the 1991 Gulf War and burnt oil

wells in Kuwait.

LEAKAGES FROM SUNKEN, GROUNDED OR ABANDONED SHIPS is

another potential (and often very real) source of oil to the marine environment.

These can be merchant or military vessels. Sunken vessels means just that —

ships that have sunk to the bottom of the sea, generally due to an accident

but sometimes also as the result of a deliberate action to get rid of them,

these abandoned vessels become potential sources of oil pollution, from either

chronic leaks or a large release once oil storage areas fail.

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SEA-BASED

SPILLS FROM OFFSHORE DRILLING

If an influx of pressurized oil or gas does occur during drilling, wellcontrol is maintained through the rig's blowout prevention system (BOP).This is a set of hydraulically operated valves and other closure devices(rams) which seal off the well, and route the wellbore fluids to specializedpressure controlling equipment. Trained personnel operating this highlyreliable equipment minimize the possibility of a blowout, or anuncontrolled flow of fluids from a well".

However, it does not always work. the most typical causes of blowouts"include equipment failure, personnel mistakes, and extreme naturalimpacts (seismic activity, ice fields, hurricanes, and so on). Their mainhazard is connected with the spills and blowouts of oil, gas, and numerousother chemical substances and compounds. The environmentalconsequences of accidental episodes are especially severe, sometimesdramatic, when they happen near the shore, in shallow waters, or in areaswith slow water circulation.

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SEA-BASED

FROM SHIPS Ship-related operational discharges of oil include the dischargeof bilge(Lower part of boat) water from machinery spaces, fuel oil sludge, andoily ballast water from fuel tanks. Also other commercial vessels than tankerscontribute operational discharges of oil from machinery spaces to the sea.Cargo-related operational discharges from tankers include the discharge oftank-washing residues and oily ballast water.

FROM OFFSHORE DRILLING: Operational discharges in the offshoreexploration for and extraction of oil and natural gas include operational wastes,such as drilling fluids/drilling muds, produced formation waters and formationcuttings, and machinery space discharges.

FROM OFFSHORE PIPELINES: There is no certain figure of how manymiles of offshore pipelines there is in the world today. Operational dischargesfrom offshore oil pipelines usually consist of chemical discharges duringconstruction, hydrostatic testing, commissioning, pigging, and maintenance ofthe pipeline systems. Pipeline discharges usually contain corrosion and scaleinhibitors, biocides, oxygen scavengers, and other agents. However, pipelinescan also continuously leak oil in small quantities, although the line is intact.(When a pipeline breaks, however, the spill will be an acute one, like any otheraccidental oil spill.)

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Accidental Oil Spills

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Offshore Drilling Oil Spill

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On Shore Spills

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LAND-BASED

Discharges of untreated or insufficiently treatedmunicipal sewage and storm water (urban runoff).

Discharges with rivers.

Discharges of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater from coastal industries.

Accidental or operational discharges of oil from coastalrefineries, oil storage facilities, oil terminals, andreception facilities.

Emissions of gaseous hydrocarbons from oil-handlingonshore facilities (terminals, refineries, filling stations)and from vehicles exhausts (traffic).

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Discharges Of Untreated Water

From Coastal Industries

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Sources Of Oil Pollution (LAND-BASED)

Oil discharged with untreated or insufficiently treated municipalsewage and storm water — urban runoff — comes from cars,machinery, spills at filling stations and garages, flushed-out residues oflubricants, etc. The storm water contains waterborne and airbornepollutants; everything that is flushed onto or falls down upon the hardsurface will become constituents of the contaminated storm water: carexhausts, particles from worn tyres, small spills of oil from engines ofdifferent vehicles, small oil spills from garages, workshops, residues ofoils and lubricants that we want to get rid of.

Oil also enters the marine environment with untreated or insufficientlytreated waste water or storm water from various coastal facilities:coastal industries, coastal refineries, coastal oil storage facilities, oilterminals, and reception facilities. Untreated storm water from ports,refineries, oil storage facilities, oil terminals etc. especially oil terminals,has a high oil content that originates from valves, pumps, loading rampsfor vehicles, quays, etc.

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Sources Of Oil Pollution (LAND-BASED)

People pour untreated waste water and residues directly into

rivers and the rivers bring the pollution, including the oil, to the

sea.

Consequently, a lot of oil goes literally down the drain from our

towns and cities into the sea — either through a municipal sewage

treatment plant, where it will harm the treatment process, or more or

less untreated. When streets, roofs, handling areas in ports, and other

hard surfaces are washed by rain and snow, the resulting waste water

(storm water) is flushed into the general sewer system or into storm

drains along roadsides. If the sewage treatment is adequate, the

storm water and municipal sewage will both be treated. If no

treatment plant exists, or treatment facilities are inadequate, the

sewage, including the storm water, will be discharged into the sea

more or less uncleaned.Oil Pollution 21

Discharges Of Insufficiently Treated

Municipal Sewage And Storm Water .

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(AIR BASED)Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a mixture of propane, butane and severalother gases given off through the vaporization of crude oil and refined products, suchas petrol. VOCs are usually divided into non-methane (nmVOCs) and methane. Assoon as petroleum is handled in the open air, vapours escape unless something is doneto contain them. These hydrocarbons in gaseous form can be emitted into theatmosphere from platforms (extraction of oil), tankers (transportation of oil), terminals(loading and unloading of oil), filling stations (petrol tanking) refineries (processing ofoil), pipelines (leakages of oils and gas), and aircraft (refueling and fuel dumping).Hydrocarbon vapours can be recovered and "recycled" as liquid fuel. They arecollected and condensed when petroleum products are being loaded and unloaded atterminals, refineries and petrol stations.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include around a hundred of thepetroleum hydrocarbons and are natural constituents of oil. When fossil fuels are burnt,especially on a small scale when combustion is often incomplete, PAH compoundsform and escape to the atmosphere or to water. PAHs occur both in gaseous form andbound to particles (soot). Large amounts of PAHs are emitted from recreational vesselsdue to inadequate fuel combustion in two-stroke (outboard) engines.

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(AIR BASED)FROM SHIPS AND BOATS

Tankers: When crude oil is unloaded from a tanker, the cargo tanks will contain amixture of gases, including VOCs. When the tank is filled again with crude oil, thegases are vented to the open air. However, with new technology the VOCs can becondensed and recovered and used as tanker fuel (instead of the much "dirtier" bunkerfuel). In other words, when an oil tanker is making a delivery, vapours that escape willbe captured and go back into the tanker. On board a tanker, emissions of VOCs can becontrolled by allowing a slight overpressure in the tanks.

Pleasure craft: Two-stroke petrol outboard engines are popular and common inpleasure craft (recreational vessels, leisure craft). It is a compact, simple engine whichrequires little maintenance. In relation to its weight, the two-stroke outboard enginegenerates much power. It is reliable in operation and comparatively cheap. From anenvironmental point of view, however, these engines are bad news. They are extremelyfuel-consuming due to low thermal efficiency and cause high emissions of uncombustedhydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide. The PAHs virtually "disappear" into thewater stirred up by the propeller and get dissolved in the water, i.e., transformed fromair pollutants to water pollutants. Considerable damage is caused by these hydrocarboncompounds to water-living organisms (to which they are toxic), especially in shallowcoastal areas which serve as marine "nurseries".

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(AIR BASED)FROM OFFSHORE DRILLING

Activities that cause air pollution (VOCs, methane, carbon dioxide, andnitrogen oxides) from offshore installations include gas venting on shuttletanks when oil is loaded onto these tanks for transport, as well as gasflaring, gas turbine exhausts, diesel or fuel exhausts, well testing anddiffuse emissions from the platform and drilling place. About two-thirds ofthe air pollutants are VOCs and they mainly derive from the offshorestoring and loading of crude oil. About 70 per cent of the VOCs can berecovered (see above).

FROM TERMINALS AND REFINERIES

Crude oil is transported to an oil terminal — a land-based facility whichreceives and stores crude oil and other products from offshore oilproduction — by ship or pipeline. In port, at the terminal, it is technicallypossible to recover hydrocarbon vapours.

FROM AIRCRAFT

Human activities causing atmospheric deposition of hydrocarbons on thesea include military and commercial jets that occasionally jettison excessfuel over the ocean.

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Air Pollution Caused By Oil Spills

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Consequences Of Oil Pollution

Effects of Oil Pollution

When oil is spilled or leaked into in waterways and the ocean, it

spreads very quickly with the help of wind and currents. A single

gallon of oil can create an oil slick up to a couple of acres in size!

The BP oil slick had spread over 580 square miles in just three

days.

When oil starts mixing in water, it can change composition and

becomes what's known as "mousse". This is a sticky substance that

clings even more to whatever it comes in contact with. Many

marine animals don't know to avoid a slick and some fish may

even be attracted to it as it can resemble food.

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Consequences Of Oil PollutionSome of the many effects on animals coming into contact with crude oil

include:

Hypothermia and drowning of birds as the oil breaks down the insulating

capabilities of feathers, makes them heavier and compromises flying ability

Hypothermia in some seal pups as the oil destroys insulating fur

If oil is ingested, it can either poison the animal outright, make them extremely sick

or create a level of toxins in their system that then causes poisoning further up the

food chain. Birds and other animals often ingest oil when trying to clean

themselves. Shellfish and corals are particularly at risk in these scenarios as they

cannot escape from an oil slick.

Damage to the airways of birds and animals.

Damage to animal immune systems

Interruption of breeding and fouling of breeding grounds

Thinner bird and turtle egg shells and also damage to fish larvae, causing

deformities

Damage to sea grass beds and other shelter/feeding areas

Tainting of algae, which perform a vital role in waterway ecosystems 28Oil Pollution


Even once the oil appears to have dissipated, it can stilllurk beneath the surface of beaches and the sea bed,severely affecting marine organisms that burrow, suchas crabs, for literally decades. These burrowingcreatures are also food for other animals, so the cycle ofpoisoning continues for many years.

There's really no aspect of a marine and coastalenvironment that is not in some way adversely affectedby an oil spill. The closer the spill occurs to theshoreline, the more pronounced the damage will be dueto coastal zones being home to more concentrated anddiverse populations of marine, bird and animal life thanfar out to sea.

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Control Of Oil Pollution

Clean Up & Recovery: Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many

factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and

biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved.

Methods for cleaning up include:

Bioremediation: use of microorganisms or biological agents to break down or remove oil.

Bioremediation Accelerator: Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no bacteria, which

chemically and physically bonds to both soluble and insoluble hydrocarbons. The bioremediation

accelerator acts as a herding agent in water and on the surface, floating molecules to the surface

of the water, including soluble such as phenols and BTEX, forming gel-like agglomerations.

Undetectable levels of hydrocarbons can be obtained in produced water and manageable water

columns. By over spraying sheen with bioremediation accelerator, sheen is eliminated within

minutes. Whether applied on land or on water, the nutrient-rich emulsion creates a bloom of local,

indigenous, pre-existing, hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria. Those specific bacteria break down

the hydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide, with EPA tests showing 98% of alkanes

biodegraded in 28 days; and aromatics being biodegraded 200 times faster than in nature they also

sometimes use the hydrofireboom to clean the oil up by taking it away from most of the oil and

burning it.

Controlled burning can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly. But it can

only be done in low wind, and can cause air pollution.32Oil Pollution

Control Of Oil PollutionDispersants act as detergents, clustering around oil globules andallowing them to be carried away in the water. This improvesthe surface aesthetically, and mobilizes the oil. Smaller oildroplets, scattered by currents, may cause less harm and maydegrade more easily. But the dispersed oil droplets infiltrate intodeeper water and can lethally contaminate coral. Recentresearch indicates that some dispersants are toxic to corals.

Watch and wait: in some cases, natural attenuation of oil maybe most appropriate, due to the invasive nature of facilitatedmethods of remediation, particularly in ecologically sensitiveareas such as wetlands.

Dredging: for oils dispersed with detergents and other oilsdenser than water.

Skimming: Requires calm waters

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Solidifying: Solidifiers are composed of dry hydrophobic polymers that

both and absorb. They clean up oil spills by changing the physical state of

spilled oil from liquid to a semi-solid or a rubber-like material that floats on

water. Solidifiers are insoluble in water, therefore the removal of the

solidified oil is easy and the oil will not leach out. Solidifiers have been

proven to be relatively non-toxic to aquatic and wild life and have been

proven to suppress harmful vapors commonly associated with

hydrocarbons such as Benzene, Xylene, Methyl Ethyl, Acetone and

Naphtha. The reaction time for solidification of oil is controlled by the surf

area or size of the polymer as well as the viscosity of the oil. Some

solidifier product manufactures claim the solidified oil can be disposed of

in landfills, recycled as an additive in asphalt or rubber products, or burned

as a low ash fuel.

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Vacuum and centrifuge: oil can be sucked upalong with the water, and then a centrifuge can beused to separate the oil from the water - allowinga tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually,the water is returned to the sea, making theprocess more efficient, but allowing smallamounts of oil to go back as well. This issue hashampered the use of centrifuges due to a UnitedStates regulation limiting the amount of oil inwater returned to the sea.

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Equipment used includes:

Booms: large floating barriers that round up oil and liftthe oil off the water

Skimmers: skim the oil

Sorbents: large absorbents that absorb oil

Chemical and biological agents: helps to break downthe oil

Vacuums: remove oil from beaches and water surface

Shovels and other road equipments: typically used toclean up oil on beaches

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Cleaning Oil Spills

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PREVENTING OIL SPILLS

The preferred method to reduce and control, environmental pollution is to prevent

the pollution.

We must integrate prevention measures into any planned industrial process, operation, or

product as part of the cost of daily operations.

The following points discuss ways to prevent pollution caused by oil spills:

Before you start any fueling, defueling, or internal transfer operation,

check all machinery and piping systems for tightness and for signs of leaking glands,

seals, and gaskets. When you change oil or add oil to machinery, take care not to spill the oil into

the bilge.

Keep a drip pan and rags ready for use if needed.

Keep a close watch on centrifugal purifiers when they are in operation to make sure they do not

lose the water seal and dump the oil into the bilge or contaminated oil tank.

Pump all oily waste from tank cleaning operations into a sludge barge. Control of shipboard oil

pollution is complicated by the many and varied sources of oily waste.

The Navy is incorporating oil pollution control systems and components into its ships that will

reduce oil pollution by the following means: 38Oil Pollution

PREVENTING OIL SPILLS

Reduce the generation of oily waste.

Store waste oil and oily waste.

Monitor oil and oily waste.

Transfer or offload waste oil and oily waste to shore facilities

Process oily waste.

Reduce the generation of oily waste. Store waste oil and oily waste. Monitor oil and

oily waste. Transfer or offload waste oil and oily waste to shore facilities. Process

oily waste.

The training officer must ensure that formal training is provided to key personnel

who maintain and operate pollution control equipment.

The training officer is responsible for training that achieves an

acceptable level of expertise. As a supervisor, you should be sure that all

engineering personnel are familiar with the sources of

oil spills and oil waste that may cause pollution.

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Case Study:Deepwater Horizon oil spill

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, theGulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster or the Macondo blowout)is an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in2010. The impact of the spill continues even after the well was capped.It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleumindustry. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher that resultedfrom the April 20, 2010 explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilledon the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. The explosion killed 11 menworking on the platform and injured 17 others. On July 15, the leak wasstopped by capping the gushing wellhead, after it had released about 4.9million barrels (780×103 m3), or 205.8 million gallons of crude oil. Itwas estimated that 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m3/d) were escapingfrom the well just before it was capped. It is believed that the daily flowrate diminished over time, starting at about 62,000 barrels per day(9,900 m3/d) and decreasing as the reservoir of hydrocarbons feeding thegusher was gradually depleted. On September 19, the relief well processwas successfully completed and the federal government declared thewell "effectively dead".

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(volume)

Case Study: Deepwater Horizon oil

spill

The spill caused extensive damage to marine and wildlifehabitats as well as the Gulf's fishing and tourism industries.In late November 2010, 4,200 square miles (11,000 km2) ofthe Gulf were re-closed to shrimping after tar balls werefound in shrimpers' nets. The total amount of Louisianashoreline impacted by oil grew from 287 miles (462 km) inJuly to 320 miles (510 km) in late November 2010.In January2011, an oil spill commissioner reported that tar ballscontinue to wash up, oil sheen trails are seen in the wake offishing boats, wetlands marsh grass remains fouled anddying, and that crude oil lies offshore in deep water and infine silts and sands onshore. A research team found oil on thebottom of the seafloor in late February 2011 that did notseem to be degrading.

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Case Study:Deepwater Horizon oil

spillSkimmer ships, floating containment booms, anchoredbarriers, sand-filled barricades along shorelines, anddispersants were used in an attempt to protect hundreds ofmiles of beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreadingoil. Scientists have also reported immense underwaterplumes of dissolved oil not visible at the surface as well asan 80-square-mile (210 km2) "kill zone" surrounding theblown well.

The U.S. Government has named BP as the responsibleparty, and officials have committed to holding the companyaccountable for all cleanup costs and other damage. After itsown internal probe, BP admitted that it made mistakeswhich led to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill.

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Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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Deepwater Horizon explosion

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Ecological Consequences:

Gulf-Oiled-Pelicans

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References

• Internet Websites

• http://oilsplat.wordpress.com/about/

http://oilsplat.wordpress.com/about/

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Pollution !

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